QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

gvwm-wcwmi wbivc` AvkÖ‡q _vKv wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ GKwU Awe¯§iYxq
Mí| Zi“Yxi bvg Avn¬vw`, †m Zvi ¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi, Avi gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB weaev I wbt¯^ Ges Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo‡Z
AvwkÖZv| GK mgq c‡ii evwo‡Z avb †f‡b kvK-cvZv Kzwo‡q Zv‡`i Pj‡Zv| wKš‘ Avn¬vw` Avmvi ci †_‡K Zviv †bŠKv Pvwj‡q kn‡i mewR
wewµ K‡i Rxeb wbe©vn K‡i| G mgq Zviv Avn¬vw`‡KI mv‡_ wb‡q hvq| KviY AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx, jvjmv-Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi, `v‡ivMv I ¸Ûv-
e`gvBk‡`i Kz-bRi †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z Gi weKí †bB| Zviv mewR wewµ K‡i kni †_‡K wdi‡j MÖv‡gi ˆK‡jk Avn¬vw`i ¯^vgxi e`‡j hvIqv
¯^fv‡ei cÖksmv K‡i Rvbvq Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi evwo bv cvVv‡j R¸ gvgjv Ki‡e| gvwm-wcwm gyL PvIqv-PvIwq K‡i e‡j †`qÑ †R‡j bv nq
†Mjvg ˆK‡jk, wKš‘ †g‡q hw` †mvqvwgi Kv‡Q †h‡Z bv Pvq Lyb nevi f‡q| evwo G‡m gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K mvš—¡bv †`q, mvnm †RvMvqÑ
`yw`b ev‡` †di Avm‡e RvgvB| kn‡ii Lvivc gvbyl Avi MÖv‡gi Lvivc gvbyl¸‡jv gvwm-wcwm‡K wP‡b PzcPvc n‡q †M‡Q| wKš—y MÖv‡gi †RvZ`vi
ˆK‡jk nvj Qv‡owb, †m Avn¬vw`‡K Pvq| ivbœv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`i myL-`ytL, Zvi fwel¨r wb‡q K_v e‡j, RvgvB R¸ G‡j
Av`i-hZœ Ki‡e, fv‡jv e¨env‡ii wm×vš— †bq| ivbœv †m‡i LvIqvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Q Zviv| Ggb mgq evB‡i †_‡K KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii nuvK
†kvbv hvq| evB‡i G‡m †MvKz‡ji †cqv`v wZbRb‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i gvwm-wcwm| KvbvB e‡j, `v‡ivMv evey G‡m e‡m Av‡Qb, KvQvwievwo †h‡Z
n‡e GKevi| gvwm-wcwm eyS‡Z cv‡i GUv Avn¬vw`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi dw›`|Zviv ˆZwi n‡q Avmvi K_v e‡j eo euwU Avi ivg`vi g‡Zv KvUvwi
wb‡q nvwRi nq| Nve‡o hvq KvbvBiv| ZeyI `vcU †`wL‡q e‡j, a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-wnuP‡o wb‡q †h‡Z e‡j‡Q| gvwm e‡j, euwUi GK †Kv‡c
Mjv duvK K‡i †`e| wcwm e‡j, Avq bv nvivgRv`viv, KvUvwii †Kv‡c Mjv KvwU `y-GKUvi| Zvici nVvr Mjv †Q‡o wPrKvi ïi“ K‡i| nuvKvnuvwK
WvKvWvwK ïi“ n‡q hvq cvovq, A‡b‡KB Qz‡U Av‡m| KvbvB A`„k¨ n‡q hvq `jej wb‡q| cvovi †jvK‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j gvwm-wcwm eyS‡Z
cv‡i †MvKzj Avi `v‡ivMvi Ici Zv‡`i fxlY ivM| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv P‡j †M‡j gvwm-wcwm fv‡e, Iiv Avm‡Z cv‡i Avevi Av¸bI jvwM‡q w`‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB Pzwc Pzwc D‡V Mvgjv, Lov, Kjwm f‡i iv‡L, cyi‡bv Kuv_v K¤^j R‡j wfwR‡q iv‡L, euwU `v iv‡L nv‡Zi Kv‡Q| hy‡ ×i Av‡qvRb
K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwm|

1. ‡kl‡ejvq Lv‡j GLb ... ... gv_vq Vvmv K`gQuvUv iæÿPzj|

ey‡ov ingvb I gvSeqmx ‰Kjvm `yR‡b wg‡j Lo †Zvjvi KvR Ki‡Q|

2. cy‡ji Zjv w`‡q fvUvi Uvb ... ... cy‡ji Zjv w`‡q fvUvi Uvb

Avn¬v`x Zvi gvwm wcwmi mv‡_ †bŠKvq K‡i evwo hv‡”Q| GLv‡b Zvi ˆ`wnK MVb ejv n‡q‡Q|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
3. Ògvwm-wcwm wdi‡Q ˆK‡jkÓ ... ... hv‡Z ïb‡Z cvq Ggwb K‡iB e‡j ˆKjvk|

Avn¬v`xi ¯^vgxi K_v ˆKjvm gvwmwcwm‡K e‡j| gyjZ GUv Avn¬v`x‡K Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨|
4. Òewj gvwm, †Zvgv‡KI ewj wcwmÓ ... ... Kx ej‡j R¸?Ó

Avn¬v`xi ¯^vgx R¸| R¸ †bkv‡Lvi †jvK| nv‡Z UvKv _vK‡j ˆKjvmI g‡`i †`vKv‡b hvq| gvwm wcwm GB K_vB eywS‡q‡Qb|
5. ˆKjvk duvc‡i c‡o Avo‡Pv‡L Pvq ... ... `woeuvav n‡q _vK‡Z w`bfi ivZfi?Ó

R¸ Zvi eD‡K Lye wbh©vZb KiZ| ZvgvK †me‡bi KjwK w`‡q Q¨vKv w`Z| G¸‡jvB gvwm wcwmi K‡É D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
6. wcwm-e‡j, Ò†gqv bv cvVvB, ... ... gi‡Z †gviv †gqv‡K cvVve bv|Ó

gvwm wcwmi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx Zviv R¸i Kv‡Q †g‡q cvVv‡e bv|
7. ey‡ov ingvb GKv Lo Pvwc‡q hvq ... ... †m ZvKvq Avn¬vw`i w`‡K|

ey‡ov ingv‡bi †g‡qi AKvj g„Zz¨i K_v cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

8. ‰Kjvm e‡j, ÒZ‡e Avmj K_vUv ewj ... ... Qvqv bvg‡Q Pviw`‡K|

RMy Zvi ¯¿x‡K †diZ †c‡Z gvgjv Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ gvwm wcwm Ly‡bi f‡q Avn¬v`x‡K w`‡Z Pvq bv|
9. kKzbiv D‡o G‡m em‡Q ... ... bZzb Wv‡j wM‡q em‡Z Kx Zvi cvLv SvcUvwb!

kKzb `ywf‡ÿi ev Acqv †Kvb wKQz wb‡`©k K‡i| D³ jvB‡b kKz‡bi SvcUvwb gvwm wcwmi fwel¨r AKj¨v‡bi w`‡K avweZ
K‡i|
10. gv‡qi †evb gvwm Avi ev‡ci †evb wcwm ... ... `y‡Uv cqmv Av‡m|Ó

D³ jvBb¸‡jv‡Z `ywf©‡ÿi mgq Avn¬vw`i cwiev‡ii Kiæb Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Avn¬vw`i evev gvwm wcwm‡K Avk¦vm w`‡qwQj|
ZvB K…ZÁZv ¯^iƒc Zviv Avn¬vw`‡K jvjb- cvjb Ki‡Z Pvq|
11. kn‡ii evRv‡i ZwiZiKvwi djg~‡ji `vg ... ... Zv wK cv‡i wcwm NU‡Z w`‡Z|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨

gvwm wcwm Zwi-ZiKvwii e¨emv Ki‡Z Pvq G¸‡jv kn‡i wewµq K‡i Zviv A‡bK UvKv DcvR©b Ki‡e|
12. ‡mB †_‡K ïiæ nq ... ... GB eywS Kv‡U euwU w`‡q|

†mB wcwmi Af¨šÍixb Ø›` cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

13. kvKmewR †e‡P euvPevi †Póvq ... ... AvZ‡¼ cuvï‡U †g‡i hvq?

gvwm wcwmi Ø›` _vK‡jI Avn¬vw`i K_v wee‡Pbv K‡i Zviv fv‡jvevmvq Ave× n‡q‡Q|
14. ev‡ci Ni`yqvi RwgRgvUzKz Avn¬vw`‡K e‡Z©‡Q, ... ... R¸i cÖej †jvf|

R¸ m¤úwËi †jv‡f Avn¬vw`‡K †diZ wb‡Z Pvq|

15. Lvwj N‡i Avn¬vw`‡K †i‡L ... ... Wivm&wb, Wi wK‡mi?Õ

gvwm I wcwmi weevnRxe‡bi ¯§„wZ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

16. evwo wd‡i `xc †R¡‡j gvwm-wcwm ... ... ï‡j wK Pj‡e Zvi †Kv‡bvw`b?

Avn¬vw`i g‡bvfve cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

17. ivbœv ‡m‡i LvIqvi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Q gvwm-wcwm ... ... †m-B GLvbKvi KZ©v, †m-B m‡e©me©v|

R¸ evwo‡Z G‡j Zvi cÖwZ Kxiƒc AvPiY n‡e Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| RvgvB Av`i Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
18. evB‡i †_‡K nuvK Av‡m KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii ... ... Iiv G‡m Avn¬vw`‡K wb‡q hv‡e|

wZbRb ¸Ûv wb‡q KvbvB †PŠwK`vi Avn¬vw`‡K Zz‡j wb‡Z G‡m‡Q| cwiKíbvi Ask wn‡m‡e KvbvB gvwmwcwm‡K wb‡q
KvPvwi‡Z wb‡q hv‡e Ges ¸Ûv¸‡jv Avn¬vw`‡K a‡i R¸i KvQ wb‡q hv‡e|
19. gvwm e‡j, Ô†gv‡`i GKRb †M‡j ... ... gvSiv‡Z Av¸b awi‡qwQj †mevi|Õ

gvwm wcwm me ey‡S wm×všÍ †bq KvQvwi‡Z GKRb hv‡e Ges Av‡iKRb cvnviv w`‡e Avn¬vw`‡K| wKš‘ KvbvB Zv gvb‡Z
bvivR| gvwm wcwmi wPrKvi I †PPv‡gwP‡Z mevB cvwj‡q hvq|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
20. LvwbK PzcPvc fv‡e `yR‡b ... ... hy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwmwcwm|

gwm wcwm fv‡e KvbvB Zvi `j wb‡q Avevi G‡m nvgjv Ki‡e| ZvB Zviv `v-ewU wb‡q ˆZwi _v‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wK”Qz‡ZB
Avn¬vw`‡K Zz‡j w`‡e bv| ZvB Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× jo‡Z cÖ¯‘Z gvwm wcwm|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨

• Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb `yB bvix PwiÎ gvwm I wcwm| `yR‡bB weaev, wbtmš—vb, AZ¨š— Mixe, Zv‡`i wU‡K
_vKvi msMÖvgB G M‡íi Av‡jL¨|
• Ôgvwm-wcwm' M‡íi Avn¬vw` Abv_ I weevwnZv| ¯^vgxi msmv‡i wbh©vZb m‡q Ae‡k‡l ˆcZ…K wfUvq G‡m gvwm-wcwmi
Kv‡Q Avkªq †bq|
• R¸ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb cyi“l PwiÎ| †m g`¨c, ¯¿x-wbh©vZbKvix I m¤ú`‡jvfx| k¦ïievwoi m¤ú` cvIqvi
†jv‡f †m A‡bK K‚U-†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
• ˆK‡jk‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í †Zvlvgy‡` wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| †m g~jZ R¸i c¶ wb‡q gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q D‡g`vwi
K‡i|
• ey‡ov ingvb G M‡í AcÖavb PwiÎ| Zv‡K mš—vbnviv, †øncivqY wcZv wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq|
• gvwm I wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K mš—v‡bi g‡ZvB fv‡jvev‡m Ges †h‡Kv‡bv wec` †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z memgq m‡Pó _v‡K|
• ¯¿x‡K N‡i wb‡Z bv cvivq gvwm-wcwm‡K Rã Ki‡Z R¸ Mfxi iv‡Z Avn¬vw`‡`i evwo‡Z Rwg`v‡ii †cqv`v I AÁvZ
wKQy Lvivc †jvK cvVvq|
• iv‡Zi Auvav‡i kΓ evwo‡Z G‡j gvwm-wcwm A¯¿ nv‡Z i“‡L `uvovq| fq †c‡q ZLb kΓiv evwo Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq|
• gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZ cÖwZ‡ekxiv AZ¨š— m`q|
• `ywf©¶, gnvgvix BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y Avn¬vw` evev-gv‡K nvivq| gvwm-wcwmI GKB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RxweKvi Rb¨ N‡ii
evB‡i †h‡Z eva¨ nq|
• mvjwZ ej‡Z kvjKvV ev ZvjMv‡Qi ¸uwo w`‡q wbwg©Z †WvOv‡K †evSvq| KvUvwi n‡jv GK cÖKvi aviv‡jv `v-RvZxq
A¯¿|
• cuvï‡U gv‡b du¨vKv‡m, nvwm-Zvgvkvhy³ weev` ev ¶Y¯’vqx SMov‡K LybmywU ejv nq|
• gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ Ôgvwm-wcwm' MíwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1352 e½v‡ã KjKvZvi Ôc~e©vkv' cwÎKvi ˆPÎ
msL¨vq| c‡i G MíwU Ôcwiw¯’wZÕ bvgK Mí MÖ‡š’i Aš—f©y³ nq|
• ZrKvjxb mgv‡R bvix‡`i nxb Ae¯’vb I ˆ`b¨wK¬ó Rxe‡bi Pig i~c Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi cÖavb mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vcU|
• gvwm I wcwm G `ywU PwiÎ wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g G M‡í mgv‡Ri cÖvwš—K I Amnvq bvix‡`i RxebhyׇK dzwU‡q †Zvjv
n‡q‡Q| GQvov wU‡K _vKvi jovB Ges cÖwZev`x †PZbv G `ywU Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
• `ywf©¶ KewjZ mg‡q mgv‡Ri bvbv Aw¯’iZv Ges msNl© QvovI G M‡íi Ab¨vb¨ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ ˆewPΨgq †PZbv I
gvbwmKZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨

১. পুরুষতান্ত্রিক সমাজ ব্যবস্থায় নারীর প্রন্ত্রত ন্ত্রনম মম ন্ত্রনর্ মাতন

২. গ্রামাঞ্চলে বাল্যন্ত্রববাহ ও অকাে মৃতয
৩. AvZ¥m¤§v‡bi ভলয় কাজ †_‡K ন্ত্রবরত না থেলক জীন্ত্রবকা ন্ত্রনব াম হ করা
ম দীনতায় স্বজন ও ন্ত্রনলজলদর অন্ত্রস্বত্ব রক্ষার প্রলেষ্টা
৪. আন্ত্রে ক

৫. অতযাোলর স্বামীর সংসার থেলক েলে আসা

৬. জীবন সংগ্রালম দুইজন সাহসী থপ্রৌঢ়ার পন্ত্ররশ্রমী েড়াই
ম ও মহামারীর রূপ ও আত্নরক্ষা
৭. দুন্ত্রভ ক্ষ
৮. ন্ত্রনম্নলশ্রন্ত্রনজীন্ত্রবলদর জীবনর্াপন

৯. অতযাোরী থমাড়েলদর ন্ত্রবরুলে যুে প্রস্তুন্ত্রত

১০. অসহালয়র প্রন্ত্রত থমাড়লের কুদৃন্ত্রষ্ট

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨

Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi

DÏxcK 1  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
lv‡UvaŸ© weaev dv‡Zgv †eMg| wbtmš—vb G e„×vi Avcb ej‡Z †KD †bB| GKw`b cÖvZtåg‡Y †ewi‡q nVvr wZwb GKwU †g‡q‡K
iv¯—vq Kuv`‡Z †`‡Lb| e„Ëvš— ï‡b wZwb †g‡qwU‡K wb‡q Av‡mb Ges ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô †g‡qwU‡K gvZ…‡mœ‡n AvkÖq †`b
¯^vgxc¶ Lei †c‡q Zv‡K wb‡q †h‡Z Pvb| †g‡qwU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †h‡Z B”QzK bb| e„×vI †g‡qwU‡K †h‡Z †`bwb| G‡Z Zv‡K
A‡bK Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z nq| g„Zz¨i c~‡e© e„×v †g‡qwU‡K mgy`q m¤úwË `vb K‡i hvb|
K. Ô†Q‡ji gyL †`‡L cvlvY big nq Õ -Dw³wU Kvi? 1
L. Ôhy‡×i Av‡qvRb K‡i ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K gvwm-wcwmÕ−Dw³wU Øviv Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`i mv‡_ Kxfv‡e m½wZc~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwm I DÏxc‡Ki e„×v wK GKm~‡Î Muv_v- gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4

cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wU wcwmi|

lohš¿ K‡i Avn¬vw`‡K †MvKzj Zz‡j wb‡Z Avm‡j gvwm-wcwm Zv‡`i †KŠk‡j cÖwZnZ K‡i cieZ©x AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨
cÖ¯‘Z _vKvi welqwU‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †jLK cÖ`Ë Dw³ Øviv eywS‡q‡Qb|
†MvKzj Avn¬vw`‡K A‰bwZKfv‡e †c‡Z Pvq| gvwm-wcwm‡K †m Q‡j-e‡j-†KŠk‡j ekxf‚Z Ki‡Z bv †c‡i KvbvB †PŠwK`v‡ii
gva¨‡g gvwm-wcwm‡K KvQvwi evwo cvwV‡q Zvi ¸Êv-evwnbx w`‡q Zz‡j †bIqvi duv` cvZ‡j msmvi-AwfÁ gvwm-wcwm Zv eyS‡Z
cv‡i Ges euwU I ivg`vi fq †`wL‡q Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i †W‡K Zv‡`i Zvwo‡q †`q| ¸Êv evwnbx Zv‡`i N‡i Av¸b w`‡Z cv‡i †f‡e
Rj I †fRv Kuv_vi e¨e¯’v K‡i iv‡L, nv‡Zi Kv‡Q iv‡L euwU Avi `v| Gfv‡eB gvwm ¸Êvevwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ hveZxq
e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|

AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi msmvi bv Kivi e¨vcv‡i AUj wm×v‡š— _vKvi wel‡q DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwUi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwm M‡íi Avn¬vw`i mv`„k¨
i‡q‡Q|
cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡ii wkKvi wbtmš—vb e„×vi AvkÖ‡q gvZ…‡ø‡n _vK‡Z †c‡q kZ Sv‡gjv m‡Ë¡I ¯^vgxi
evwo‡Z hvqwb|, †Zgwb Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`‡K Zvi ¯^vgx †L‡Z w`Z bv, SuvUv w`‡q †cUv‡Zv, Kj‡K †cvov w`‡q Qu¨vKv
w`Z, †mvRv K_vq AZ¨vPvixi gZ e¨envi KiZ| †m gvwm-wcwmi AvkÖ‡q Avm‡Z †c‡i Zv‡`i cig †mœ‡n ‡_‡K ¯^vgxi gvgjvi
Ges †MvKzj evwnbxi f‡q fxZ n‡q ¯^vgxi N‡i hvqwb|
†`qv‡j wcV †V‡K †M‡j gvbyl Avi wcQy mi‡Z cv‡i bv, gvbyl memgq kwš—‡Z evm Ki‡Z Pvq| DÏxc‡Ki †g‡qwU I Ôgvwm-
wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`I AZ¨vPvixi wbg©g nvZ †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ ¯^vgxi N‡i bv wM‡q fqk~b¨ ¯’vb †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, Dfq
PwiÎ GB †¶‡Î mv`„k¨c~Y|©

Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi weaev gvwm-wcwm I DÏxc‡Ki weaev e„×v GKB m~‡Î Muv_v|Õ-gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
Avn¬vw`i evevi Afv‡ei msmv‡i gvwm-wcwm †evSv¯^i~c| Avn¬vw` ¯^vgxi N‡i AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g wd‡i G‡j gvwm-wcwmi
†mev-h‡ZœB Avn¬vw` †eu‡P hvq| †jvfx ¯^vgx R¸ gvgjvi fq †`Lvq| G‡Z gvwm-wcwm bv `‡g ˆK‡jk‡K wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vb Rvwb‡q
†`b| e`Pwi‡Îi †MvKzj Avn¬vw`i måg †KŠk‡j wQwb‡q wb‡Z PvB‡j gvwm-wcwm AZ¨š— eyw×gËv I mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ cÖwZnZ
K‡ib Ges Avn¬vw`i wbS©ÅvU Rxeb wbwðZ K‡ib|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
gvbyl gvby‡li Rb¨, Rxeb Rxe‡bi Rb¨| AZ¨vPvwiZ, Ae‡nwjZ gvbyl‡K euvPv‡bv gvby‡li mvaviY ag©| DÏxc‡Ki dv‡Zgv †eMg
Ges Avgvi cwVZ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwm bvixRvwZi ÎvYKZ©vi~‡c KvR K‡i AZ¨vPvwiZ bvix‡`i †PvL Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb|
gvby‡li wec‡` GwM‡q Avm‡Z †M‡j A‡bK Kó mB‡Z nq| Zvic‡iI gvbyl GwM‡q Av‡m| gvwm-wcwmi m‡½ gvwm-wcwm Ges
DÏxc‡Ki dv‡Zgv †eMg RbKj¨v‡Yi w`K †_‡K GKB m~‡Î Muv_v-GK_v mywbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq|
DÏxcK 2  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
nvmy I gvqgyb‡K wb‡q †f‡mB PjwQj Rq¸b| wKš‘ wb‡Ri †Póvq AK‚j cv_v‡i †m K‚j cvq| j¾vkig wemR©b w`‡q †m Suvwc‡q
c‡o Kv‡R| Zv‡K euvP‡Z n‡e| †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K euvPv‡Z n‡e| GB msKí wb‡q AvKv‡ji cuvP eQi †m jovB K‡i Avm‡Q|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm †Kv_vq? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z nq †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡bi mv‡_ Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi †Kvb w`K w`‡q mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? 3
N. mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Rq¸b M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi mgMÖ ˆewkó¨ aviY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|−gš—e¨wU we‡k­lY Ki| 4
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ˆcZ…K wbevm XvKvi weµgcy‡i|

¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Avn¬vw`‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o †h‡Z nq|
Avn¬vw`i we‡q nq †bkv‡Lvi cvlÊ R¸i mv‡_| R¸ Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y Avn¬vw`‡K gviai K‡i| †bkvi UvKv †RvMvo bv n‡j Avn¬vw`‡K
N‡ii LuywUi mv‡_ †eu‡a AZ¨vPvi K‡i| jvw_, Po, evwo Ggb †Kv‡bv gva¨g †bB hvi Øviv R¸ Avn¬vw`i Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡iwb| hvi
Rb¨ Zv‡K ¯^vgxi Ni †Q‡o P‡j Avm‡Z nq|

DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡bi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

†h cwikÖg Kiv‡K fq cvq bv, †m †h-†Kv‡bvfv‡e wec` †_‡K cwiÎvY cvq| Kg©wegyL †jvK Rxeb-Pjvi c‡_ c‡` c‡` wec‡`
c‡o| Avi hviv †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †h-†Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Zviv †h-†Kv‡bv wec` †_‡K D×vi cvq| DÏxc‡Ki
Rq¸‡Yi gv‡S †`wL Rxeb-msMÖv‡g Rqx nIqvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bvi cÖeYZv| `vwi‡`ª¨i bvMcv‡k AvUKv c‡o mš—vb wb‡q †f‡m
hvw”Qj, †mLvb †_‡K wb‡Ri †Póvq j¾vkig wemR©b w`‡q Kv‡R †b‡g c‡o| gvwm-wcwmi gv‡SI †`wL RxebmsMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi
cÖeYZv| ZvB‡Zv Zviv gš^š—‡ii mgq nvZ-cv ¸wU‡q N‡i e‡m bv †_‡K jvRj¾v cwiZ¨vM K‡i mewRi e¨emvq bv‡g|
Dfq‡¶‡Î GLv‡bB mv`„k¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

wKQz mv`„k¨ _vK‡j DÏxc‡K Rq¸b gvwm-wcwmi m¤ú~Y© PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡iwb|
msmvi mgy`ª wec`msKzj| Gi †Kv‡Y †Kv‡Y †hgb ˆewPΨ-†ivgvÝ jyKv‡bv Av‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q wec`| †mLvb †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z
n‡j †Póvi cvkvcvwk _vK‡Z n‡e eyw×gËv I mwVK wm×vš— †bqvi ¶gZv|
DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸Y‡K Rxeb-msMÖv‡g hy×iZ Ae¯’vq Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| Zvi gv‡S i‡q‡Q gvZ…‡Z¡i †¯œngqx i~c Ges Rxeb-
msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi gvbwmKZv| wKš‘ GwUB gvwm-wcwmi mgMÖ i~c bq| GQvovI gvwm-wcwm‡K Avgiv Ab¨fv‡eI †`L‡Z cvB
M‡íi Rwg‡b|
gvwm-wcwm weaev, Amnvq, AvkÖqnxbv| Zey Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi Zxeª B”Qvi ekeZ©x n‡q Rxeb-msMÖv‡g †b‡g c‡o| wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—
Z¡ †UKv‡bvB ïay bq, ¯^vgx-cwiZ¨³v Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv fv‡jv ivL‡Z Pvq| mg¯— wec` †_‡K D×vi Ki‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ Zviv
cÖwZev`x nq mgv‡Ri gy‡Lvkavix Rv‡bvqvi‡`i wei“‡×| cyi‡“ li †jvjyc `„wó †_‡K mš—vbZzj¨ Avn¬vw`‡K euvPv‡Z, Zviv GB
cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wei“‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| gvwm-wcwmi G i~cwU DÏxc‡Ki Rq¸‡Yi gv‡S cÖKvwkZ nqwb| ZvB ejv hvq,
cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨wU h_v_©|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
DÏxcK 3  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
gv Zv‡K †Riv Ki‡jb| †`Ljvg †m fvwi Pvcv| gvi cÖ‡kœi QuvKv Reve w`j, wb‡R †_‡K GKwU K_v †ewk KBj bv| †m ejj, Zvi
bvg ggZv| Avgv‡`i evwo †_‡K LvwbK `~‡i Rxebg‡qi Mwj, Mwji †fZ‡i mvZvk b¤^i evwoi GKZjvq †m _v‡K| Zvi ¯^vgx
Av‡Q Avi GKwU †Q‡j| ¯^vgxi PvKwi †bB Pvigvm, msmvi Avi P‡j bv, †m ZvB c`©v †V‡j DcvR©‡bi Rb¨ evB‡i G‡m‡Q| GB
Zvi cÖ_g PvKwi| gvB‡b? †m Zv Rv‡b bv| `y‡ejv †iu‡a w`‡q hv‡e wKš‘ Lv‡e bv|
K. gvwm-wcwm Kxfv‡e kn‡i †h‡Zb? 1
L. gvwm-wcwmi Rgv‡bv UvKv †Kb LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki ggZv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi †Kvb ˆewkó¨‡K aviY K‡i‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve aviY K‡i wK? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI| 4

Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ mvjwZ †e‡q kn‡i †h‡Zb|

`ywf©‡¶i mgq Lvevi wKb‡Z gvwm-wcwm‡`i Rgv‡bv i“‡cvi UvKv Avaywj wmwK LiP n‡q wM‡qwQj|
gvwm-wcwmiv Avn¬vw`i evevi evwo‡Z AvwkªZv| Iw`‡K †`‡k gš^qš—i| †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv KvR †bB, Lvevi †bB, mvg_©¨I †bB| ZvB
Zviv Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv UvKv w`‡q †Kv‡bviK‡g Lvevi wK‡b †L‡q †eu‡P‡Q| GRb¨ Zv‡`i Rgv‡bv i“‡cvi UvKv Avaywj wmwK LiP n‡q
wM‡qwQj|

Avw_©K `xbZvq c‡o ¯^Rb‡`i I wb‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi cÖ‡Póvi w`K w`‡q ggZvw`i ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi PvwiwÎK
ˆewk‡ó¨i mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
`vwi‡`ª¨i KlvNvZ hLb Av‡m ZLb gvby‡li †Kv‡bv w`‡Ki wVK _v‡K bv| mg¯— j¾v, fq, AvZ¥m¤§vb ZLb †gwK, duvwK g‡b
nq| †h-†Kv‡bv Dcv‡q Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi cÖkœ ZLb eo n‡q I‡V|
DÏxc‡Ki ggZvw` f`ª N‡ii mš—vb ev †eŠ n‡qI `vwi‡`ª¨i Pv‡c c‡o c‡ii evwo KvR Ki‡Z Av‡m| j¾v ev AvZ¥m¤§vb ZLb
Zvi mvg‡b evav n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡iwb| ¯^vgx-mš—vb wb‡q DcvR©bnxb msmv‡i wUK‡Z bv †c‡i PvKivwbi KvR ïi“ K‡i‡Q| M‡í
gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Îi ggZvw`i GB ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖwZdjb †`wL| gš^q‡š—i mgq wb‡R‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶v Ges Avn¬vw`i Rxeb euvPv‡Z
Zviv j¾vkig Z¨vM K‡i kn‡i wM‡q mewRi e¨emv K‡i| hv Dfq †¶‡Î mv`„k¨ iPbv K‡i‡Q|

bv, DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fve‡K aviY K‡i bv|

Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi GKwU Amnvq †g‡qi RxebKvwnwb| M‡íi ci‡Z ci‡Z Qwo‡q Av‡Q bvbv ˆewPΨgq NUbv|
DÏxc‡K hvi gvÎ GKwU welq cÖKvwkZ Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, Rxeb-msMÖv‡g wjß GK bvix‡K †h DcvR©bnxb msmv‡i ¯^vgx-mš—vb wb‡q †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ mg¯— j¾vkig
cwiZ¨vM K‡i f`ª N‡ii †g‡q n‡qI c‡ii evwo PvKivwbi KvR †bq| GwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi GKwU gvÎ w`K| hv gvwm-wcwmi
Rxebavi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvi gv‡S j¶ Kiv hvq|
DcwiD³ welq Qvov Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í Ab¨vb¨ fv‡eiI AeZviYv N‡U‡Q| Avn¬vw` bvgK ¯^vgxi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi GK Zi“Yxi
Ki“Y RxebKvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q M‡í| †hLv‡b G‡K-G‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q GB cyil“ kvwmZ Ny‡baiv mgv‡Ri bvbviKg Am½wZi
w`K| G mgv‡R bvixi Ae¯’vb Zv‡`i cÖwZ cyi“‡li `„wófw½, `ywf©‡¶i gg©¯úk©x wPÎ, AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgx, jvjmvq Db¥Ë †RvZ`vi,
¸Êv-e`gvk‡`i AvPiY, `yÕRb weaevi `vwqZ¡kxj I gvbweK Rxeb-hy× Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` BZ¨vw` Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q hv DÏxc‡K
Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y©fve aviY K‡iwb|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
DÏxcK 4  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
wcwm e‡j, ÔGZ iv‡Z †g‡q‡bvK‡K KvQvwievwo WvK‡Z KËvi b¾v K‡i bv KvbvB?
KvbB dzu‡m I‡V, Ôbv hw` hvI VvKi“bviv fv‡jvq fv‡jvq, a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-wnuP‡o wb‡q hvevi ûKzg Av‡Q wKš‘ e‡j ivLjvg|
gvwm euwUUv evwM‡q a‡i `uv‡Z `uvZ Kvg‡o e‡j, e‡U? a‡i †eu‡a †U‡b-wnuP‡o wb‡q hv‡e? G‡mv| †K GwM‡q Avm‡e G‡mv| euwUi
GK †Kv‡c Mjv duvK K‡i †`e|
wcwm e‡j, Avq bv e¾vZ nvivgRv`viv, GwM‡q Avq bv? KvUvwii †Kv‡c Mjv KvwU `y-GKUvi|
gvwm e‡j, †kv‡bv KvbvB, G wKš‘ GwU© bq †gv‡U| †Zvgv‡`i mv‡_ †giv †g‡q‡bvK cvie bv Rvwb wKš‘ `y‡Uv-GKUv‡K gvie
RLg Kie wVK|
wcwm e‡j, †gviv bq gie| Õ
K. gvwm wcwm‡K WvK‡Z †K Av‡m? 1
L. gvwm-wcwm Kxfv‡e RxweKv wbe©vn KiZ? 2
M. DÏxcKwU‡Z Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ Pwi‡Îi †Kvb ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q? 3
N. DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fvewU aviY K‡i‡Q wK? †Zvgvi g‡Zi c‡¶ hyw³ `vI| 4

gvwm-wcwm‡K WvK‡Z Av‡m KvbvB|

A‡b¨i evwo‡Z KvR K‡i, kn‡i kvKcvZv-djg~j wewµ K‡i gvwm wcwm †Kv‡bvg‡Z Rxeb aviY K‡i|
gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`i wcZvi Avkªvq Av‡Q eûw`b †_‡KB| wKš‘ wZwb gviv hvIqvi ci Zviv wbZvš— Amnvq n‡q c‡o| wb‡R‡`i
fiY-†cvl‡Yi Rb¨ Ges ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³ Avn¬vw`i Rb¨ Zviv avb †f‡b, Kuv_v †mjvB K‡i, Wv‡ji ewo †e‡P, †nvMjv †Mu‡_ MÖvg
†_‡K kvKmewR djgyj kn‡i wb‡q wM‡q weµq K‡i †Kv‡bviK‡g RxweKv wbe©vn K‡ib|

DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Îi cÖwZev`x I AvZ¥i¶vi welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

G msmv‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡K wRZ‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ G‡K-Ab¨‡K VKv‡bvi Rb¨ m`v cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| †h GB cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i wU‡K
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv, Zviv KL‡bv gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvov‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev` bv Ki‡j Ab¨vqKvix KL‡bv KvD‡K wb¯—
vi †`q bv|
DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZev`x g‡bvfve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri †kvlK Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g KvbvB gvwm-wcwm‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e Zz‡j
wb‡Z Av‡m| Zv‡`i GB Kz-gZje‡K gvwm-wcwm cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z eÜcwiKi nq| Zviv KvbvB‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i| KvUvwi euwU wb‡q
Zviv hy‡×i Rb¨ ˆZwi nq| Zv‡`i GB AvPiY GB RyjygevR mgv‡Ri Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×, Kz-gZje PwiZv_© Ki‡Z Pvq †h me
gvbyli~cx Rv‡bvqv‡iiv Zv‡`i wii“‡× gvwm-wcwm Zv‡`i me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡i hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| Zv‡`i gv‡S cÖwZev`x †PZbvi
cwiPq †g‡j|

DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi mgMÖ fve‡K aviY K‡iwb|

¯^vgxi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Zi“Yxi Ki“Y RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU Ab¨w`‡K
DÏxc‡K ïay gvwm-wcwmi cÖwZev`x †PZbv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

DÏxcKwU‡Z †`Lv hvq, gvwm-wcwm‡K Rwg`v‡ii ûKz‡g Zz‡j wb‡Z Av‡m KvbvB| ZLb gvwm-wcwm KvbvB‡qi Kz-gZje eyS‡Z
†c‡i KvQvwi‡Z †h‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| KvbvB Rei`w¯— Ki‡j Zviv Gi cÖwZev` K‡i Ges KvbvB‡K gvivi Rb¨ `v, euwU DuwP‡q

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
kvmvq| Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L KvbvB m‡i c‡o| gvwm-wcwmi G AvPi‡Y GB Ny‡Yaiv mgv‡Ri wei“‡× Amnvq bvixi cÖwZev`x
†PZbvi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| Z‡e G welqwUB Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi m¤ú~Y© fve bq|
Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ MíwU ¯^vgxi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi wcZ…gvZ…nxb GK Amnvq Zi“Yxi RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Avn¬vw` bvgK H
Zi“Yxi gvwm-wcwm `yR‡bB weaev| Zviv Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi cvkvcvwk wei~c mgvR †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K i¶vi †h eyw×`xß mvnmx
msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q Zv mwZ¨B weij| `ywf©‡¶i gg©¯úk©x ¯§„wZ, RxweKv wbe©v‡ni KwVb msMÖvg, bvix n‡q †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi
†gvKv‡ejv Kivi gvbwmKZv G M‡íi ˆewPΨgq w`K| Gme w`K DÏxc‡K Abycw¯’Z| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxcKwU Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ
M‡íi m¤ú~Y©fve avib K‡iwb|
DÏxcK 5  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
Avnv‡i| G‡i gvBqvWv‡i gvBiv dvjBm bv| I‡i I cvlvBY¨v, `iRv †Lvj, gvwim bv Avi gvwim bv, Rvnvbœv‡g hvBwe, gvwim bv|
evB‡i †_‡K `yÕnv‡Z SuvwcUv‡K †Vj‡Q dwK‡ii gv| Aveyj GKevi ZvKvj †mw`‡K, wKš‘ Suvwc Lyjj bv|
eD gvivq GKUv ˆckvwPK Avb›` cvq Aveyj| †g‡i †g‡i Gi Av‡M `yÕ-`y‡Uv eD‡K cÖv‡Y †kl K‡i w`‡q‡Q †m| cÖ_g eDUv wQj G
Muv‡qiB †g‡q| Av‡qkv| GKUz †eu‡U, GKUz †gvUv Avi i‡Oi w`K †_‡K k¨vgjv| Ac~e© mshg wQj †gwqwUi| Avðh© kvš— ¯^fve|
KZ †g‡i‡Q I‡K Aveyj| †Kv‡bvw`b GKUz kãI K‡iwb| GKUv mvgvb¨ cÖwZev` †bB|
[Z_¨m~Î : nvRvi eQi a‡i -Rwni ivqnvb]
K. g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z Kx‡mi g‡Zv wQj? 1
L. Avn¬vw`‡K R¸ †Kb gviai K‡i? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa? - e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|Ó−gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4

g¯— KvUvwiUv †`L‡Z ivg`vÕi g‡Zv wQj|

†bkvi UvKv msMÖn Ki‡Z bv †c‡i UvKv †RvMvo Kivi †jv‡f R¸ Avn¬vw`‡K gviai Ki‡Zv|
cvlÊ R¸ †bkv K‡i| wKš‘ me-mgq †bkvi wRwbm †Kbvi UvKv Zvi Kv‡Q _v‡K bv| †m msmvi Ges ¯¿xi cÖwZI D`vmxb|
†bkvi †Nv‡i †_‡K †m Zvi ¯¿x Avn¬vw`i Ici wbh©vZb Pvjvq| eD‡qi Ici PovI n‡q ga¨hyMxq Kvq`vq eD‡K LuywUi mv‡_ †eu‡a
†i‡L gviai K‡i|

DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸ Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa|

Avgv‡`i GB cyil“ kvwmZ mgv‡R ¯¿xiv ev bvixiv Pigfv‡e wbM„nxZ, wbh©vwZZ nq| Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv gyj¨vqb K‡i bv cvlÊ cyi‡“ liv|
Zviv Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y bvixi Ici AZ¨vPvi Pvwj‡q cyil“ ‡Z¡i gh©v`v i¶v Ki‡Z Pvq|
DÏxc‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, Aveyj bv‡gi GK cvlʇK, †h Zvi ¯¿x‡K Agvby‡li g‡Zv wbh©vZb K‡i| N‡ii `iRv eÜ K‡i
†eŠ‡K gv‡i Ges ˆckvwPK Avb›` Dc‡fvM K‡i| Avey‡ji g‡Zv GK cvlʇK Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi R¸i Pwi‡Îi
gv‡S| R¸I Zvi eD‡K Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y gviwcU K‡i| †bkvi UvKv †RvMvo Ki‡Z bv †c‡i †eŠ‡K †eu‡a †i‡L †cUvq| GB R¸
Pwi‡Îi cÖwZwbwa DÏxc‡Ki Aveyj|

ÒDÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|Ó−gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
Avgv‡`i mgvRe¨e¯’vq bvbv AmsMwZi gv‡S bvix-wbh©vZb Ab¨Zg GKUv N„wYZ welq| GB cyil“ kvwmZ mgv‡R G welqwU Anin
N‡U P‡j‡Q| Gi cÖwZKvi Kivi †hb †KD †bB|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
DÏxc‡KI †`wL GgbB GKUv wPÎ-hv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íI cwijw¶Z nq| DÏxc‡K Av‡qkv bv‡gi †g‡qwU ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zey †m gyL dz‡U wKQz e‡j bv| GUv‡K †hb Zvi fvM¨ e‡j †g‡b †bq| mgv‡Ri N„wYZ cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi GB
Av‡qkvi g‡Zv Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw`|
Avn¬vw` wcZ…gvZ…nxb Amnvq GK Zi“Yx| Zvi we‡q nq †bkv‡Lvi R¸i mv‡_| R¸ msmv‡ii cÖwZ D`vmxb Ges Kvi‡Y-AKvi‡Y
eD‡K AZ¨vPvi K‡i| ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Avn¬vw` evevi evwo P‡j Av‡m| mgvR Gi †Kv‡bv wewnZ K‡i bv| G
mgv‡R bvixiv Gfv‡eB Aeg~j¨vwqZ n‡q Avm‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki Av‡qkv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi Avn¬vw` GKB
cvwiw¯’wZi wkKvi|
DÏxcK 6  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
Kv‡Ri †k‡l evwo‡Z wd‡i Av‡m jvqjv| fvOv Lv‡U K¬vš— †`nLvwb Gwj‡q †`q| †`‡ni PvB‡Z Zvi gbUv †ewk K¬vš—| gbUv
AvR Zvi †Kgb †Kgb Ki‡Q| iwngv Lvjv ivbœv-evbœv Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`b G KvRUv †mB wb‡RB K‡i| AvR †Kb Rvwb G‡Z gb
em‡Q bv| nVvr g‡bi Avqbvq †d‡j Avmv AZxZ Qvqv †d‡j| Zvi GKUv msmvi wQj †QvU GKwU mvRv‡bv Ni wQj| nVvr GKw`b
Kvj‰ekvLxi So G‡jv| ev‡ci evwo †_‡K UvKv Avbvi Rb¨ ¯^vgx AvgRv` jvw_ †g‡i Ni †_‡K †ei K‡i †`q| Zvici iwngv
Lvjvi nvZ a‡i kn‡i Av‡m| Mv‡g©›U PvKwi †bq| Zviv A½fiv †hŠeb Zvi kΓ| evB‡i cv ivL‡j †envqv cyi“l¸‡jv ZvwK‡q _v‡K|
gv‡S-gv‡S Avevi Ni euva‡Z mva Rv‡M|
K. gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wjwLZ M‡íi msL¨v KZ? 1
L. gvwm-wcwm †ivRMv‡ii Rb¨ Kx Dcvq †Luv‡R? 2
M. DÏxc‡K gvwm-wcwm Pwi‡Î †Kvb fv‡ei cÖKvk N‡U‡Q?Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki Avn¬vw` Avgv‡`i GB cyi“ lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i cÖwZwbwa|Ó−gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wjwLZ M‡íi msL¨v cÖvq wZbÕk|

gvwm-wcwm Rxeb Pvjv‡Z wngwkg Lvq| `ywf©‡¶i Rb¨ †Kv_vI †ivRMvi †bB| ZvB Zviv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ wfbœ Dcv‡q †ivRMv‡ii
wPš—v-fvebv K‡i| Zviv wm×vš— †bq MÖvg †_‡K ZwiZiKvwi djg~j wK‡b wb‡q kn‡i wM‡q wewµ K‡i wKQz †ivRMvi Ki‡e Ges
GUv †f‡eB Zviv G Kv‡R nvZ †`q|

DÏxc‡K Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi gvwm-wcwmi gv‡S gvZ…‡mœ‡ni cÖKvk j¶Yxq|

bvixi Pig mv_©KZv Zvi gvZ…‡Z¡| wbtmš—vb n‡jI mš—v‡bi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv cÖKv‡ki mnRvZ B”Qv Zv‡`i gv‡S †_‡KB hvq|
gvwm-wcwmi AvPi‡Y †mB gvZ…‡ø‡ni fvewU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, mvivw`b LvUzwbi ci evwo wd‡i ivbœvevbœv mvi‡Z †j‡M hvq| mš—v‡bi g‡Zv Avn¬vw`‡K Zviv †Kv‡bv Kó Ki‡Z
w`‡Z bvivR| Dciš‘ GB K`h© mgv‡Ri bvbv cÖKvi KzrwmZ †jv‡Ki Kz-`„wó †_‡K Avn¬vw`‡K i¶v Kivi †PZbv Zv‡`i gv‡S
cwijw¶Z nq| gv mš—vb‡K †hgb AvM‡j iv‡L, gvwm-wcwmI Avn¬vw`‡K †mfv‡e AvM‡j ivL‡Z Pvq, †øn fv‡jvevmvq wm³ Ki‡Z
Pvq|

DÏxc‡Ki Avn¬vw` GB cyil“ kvwmZ mgv‡Ri wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i cÖwZwbwa|

bvixcyi“l Df‡qi Ae`v‡b mgvR wU‡K _v‡K| A_P bvixiv GB mgv‡R †Kv‡bv g~j¨vqb cvq bv| cyi‡“ liv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i †fv‡Mi
mvgMÖx fv‡e| GRb¨B Avgv‡`i mgvR we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z cvi‡Q bv|

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 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq mgv‡Ri cyi‡“ li Øviv wbgg©fv‡e wbh©vwZZv bvixi cÖwZ”Qwe| †h ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i wUK‡Z bv †c‡i Amnv‡qi
g‡Zv ev‡ci evwo P‡j Av‡m| wKš‘ GLv‡bI G‡m †m kvwš—‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| mgv‡Ri Kziw“ Pc~Y© wKQz cyi“l Zv‡K †bvsiv †Pv‡L
†`‡L| Zv‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e †c‡Z Pvq|
Avn¬vw`i GB Ae¯’v Avgv‡`i GB cyi“lkvwmZ mgv‡Ri GK PigZg j¾vRbK w`K| Avn¬vw` G mgv‡R wbh©vwZZ GK Amnvq bvix|
†m Ae¯’vi wkKvi n‡q Pig nxb¤§b¨Zvq †fv‡M| wb‡R‡K b`©gvi †bvsiv KxU g‡b K‡i| e¨wfPvix cyi‡“ li †PvL Zv‡K ¯^w¯—‡Z
_vK‡Z †`q bv| G‡K †Zv ¯^vgx Øviv wbh©vwZZv Dciš— gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Q G‡mI Zvi wb¯—vi †bB| ZvB †m g‡b K‡i, gvwm-
wcwm‡K MÄbv †`Iqvi †P‡q AZ¨vPvix ¯^vgxi Kv‡Q wd‡i wM‡q jvw_ SuvUv LvIqv fv‡jv| g~jZ Zvi GB g‡bvfve mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨
bvix‡`i †PZbv‡K Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨ h_v_©|
DÏxcK 7  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
BD‡iv‡ci Ávb¸i“ †c­‡Uv wgmi ågYKv‡j gv_vq K‡i †Zj †e‡P LiP †RvMvo Ki‡Zb| †h Kz‡o, Avj‡m, Nyl‡Lvi I †Pvi, †mB
nxb| e¨emv ev †QvU ¯^vaxb Kv‡R gvbyl nxb nq bv- nxb nq wg_¨v PZziZv I cÖeÂbvq| cv‡Q RvZ hvq, m¤§vb bó nq- GB
f‡q c‡ii MjMÖn n‡q gv‡mi ci gvm KvwU‡q w`”Q? m¤§vb †Kv_vq, Zv Zzwg †Ui cvIwb|
[Z_¨m~Î :D`¨g I cwikÖg- †gvnv¤§` jyrdi ingvb|
K. kKzbiv D‡o G‡m †Kv_vq e‡m‡Q? 1
L. R¸ †Kb gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †c­‡Uvi gv‡S Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡íi †Kvb wel‡qi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q?Ñ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Òwgj _vK‡jI †c­‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges gvwm-wcwmi kvKmewR wewµi D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q|Ó−gš—e¨wU hvPvB Ki| 4

kKzbiv D‡o G‡m cvZvk~b¨ ïK‡bv MvQUvi Dc‡i e‡m‡Q|

R¸ Zvi †eŠ Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z PvBj|

R¸i AZ¨vPv‡i Ni †Q‡o P‡j Av‡m Avn¬vw`| Zvici R¸ Zvi ¯¿x‡K wdwi‡q wb‡Z G‡m‡Q Zvi k¦ï‡ii †i‡L hvIqv m¤úwËi
†jv‡f| wKš‘ gvwm-wcwm Avn¬vw`‡K cvVv‡Z bvivR| Zv Qvov Avn¬vw`I †h‡Z ivwR bq| Avn¬vw`‡K wdwi‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ R¸ gvgjv
Ki‡Z Pvq|

DÏxc‡Ki †c­‡Uvi mv‡_ gvwm-wcwmi Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv KvR K‡i wU‡K _vKvi welqwUi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl †h‡Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| ZLb hw` AvZ¥m¤§v‡bi f‡q KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K, Z‡e
†m wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` gvbyl mewKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡i|
DÏxc‡Ki †c­‡Uvi gv‡S †`wL GB †PZbvi cÖwZdjb| wZwb wgk‡i ågYKv‡j gv_vq K‡i †Zj weµq K‡i LiP †RvMvo Ki‡Zb|
wZwb †Kv‡bv KvR‡K †QvU fv‡ebwb, j¾v K‡ibwb| GB GKB †PZbvi cÖwZdjb †`wL Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í gvwm-wcwmi g‡a¨| Zviv
†eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` jvR-mi‡gi †Zvqv°v bv K‡i mewR e¨emvq †b‡g c‡o Ges Rxeb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| †jvKP¶zi f‡q e‡m
_v‡K bv| Dfq †¶‡Î GLv‡bB mv`„k¨ `„k¨gvb|

†c­‡Uvi †Zj wewµ Ges gvwm-wcwmi mewR wewµi gv‡S wgj _vK‡jI D‡Ïk¨MZ cv_©K¨ ev wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| gš—e¨wU h_v_©|
msmv‡i †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` gvbyl bvbviKg KvR K‡i| †Kv‡bv KvR †QvU ev nxb †f‡e hw` Zv Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv nq, Z‡e
wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb wgU‡e bv Ges RxebUv ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e|

লেকচার শীট মাসি-সিসি

 QNA evsjv mnvqK mvwnZ¨
DÏxc‡Ki †c­‡Uv Ges Ôgvwm-wcwmÕ M‡í gvwm-wcwmi Kv‡Ri gv‡S mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| †c­‡Uv wgki
ågYKv‡j iv¯—vi LiP †RvMv‡oi Rb¨ gv_vq K‡i †Zj wewµ Ki‡Zb| wZwb m”Q‡›` Pjv‡divi Rb¨ GKvR K‡iwQ‡jb| GB
Kv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q gvwm-wcwmi mewR wewµ Kivi †¶‡Î|
gvwm-wcwm wbtm¤^j, Amnvq| †eu‡P _vKvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c_ Luy‡R bv †c‡q `y‡ejv `yg‡y Vv Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Zviv N‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z
eva¨ nb| wb‡R‡`i fiY‡cvlY Ges AvwkÖZ Avn¬vw`‡K euvwP‡q ivL‡Z Zviv Muv †_‡K kvKmewR djg~j wK‡b kn‡i wM‡q wewµi
wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡`i G e¨emv Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨| RxweKv wbe©v‡ni KwVb msMÖv‡g Zviv G c‡_ bv‡gb| GUv hw` Zviv
bv Ki‡Zb, Z‡e bv †L‡q gi‡Z n‡Zv| wKš‘ DÏxc‡Ki †c­‡Uv‡K †Z‡ji e¨emv bv Ki‡j Avi hvB †nvK bv †L‡q gi‡Z n‡Zv
bv| ZvB ejv hvq, Dfq Kv‡R D‡Ïk¨MZ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q, hv cÖ‡kœi gš—e¨‡K h_v_© cÖwZcbœ K‡i‡Q|

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