LESSON 29.

1:
HOW ORGANS SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE AND NEURONS

WHICH SYSTEMS PROVIDE THE MEANS BY WHICH ORGAN

SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE?
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE BODY’S COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HELP MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS.
RESPONSE.S CAN BE?
 CHEMICAL
 CELLULAR
 BEHAVIORAL.
WHAT THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS RESPOND
TO?
 STIMULI
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS:
 THOUGHTS
 MOVEMENT,
 EMOTION.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONTROLS
 GROWTH
 DEVELOPMENT
 DIGESTION.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORKS QUICKLY BY USING:
 CHEMICAL AND ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.

INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF CELLS

 SIGNALS MOVE THROUGH CELLS
  DIVIDED INTO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS) ANDPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WORKS MORE SLOWLY.
 ONLY CHEMICAL SIGNALS
 SIGNALS MOVE THROUGHBLOODSTREAM
 PHYSICALLY UNCONNECTED ORGANS

IS COMPOSED OF HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CELLS

 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

HOW MANY PARTS A NEURON HAS?

 CELL BODY (NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES)
 Dendrites (receive impulses)
 Axon (carries impulses)

WHAT RESTING POTENTIAL MEANS?

 NO SIGNAL IS BEING TRANSMITTED.
MORE NA+ OUTSIDE OF CELL
MORE K+ INSIDE OF CELL

THIS HELPS MAINTAIN RESTING POTENTIAL

 SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

WHAT IS AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS?

 A MOVING ELECTRICAL IMPULSE (NEW IMPULSE IS
GENERATED)
IT IS GENERATED BY A STIMULUS NA+ ENTERS, AND CELL
BECOMES POSITIVELY CHARGED.
K+ LEAVES, AND AREA OF POSITIVE CHARGE MOVES
 LESSON 29.2: THE SENSES
WHAT SENSES DETECT?
 THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS.

GATHER STIMULI, AND SEND IT TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 SENSES

RESPONDS TO STIMULI?
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

EXAMPLES OF STIMULI
 PUPILS SHRINK WHEN TOO MUCH LIGHT ENTERS THE
EYES.
 GOOSE BUMPS WHEN COLD AIR TOUCHES SKIN.

FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORSHELP

HUMANS TO DETECT DIFFERENT STIMULI:
 PHOTORECEPTORS: SENSE LIGHT
 MECHANORECEPTORS: RESPOND TO PRESSURE,
MOVEMENT AND TENSION
 THERMORECEPTORS: MONITOR TEMPERATURE
 CHEMORECEPTORS: DETECT CHEMICALS THAT ARE
DISSOLVED IN FLUID
 PIAN RECEPTOR: RESPOND TO EXTREME
TEMPERATURES, PRESSURE AND CHEMICALS THAT
ARE RELEASED BY DAMAGED TISSUES.
 VISION
THE EYE CONTRIBUTES TO VISION.
TWO PHOTORECEPTORS WORK TOGETHER:
 ROD CELLS: DETECT LIGHT
INTENSITY AND ARE USED IN BLACK AND WHITE
VISION
 CONE CELLS: DETECT COLOR

THE EAR

THE EAR COLLECTS VIBRATIONS FROM THE AIR,

AMPLIFIES THEM AND CONVERTS THEM INTO NERVE
IMPULSES THAT ARE INTERPRETED INTHE BRAIN AS
SOUNDS.

HAIR CELLS ARE CELLS IN THE INNER EAR THAT

CONTAIN MECHANORECEPTORS
THAT DETECT VIBRATIONS

SOUND WAVES ENTER THE OUTER EAR OR PINNA

COLLECTS THE SOUND AND
FUNNELS IT INTO THE AUDITORY CANAL.

SOUND WAVES HIT THE EAR DRUM (TYMPANIC

MEMBRANE)
 VIBRATION ARE AMPLIFIED BY:
 MALLEUS
 INCUS
 STAPES

THE EAR ALSO REGULTES BALANCE (SEMICIRCULAR

CANALS)
SMELL AND TASTE

 TASTE AND SMELL USE CHEMORECEPTORS. 

 TASTE USES TONGUE, AND SMELL USES NOSE.
 CHEMORECEPTORS DETECT CHEMICALS DISSOLVED
IN FLUID.

TOUCH

 THE SKIN SENSES TOUCH.

 MECHANORECEPTORS DETECT PRESSURE. 
 PAIN RECEPTORS DETECT DAMAGED TISSUE.
 THERMORECEPTORS DETECT TEMPERATURE

LESSON 29.4: CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM 
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERPRETS
INFORMATION
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM GATHERS AND
TRANSMITS INFORMATION.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO PARTS THAT WORK
TOGETHER:
 THE CNS INCLUDES THE BRAIN, BRAIN STEM,
ANDSPINAL CORD
 THE PNS CONSISTS OF THE NERVES AND GANGLIA,
OUTSIDE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINALCORD.

COLLECTION OF NEURON CELL BODIES IS CALLED GRAY

MATTER
COLLECTION OF AXONS IS CALLED WHITE MATTER

SENSORY RECEPTOR GENERATES IMPULSE.

PNS PASSES IMPULSE TO CNS.
CNS INTERPRETS IMPULSE.
CNS PASSES IMPULSE TO PNS.
PNS STIMULATES A RESPONSE.

THE BRAIN
 THE ENTIRE BRAIN HAS MORE TAN 100 BILLION
NEURONS.
PROTECTED BY 3 LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CALLED MENINGES
HAS 3 MAIN STRUCTURE:
 CEREBRUM: CONTROLS THOUGHT, MOVEMENT,
EMOTION
 CEREBELLUM: ALLOWS FOR BALANCE
 BRAINSTEM: CONTROLS BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS
(BREATHING AND HEART BEATS)

THE BRAIN STEM HAS THREE PARTS:

 MIDBRAIN CONTROLS SOME REFLEXES
 PONS REGULATES BREATHING
 MEDULLA OBLONGATA CONTROLS HEART FUNCTION,
SWALLOWING, COUGHING

THE SPINAL CORD IS A BUNDLE OF NEURONS THAT IS

ABOUT AS WIDE AS YOUR THUMB.SPINAL CORD ALSO
CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS CALLED
REFLEXES

REFLEX ARCS: ARE NERVE PATHWAYS THAT NEED TO

CROSS ONLY 2 SYNAPSES BEFORE RODUCING A
RESPONSE.
SENSORY NEURON SENDS IMPULSE TO SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD DIRECTS IMPULSE TO MOTOR NEURON
DOES NOT INVOLVE THE BRAIN
THE PNS LINKS THE CNS TO MUSCLES AND OTHER
ORGANS
  PNS INCLUDES 12 PAIRS OF NERVES IN THE HEAD
SUCH AS THE FACIAL AND
OLFACTORY NERVES.
 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES
 PNS IS MADE UP OF A SENSORY SYSTEM AND
MOTOR SYSTEM
 SENSORY NERVES COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT
THE BODY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
 SYSTEM OF MOTOR NERVES TRIGGERS
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY RESPONSES
WITHIN THE BODY

DIVISION OF THE PNS

 THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATES
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS.
 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS
INVOLUNTARY FUNCTIONS
THE AUTONOMIC DIVIDES INTO:
 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: “FIGHT VS.
FLIGHT” PREPARES THE BODY FOR ACTION AND
STRESS.
 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: CALMS THE
BODY, CONSERVES ENERGY.
 IT DOES THIS BY LOWERING THE BLOOD PRESSURE
AND HEART RATE.