MA3006

Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 2
Angular Momentum Equation

Dr Liu Shukui
N3.2-01-21
6790 4457
skliu@ntu.edu.sg
 Qu.1
.V2 Water jet leaves nozzle at 10 m/s ( V0)
Diameter of nozzle is 20 mm
Mass of plate 1.5 kg is suspended by jet.
h
What is the vertical distance , h ?

V1
V0 nozzle exit
Qu. Is Vo = V1 ?
z
Flow exit at 2
What is V2x and V2z ?
x
 z
Qu.1 Momentum equation in z-direction

Fz = 𝒎ሶ ( Vfinal – Vinitial )
x

h Fz = 𝒎ሶ ( V2z – V1z )

V1 V1 = striking velocity
V0 nozzle exit V2z = 0

V2 Exit velocity
V0 not equal V1….depends on h Note : V2z = 0

Jet velocity V1 striking stationary plate

 z
Momentum equation
V2 Fz = 𝒎ሶ ( V2z – V1z )
x

h Fz is balanced by the weight of plate

V1
–1.5 g = 𝒎ሶ ( V2z – V1z )

V0 nozzle exit V1 =V1z = 4.7 m/s Note : V2z = 0

V0 = 10 m/s

𝒎ሶ = r A V0
𝒎ሶ = 3.13 kg/s
P0 (V0 ) 2 P1 (V1 ) 2
+ + zo = + + z1
rg 2 g rg 2 g
 z

V2
x

h Fz is balanced by the weight of plate

– 1.5 g = 𝒎ሶ ( V2z – V1z )

V1

V0 nozzle exit
V1 =V1z = 4.7 m/s
V0 = 10 m/s

P0 (V0 ) 2 P1 (V1 ) 2
+ + zo = + + z1
rg 2 g rg 2 g

z1 –z0 = h = 3.97 m
Qu 2a
Water exits Nozzle-1 and strike a vertical plate. Upon contact, water
exit the plate 50% upwards and the remaining downwards. Find the
force to hold the plate stationary. (Assuming frictionless flow and neglecting
gravity effects)

plate
y

Nozzle-1
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm
Qu 2a : Solution m2 V2 plate

Nozzle-1
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm
m1 V1x
y
CV
x

m3 V3
Qu 2b
Nozzle-2 inclined at an angle of 30 degree (with horizontal) is added to the system
and both water jets strike at some point.
For Nozzle-2, upon contact, water exit the plate 40% upwards and the remaining
downwards. Assuming frictionless flow and neglecting gravity effects.
Find Force, Fx (in the x-direction) to hold the plate stationary.
Find Force, Fy (in the y-direction) to hold the plate stationary
Find resultant force to hold the plate stationary

Nozzle-2
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm
plate

Nozzle-1
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm
Qu 2b
plate
m2
y
m3
x
m1
m4
Nozzle-1
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm
 plate
Qu 2b: Solution m2

m3

m1
m4
Nozzle-1
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm

x
Qu 2c
Only Nozzle-2 remains in the system. Upon contact, water exit the plate 40%
upwards and the remaining downwards. The plate is no longer stationary. The
plate moves away from jet at 3 m/s horizontally
Find the relative mass flow rate entering the plate in the x-direction.
Find the force acting on the plate in x-direction.

plate 3 m/s
Nozzle-2
Mass flow rate = 0.6 Kg/s
Nozzle exit diameter = 8 mm y

x
Qu 2c. Concept
Relative velocity of flow seen from plate-
V2 = 11.936k m/s attached translating frame:

y plate
𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑊/𝑃
x
VP=3 m/s 𝑉𝑊

The velocity of water flow in relation to the moving plate is calculated as:
𝑉𝑊/𝑃 = 𝑉𝑊 − 𝑉𝑃 = 11.936∠(−30o) − 3∠0o
= 11.936[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −30o 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −30o 𝑗]Ƹ − 3𝑖Ƹ
= [11.936𝑐𝑜𝑠 −30o − 3]𝑖Ƹ + 11.936𝑠𝑖𝑛 −30o 𝑗Ƹ
= 7.337𝑖Ƹ − 5.968𝑗Ƹ
Mass flow of water striking plate in x-direction:

𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴W2x =1000× 𝜋Τ4 ×0.0082 × 7.337 =0.369 kg/s

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚ሶ Wexit − Win = 0.369 0 − 7.337 = −2. 706 N

Qu 3 Figure show 2 sprinkle arm with 2 nozzles
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate
of 60 L/min. The exit cross-sectional area of each of the two nozzles is
0.26 cm2 and the flow leaving each nozzle is tangential. The radius
from the axis of rotation to the centreline of each nozzle is 20 cm.
Determine : Nozzle exit
r = 20 cm area, An = 0.26
a) Torque to hold arm stationary cm2

b) Torque when speed is 500 rpm

c) Angular velocity for No resisting torque N = 500 rpm

Q = 60 l/min

r2 = 20 cm
Q = 60 l/min
r = 1000 kg/m3
 = 0o
nozzle area = 0.26 cm2
Qu 3a r2 = 20 cm
Angular momentum equation Q = 60 l/min
r = 1000 kg/m3
T = 𝑚ሶ ·r2 ( W2 cos  - u2 )  = 0o
Arm is stationary, therefore, w = 0 ,  nozzle area = 0.26 cm2
u2 = 0
Q
T = 𝑚ሶ · r2 ( W2 cos  - u2 ) W2 =
2 An

𝑄 Note : 2 nozzles
𝑇 = 𝜌·𝑄·𝑟2·( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
2𝐴𝑛 𝑚ሶ = r Q kg /s
T = 3.84 Nm
This is the resisting torque to hold m3/s
the rotor stationary, w = 0
Qu 3b Find resisting torque when speed = 500 rpm

T = 𝑚ሶ · r2 ( W2 Cos  - u2 )
r2 = 20 cm
𝑄 Q = 60 l/min
𝑇 = 𝜌·𝑄·𝑟2·( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜔𝑟2 ) r = 1000 kg/m3
2𝐴𝑛  = 0o
nozzle area = 0.26 cm2
Q
Convert 500 rpm into rad/sec W2 =
2 An

T = 1.74 N·m 𝑚ሶ = r Q kg /s

m3/s
Qu 3c If NO resisting torque , find angular velocity

T = 𝑚ሶ · r2 ( W2 cos  - u2 )
T = zero
T =0 u2 = wr2

therefore … W2 cos  = u2 ) W2 =
Q
2 An
r2 = 20 cm
𝑄 Q = 60 l/min
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜔𝑟2 r = 1000 kg/m3
2𝐴𝑛  = 0o
nozzle area = 0.26 cm2

w = 96 rad/sec = 96/2/π ×60 rev/min = 917 rpm

Qu 4
Water at 5 liters/s enters the rotor along the axis of rotation. The
cross-sectional area of each nozzle is 18 mm2. How large is the
torque required to hold the rotor stationary, if  = 0o ? How fast
will the rotor spin steadily if the torque is zero and  = 30o ?

W2

u2
Tangential velocity of rotor arm
r = 0.5m
Q = 5 l/sec
r = 1000 kg/m3 u2 = wr2
Qu 4 If the nozzle is at an angle 
Nozzle Velocity( based relative velocity , W2 ) is :
Q
W2 = Exit at angle , and resolving W2 tangentially :
3An
therefore W2 = W2 cos 

T = 𝑚ሶ · r V2 2

= 𝑚ሶ · r ( W2 cos  - u2 )
Qu : What is the torque required to hold the
rotor stationary, if  = 0 ? 1

Rotor stationary means : w = 0

hence : u2 = wr2 = 0
T = 𝑚ሶ · r ( W2 cos  - u2 )

Therefore T = 𝑚ሶ · r ( W2 cos  )
Qu 4
T = 𝑚ሶ · r ( W2cos  ) r = 0.5m
Q = 5 l/sec
r = 1000 kg/m3
𝑄  = 0o
𝑇 = 𝜌·𝑄·𝑟·( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
3𝐴𝑛 Q
W2 =
3 An
T = 231 Nm
𝑚ሶ = r Q kg /s
This is the resisting torque to hold
the rotor stationary, w = 0
m3/s
Qu 4
How fast will the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is
reduced to zero and  = 30o T = zero
T = 𝑚ሶ · r ( W2 cos  - u2 )
u2 = wr2
therefore … W2 cos  = u2 )
Q
W2 =
𝑄 3An
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝜔𝑟2
3𝐴𝑛 r2 = 0.5m
Q = 5 l/sec
r = 1000 kg/m3
  = 0o , 30o
 = 30o … w = 160 rad / s nozzle area = 18 mm2