The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that defines the functions

and interactions of different components in a computer network. It was developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

According to the OSI model, a network is divided into seven layers, each responsible for specific tasks
and functions. Here is a general overview of the layers:

Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical transmission of data over the network. It defines the
electrical, mechanical, and physical specifications for the network's physical media, such as cables and
connectors.

Data Link Layer: The Data Link layer provides reliable transmission of data frames between two directly
connected nodes on a network. It handles error detection and correction, and ensures the integrity of
data transmission.

Network Layer: The Network layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing of data packets. It
determines the best path for data transmission through different networks, taking into account factors
like network congestion and priority.

Transport Layer: The Transport layer ensures the reliable delivery of data between end systems. It
breaks down large data into smaller segments, manages flow control, and provides error recovery
mechanisms.

Session Layer: The Session layer establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions
between applications. It manages the coordination and synchronization of data exchange between
different devices.

Presentation Layer: The Presentation layer is responsible for data formatting, encryption, and
compression. It ensures that data sent by the Application layer of one system can be correctly
interpreted by the Application layer of another system.
Application Layer: The Application layer is the topmost layer in the OSI model. It provides a user
interface and services for end-user applications, such as email, web browsing, and file transfer.

Each of the books mentioned may provide further details, explanations, and insights into the OSI model,
its layers, and their functionalities. You can refer to the specific books for more in-depth information on
the topic.

Computer Networks: A Systems Approach" by Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie:

This book provides a comprehensive explanation of the OSI model. According to the book, the layers of
the OSI model are as follows:

Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical transmission of raw bit streams over the network. It
specifies electrical, mechanical, and functional characteristics of the physical medium and interfaces. It
covers aspects such as cables, connectors, voltage levels, and signaling.

Data Link Layer: The Data Link layer is responsible for the reliable transmission of data across a physical
link between adjacent nodes. It handles framing, error detection and correction, and flow control. It is
divided into two sublayers: the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, which deals with medium access
control, and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer, which handles error control and flow control.

Network Layer: The Network layer provides logical addressing and routing of packets across multiple
networks. It deals with network addressing, routing protocols, packet fragmentation, and reassembly. It
establishes end-to-end communication paths and selects the best path for data transmission.

"Data Communications and Networking" by Behrouz A. Forouzan:

This book provides a clear explanation of the OSI model and its layers. According to the book, the layers
of the OSI model can be summarized as follows:
Transport Layer: The Transport layer ensures reliable delivery of data between end systems. It provides
services such as segmentation and reassembly, flow control, error recovery, and end-to-end reliability. It
ensures that data is transmitted correctly and in the right order.

Session Layer: The Session layer establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between
applications on different network devices. It provides services such as session establishment,
maintenance, and termination, as well as synchronization and checkpointing of data exchanges.

Presentation Layer: The Presentation layer is responsible for data representation, encryption, and
compression. It handles the conversion of data into a format that can be understood by the receiving
application. It also provides encryption and decryption services for secure data transmission.

"Computer Networks: A Top-Down Approach" by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross:

This book provides a top-down explanation of the OSI model. According to the book, the layers of the
OSI model can be described as follows:

Application Layer: The Application layer provides services directly to the end user or application. It
includes protocols and services for tasks such as email, file transfer, web browsing, and remote access. It
enables applications to interact with the network and supports end-to-end communication.

Presentation Layer: The Presentation layer is responsible for data formatting, encryption, and
compression. It ensures that data sent by the Application layer is in a standardized format that can be
understood by the receiving application. It also handles encryption and compression of data.

Session Layer: The Session layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of sessions
between applications. It provides services for session control, synchronization, and recovery from
communication failures.

Please note that the descriptions provided above are based on the information available in the
mentioned books. Different authors may provide slightly different explanations, but these descriptions
should give you a good understanding of the layers of the OSI model.
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