18MSMB2H01 MolecularBiology 2019

Department of Microbiology
Syllabus
SEMESTER II
MSCMB201
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(60 Hrs)
Module 1
DNA replication and DNA repair:
Initiation of DNA replication in prokaryotes, semiconservative, primer, template, origin of
replication, replication-fork, leading & lagging strand, enzymes involved at different stages, co-
ordinated synthesis of leading and lagging strands
Relationship between replication and cell cycle, inhibitors of DNA replication (blocking
precursor synthesis, nucleotide polymerization, altering DNA structure, A brief account of DNA
proof reading and repair mechanisms.
Types of DNA damage- deamination, oxidative damage,, alkylation, pyrimidine dimers; Repair
pathways- photo-reactivation, excision repair, post replication repair, SOS repair, methyl
directed mismatched repair, very short patch repair. 15 hrs
Module 2
Transcription:
The transcriptome, prokaryotic RNA polymerase; molecular composition, and mechanism of
transcription. Initiation of prokaryotic transcription; Bacterial promoters, Closed and open
initiation complexes, promoter clearances. Sigma factors, concept of mRNA, termination; rho-
dependent and independent termination processing of RNA in prokaryotes. Inhibitors of RNA
synthesis; Degradation of bacterial mRNA.
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases-classification and transcription units. Initiation at RNA pol I, II, and
III promoters. Elongation and termination in eukaryotic Post transcriptional modification of
eukaryotic tRNA, and rRNAs, role of RNPs, RNase-P, polynuceotide kinase in modification. Post
transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNAs; capping, and tailing. Intron splicing;
Properties and role of snRNPs in splicing, mechanism of splicing by class-I (GU-AG), and class-II
(GU-AC) introns, spliceosome, alternative splicing. RNA editing; degradation of mRNAs,
Transportation of RNA within eukaryotic cells. 15 hrs
Module 3
Translation:
Prokaryotic ribosomes; molecular components, in vivo assembly, dissociation of subunits, and
polysomes. Eukaryotic components and their assembly. Organelle ribosomes and different
types of RNA in protein synthesis
Genetic code- Deciphering of the genetic code; Nierenberg and Khorana's work. General
features of the code. Co-linearity of genes and proteins. Coding properties of tRNA; wobble
hypothesis and departure from wobble hypothesis. Suppresser genes and suppresser
mutations. Mitochondrial genetic code.
Amino acid activation, mechanism of translation (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)– initiation,
elongation and termination, inhibitors of protein synthesis and their mode of action, protein
trafficking, signal hypothesis, post translational modification of proteins. 15 hrs
Module 4
Regulation of Gene Expression:
Prokaryotes- control of transcription- interaction with promoter regions,enzyme induction and
repression, constitutive synthesis of enzymes;, operon concept, catabolic repression, instability
of bacterial RNA, inducers and co-repressors, Negative gene regulation- E.coli lactose operon;
Positive regulation- E.coli arabinose operon; Regulation by attenuation- his and trp operon;
antitermination- N protein and nut sites; modification of RNA Polymerase; modification by
sigma factors; modification of core enzyme.
Patterns of gene expression in Lambda phage; Structure and functions of λ repressor, Cro, and
λcII.
Eukaryotes- Activation of genome- Histone modification, nucleosome (chromatin) remodeling,

working of remodeling complexes, ChIP technique. Genome silencing-Histone deacetylation,
DNA methylation, role of histone acetyl transferases in chromatin remodeling. Imprinting and
X-inactivation
Activators and repressors, DNA binding domains
Regulation of genes by RNAs; RNA interference (RNAi) silencing, and its applications.
Biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead, hairpin and other ribozymes application of antisense
and ribozyme technology. 15 hrs
Books for Reference:

1. Buchanan, Gruissum and Jones (2000), “Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant,”
ASPP, USA.
2. David Rawn J (1989), “Biochemistry” Neil Patterson Publishers.
3. Wagner and Hewlett (2004), “Basic Virology” Blackwell Science,
4. J Julian Blow (1996), “Eukaryotic DNA Replication” IRL, Oxford University Press.
5. Benzamin Lewin [Ed.] (2000), “Genes VII” Oxford University Press.
6. Watson, J D et al., [Ed.] (1996), “Molecular Biology of Gene” Benzamin/Cummins.
7. Alberts et al. (2000), “Molecular Biology of the Cell” Garland Publications.
8. David Freifelder (1997), “Molecular Biology” Narosa Publishers.
9. Prescott, Harley & Klein (2003), Microbiology; McGraw-Hill.
10. Maloy et al. (1994), “Microbial Genetics” Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
11. Stracham Tom & Read Andrew P (1999), “Human Molecular Genetics 2” Bios Scientific
Publishers.
12. J M. Walker and R. Rapley; (2000), “Molecular biology and Biotechnology” 4th Edn,
RSC.
13. Watson J D et al. (2004), “Molecular Biology of Gene” 5th Edn. Pearson Education.
14. S J Flint et al., (2000), “Principles of Virology” ASM Press.
15. Voet D and Voet J G [Eds.] (2004), “Biochemistry” Edn. 3 Ed. John Wiley and sons.
16. Benzamin Lewin (2004), “Genes VIII” Pearson-Printice Hall .
17. Bruce Alberts et al. (2002), “Molecular Biology of the Cell” Garland Publications
18. David Freifelder J (1997), “Molecular Biology” Narosa publishers.
19. Roen Van Driel and Arie P Otte (1997), “Nuclear Organization; Chromatin Structure and
Gene Expression” Oxford University Press.
20. Brown T A (2002), “Genome 2” John Wiley & Sons.
21. Lehninger et al. [Eds.] (1997), “Principles of Biochemistry” 2nd Edn. Worth Publishers.
22. Smith et al. [Ed.] (1986), “Principles of Biochemistry” McGraw-Hill.
23. Sambrook and Russel [Eds.] (2001), “Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual” Cold
spring Harbor.
24. Peter Sudbery (2002), “Human Molecular Genetics”, Printice Hall.
25. Glick and Pasternak (1998), “Molecular Biotechnology” ASM Press.
26. Griffin & Griffin (1995), “Molecular Biology; Current Innovations and Future Trends”
Horizon Scientific Press.
27. Stracham Tom & Read Andrew P (1999), “Human Molecular Genetics 2”Bios Scientific
Publishers (1999).
28. Walker J M & R. Rapley R (2000), “Molecular biology and Biotechnology” 4th Edn,
RSC.
29. Watson J D et al. (2004), “Molecular Biology of Gene” 5th Edn. Pearson Education.
QP Blueprint
End -Semester Examination May 2019
18MSMB2H01 Molecular Biology
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 70
SECTION A
Answer all the questions from 1 -4. For questions 1-4, attempt either (a) and (b) OR (c) and
(d).
1a. Describe the events leading to the co-ordinated synthesis of leading and
lagging strand of DNA.
.
1b. Write a note on the inhibitors of different stages of DNA replication 7+7
OR
1c. Discuss the different types of DNA damage. Add a note on mismatch
repair.
1d. Write a detailed note on SOS repair. 7+7
2a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.

.
2b. Describe the different types of termination of prokaryotic transcription. 7+7
OR
2c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre
mRNA and explain the mechanism of splicing.
2d. Describe the features and mechanism of alternative splicing with relevant 7+7
examples.
3a. Discuss the role of rRNA and mRNA in protein synthesis.
3b. Write a detailed account of ribosomes and their role in protein synthesis. 7+7
OR
3c. Describe the events leading to in initiation of translation in prokaryotes.
3d. Discuss the events leading to the synthesis of secretory proteins 7+7
4a. Lac operon is both negatively and positively regulated. Justify.
4b. Describe the regulation of arabinose operon. 7+7
OR
4c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by antisense RNAs. Add a note on
applications of this technology.
4d. Write short notes on chromatin remodelling as a means of gene regulation. 7+7
SECTION B
5. Write short notes on any four of the following: 3.5x4=14
a. Ori C
b. E.coli RNA Polymerase
c. Trans splicing
d. RNAi
e. Protein transport to lysosomes
f. CHIP technique
M.Sc. MB. 201. Molecular biology
Question Bank
Matrix
Modules 7 marks 3.5 marks

I 35 20
II 48 23
III 32 21
IV 26 20
Total 69 80
Instructions:
I. Answer all the questions from Modules 1 -4. For questions 1-4, choose either (a) and (b)
OR (c) and (d).
II. Write short notes on any four of the following:
[7mks]
Module I
a&b
a. Describe in detail the Meselson-Stahl experiment that led to the semiconservative mode of
DNA replication.
b. Write a note on the inhibitors of different stages of DNA replication.
a. Describe in detail the experiment that led to proving the semiconservative mode of DNA
replication.
b. Cell cylce regulates the frequency of DNA replication. Explain.
a. DNA replication is semiconservative. Explain with a suitable illustration.

b. Discuss the structure and functional features of DNA Polymerase III.
a. Describe in detail the Meselson-Stahl experiment that led to the semiconservative mode of
DNA replication.
b. Write a note on origin of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the
events leading to the formation of Primosome.
a. Discuss the role of different enzymes and proteins involved in different stages of DNA
replication.
b. Give an account of different inhibitors of different stages of DNA replication.
a. Write a detailed note on the different enzymes involved in different stages of DNA
replication.
b. Describe the relationship between the DNA replication and cell cycle.
replication.
replication.
a. Discuss the experimental basis proving semiconservative mode of DNA replication.



replication.
replication.
replication.
replication.
events leading to the formation of Replisome.
a. Describe the events leading to the co-ordinated synthesis of leading and lagging
strand of DNA.
strand of DNA.
strand of DNA.
strand of DNA.
c&d
c. Discuss the different retrieval systems of DNA repair.
d. Give an account on DNA damage.
c. Write a note on origin of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the
events leading to the formation of Replisome.
d. Write a detailed note on SOS repair.
c. c. Write a note on the features of Oric C of E.coli. Add a note on the events leading to
d. the formation of Primosome.
d. Write a detailed note on Recombination repair.
c. c. Explain excision repair in detail
d. Write short notes on: i. Error prone repair ii. Photoreactivation repair
b. Discuss the different types of DNA damage. Add a note on nucleotide excision
repair.
c. Discuss the different retrieval systems of DNA repair.
c. Discuss the different types of DNA damage. Add a note on nucleotide excision
repair.
repair.
d. Write a detailed note on Post replication repair. Add a note on end to end DNA
joining/ repair of double strand break repair.
repair.
d. Write short notes on: i. SOS repair ii. photoreactivation
c. Write a note on Excision repair. Add a note on the diseases caused by damage in
DNA repair.
d. Discuss the different retrieval systems of DNA repair.
c. Write a note on different types of Excision repair.
d. Write a detailed note on retrieval systems of repair.
c.Write a note on Mismatch repair. Add a note on the diseases caused by damage in
DNA repair.
d.Write a detailed note on photoreactivation. Add a note on end to end DNA
c. Write a note on Excision repair. Add a note on the diseases caused by damage in
DNA repair.
d. Write short notes on: i. mismatch repair ii. photoreactivation
c. Discuss mismatch repair and excision repair.

d. Give an account of the different retrieval systems of DNA repair.


d. Write a detailed note on Post replication repair. Add a note on end to end DNA

d. Write short notes on: i. SOS repair ii. recombination repair.
Short notes on: (3.5 mks) (choose two)
1. Okazaki fragments
2. Ori C
3. Replisome
4. Very short patch repair
5. Base excision repair
6. Mismatch repair
7. Direct repair
8. Role of Lex A in SOS repair
9. Pyrimidine dimers
10. Meselson Stahl experiment
11. Photoreactivation
12. Origin of replication
13. SOS repair
14. DNA damage
15. Recombination repair
16. Excision repair
17. Mis match repair
18. Retrieval system
19. DNA Polymerases of prokaryotes
20. Single strand binding protein
Module II
a&b
a. Define Transcription unit. Write a note on bacterial Promoters.
b. Describe the different types of termination of prokaryotic transcription.

b. Describe the events of transcription by RNA Polymerase II.

b. Describe the events of transcription by RNA Pol I and RNA Pol III.
a. Define Transcription unit. Discuss the organization of bacterial Promoters.

b. Discuss the generic and upstream activating sequence organization of eukaryotic RNA
Pol II.

b. Write a note on sigma factors. Explain how sigma factors alter gene expression in
prokaryotes.
a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.


b. Describe the events of transcription of eukaryotic mRNA.

a. Compare and contrast the features of RNA Pol of eukaryotes.
b. Discuss the promoters for eukaryotic RNA Pol I and II.
prokaryotes.
a. Give an account of E.coli DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.

b. Discuss the mechanism of intrinsic termination of prokaryotic transcription.
a. Describe the structure and function of bacterial DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.
a. Compare and contrast between promoters and enhancers

b. Describe the events of transcription of eukaryotic tRNA.
a. Describe the structure and function of E.coli DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.
b. Discuss the various mechanisms of gene activation by activators.
a. Describe the structure and function of bacterial DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.
prokaryotes.
a. Compare and contrast the structure and features of eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
a. Compare and contrast the features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.

b. Discuss the promoters for eukaryotic RNA Pol II.
prokaryotes.
c&d
a. Explain post transcriptional modification of rRNA.
b. Describe the events involved in tRNA processing.
a. Explain post transcriptional modification of mRNA.

b. Give an account of spliceosome mediated RNA splicing.
a. Explain post transcriptional modification of tRNA.

b. Write a note on the properties and role of SnRNAs and SnRNPs in splicing.
a. Explain autosplicing of rRNA.
b. Explain the mechanism of transsplicing in Tetrahymena.
a. Explain autosplicing of GpII introns.

b. Describe the splicing of rRNA in Tetrahymena.
a. Explain autosplicing in GpI introns.

b. Give an account of alternative splicing giving two examples.
c. Explain rRNA processing in detail. Add a note on Group I introns.
d. Describe the events involved in mRNA processing.
c. Explain rRNA processing in detail. Add a note on Group II introns.

d. Explain spliceosome mediated RNA splicing.
c. Compare and contrast the features of GpI, GpII, Gp III and GpIV introns.
d. Write a note on spliceosome mediated splicing.
c. Explain rRNA processing in detail. Add a note on Group I introns.

d. What is transsplicing. Explain the mechanism.
c. Explain mRNA capping and tailing of mRNA.

d. Write a detailed note on alternative splicing. Explain its role in eukaryotic gene
Regulation.
c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre mRNA and

explain the mechanism of splicing.
d. Describe the features and mechanism of alternative splicing with relevant examples.


d. Describe the splicing of rRNA in Tetrahymena.

regulation
c. Write a detailed note on the mechanism of Group I and Group II intron splicing.
d. Describe the events involved in mRNA processing.
d. Write a note on the properties and role of SnRNAs and SnRNPs in splicing.
d. What is trans splicing. Explain the mechanism.
regulation
c. Compare and contrast the three different types of introns.
d. Describe the events involved in tRNA spicing of yeast.
c. Give an account of autosplicing.

c. Describe the splicing of rRNA in Tetrahymena.

d. Write a note on the properties and role of SnRNAs and SnRNPs in splicing.
c. Explain autosplicing of Gp I and Gp II introns.

c. Compare and contrast the three different types of introns. Explain autosplicing.
c. Compare and contrast the three different types of introns. Explain autosplicing.
regulation
Short notes (3.5 mks) (choose two)

1. Rho dependent termination
2. Intrinsic termination
3. Bacterial promoter.
4. Bacterial RNA polymerase
5. sigma factors
6. yeast tRNA splicing
7. Group I splicing
8. Group II splicing
9. alternative splicing
10. RNA editing
11. Spliceosome
12. mRNA modification
13. rho dependent transcription termination
14. RNAse P
15. Alternate sigma factors
16. Promoter
17. Enhancers
18. Transcription factors
19. alternate sigma factors
20. RNA Pol III promoter
21. Actinomycin D
22. OCT box
23. Transcription unit
Module III
a&b
a. Explain in detail the organization and functional sites of ribosomes.
b. Describe the salient features of genetic code. Add a note on wobble hypothesis.
a. Ribosome is the seat for protein synthesis. Explain.
b. What is wobble hypothesis. Discuss the basis of wobble hypothesis.
b. Write a detailed account of tRNA and its role in protein synthesis
b. Genetic code is Universal, Explain. Write a note on Mitochondrial genetic code.
a. Discuss the role of different mRNA, rRNA and tRNA species in protein synthesis.
b. Discuss the difference between initiator tRNA and internal tRNA in prokaryotes
a. Discuss the role of different RNA species in protein synthesis.
b. Write a detailed account of suppressor tRNAs and suppressor mutations.
a. Describe the process of charging of tRNA. Add a note on the proofreading mechanism of
tRNA.
a. Describe the process of aminoacylation of tRNA. Add a note on the proofreading
mechanism of tRNA.
b. What is codon degeneracy. Discuss the basis of wobble hypothesis.
a. Describe the process of charging of tRNA. Add a note on the proofreading mechanism of
tRNA.
b. Write a detailed account of features of mRNA and rRNA with respect to their role in
protein synthesis.
a. Discuss the role of aminoacyl synthases and their role in tRNA activation.
b. Genetic code is Universal, Explain. Add a note on the features of genetic code.
a. Give an account of aminoacyl synthetases. Add a note on their role in protein synthesis.
a. What is the second genetic code. Explain with respect to tRNA charging.
b. Write a detailed account of ribosomes and their role in protein synthesis.
c&d
c. Describe the events leading to initiation of translation in Prokaryotes.
d. Define protein trafficking. Write a detailed note on co-translational translocation of
proteins.
c. Compare and contrast the events of translation initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
d. Write a detailed note on the post translational modification of proteins.
d. Discuss the events leading to the synthesis of secretory proteins
d. What is signal hypothesis. Add a note on co-translational translocation of proteins.
c. Describe the events leading to in initiation of translation in eukaryotes.
proteins.
c. Explain the events involved in eukaryotic translation intitiation.
d. Give an account on the post translational modification of proteins.
c. Explain the events leading to elongation during protein synthesis.
d. Define protein transport. Write a detailed note on co-translational translocation of
proteins.
c. Explain the events leading to ribosomal translocation during protein synthesis.
c. Give an account of the inhibitors of protein synthesis.
proteins.
c. Give an account of the inhibitors of the various stages of protein synthesis.
d. Discuss the events leading to the transport of secretory proteins
short notes (3.5 mks) (choose one)
1. Decoding system
2. tRNA charging
3. aminoacyl synthetases
4. Ribosome translocation during protein synthesis
5. Translation initiation in prokaryotes
6. Translation initiation in eukaryotes
7. Inhibitors of protein synthesis
8. Protein transport to lysosomes
9. Wobble hypothesis
10. signal hypothesis
11. transport of proteins to Golgi apparatus
12. Initiation factors
13. EFTu- Ts cycle
14. Initiator tRNA
15. tRNA
16. Genetic code
17. Wobble hypothesis
18. Signal peptides
19. Protein modification in ER
20. Protein glycosylation
21. Ribosome functional sites
Module IV
a&b
a. Lac operon is both negatively and positively regulated. Justify.
b. Describe the regulation of arabinose operon. Explain.
a. Describe in detail the regulation of lactose operon.

b. Describe i) Antitermination and ii) Attenuation as a mechanism of gene regulation with
suitable examples.
a. Describe in detail the regulation of lactose operon.

b. Explain i) Histone modification and ii) DNA methylation mechanism of gene
regulation.
a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation with a suitable illustration.

b. Ara C protein is both a positive and negative regulator of arabinose operon. Explain.
a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation of tryptophan operon.

b. Describe Antitermination as a mechanism of gene regulation in lambda phage.
a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation with a suitable illustration.

b. Explain i) Histone modification and ii) DNA methylation as mechanisms of gene
regulation.
a. Explain the regulation of arabinose operon.

b. Describe i) Antitermination and ii) Attenuation as a mechanism of gene regulation with
suitable examples.
a. What is catabolite repression? Discuss the role of CAP mediated positive regulation with
relevant examples.
b. Explain i) Histone acetyl transferases and ii) RNAi as mechanism of gene regulation.
a. Discuss attenuation as a mechanism of gene regulaiton with a relevant example.
b. Give an account of DNA binding domains
a. Discuss the role of CAP in positive gene regulation with relevant examples.
b. Explain attenuation and antitermination as mechanisms of positive gene regulation with
relevant examples.
c&d
c. Write a detailed note on Genome imprinting and X-inactivation.
d. Explain how sequential gene expression regulates the switching between lytic and lysogenic
life cycle of lambda phage.
d. Write short notes on: i. Zn finger ii. Leucine zipper
d. What is antisense technology. Write a note on the procedure and applications of this
technology.

d. Explain the biochemistry of ribozyme. Add a note on ribozyme technology.
c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at translational level.
d. Explain how sequential gene expression regulates the switching between lytic and lysogenic
life cycle of lambda phage.
c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation.


d. Discuss RNA based gene regulation. Write a note on the procedure and applications of
antisense technology.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at transcriptional level.

d. Explain how sequential gene expression regulates the switching between lytic and
lysogenic life cycle of lambda phage.
c. Discuss the mechanism of chromatin remodelling as means of gene regulation.

d. Give an account of the various DNA binding domains.

c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by RNAs. Add a note on applications of this

technology.
d. Explain how sequential gene expression regulates the switching between lytic and
lysogenic life cycle of lambda phage.

technology.

technology.
d. What is antisense technology. Write a note on the procedure and applications of this
technology.

technology.
Short notes (3.5 mks) (choose one)
1. Positive regulation of lac operon

2. Cro and λ CI
3. λ repressor
4. pN and pQ as antiterminator factor
5. Chromatin Immunoprecipitaiton technique
6. catabolite repression
7. Antitermination
8. Attenuation
9. Stringent response in bacteria
10. Transcription regulation in prokaryotes
11. DNA methylation
12. HATs
13. CAP
14. Genome imprinting
15. X inactivation
16. RNAi
17. Antisense technology
18. Ribozyme technology
19. Chromosome remodeling
20. Hammer headed ribozyme
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Department of Microbiology

Eukaryotes- Activation of genome- Histone modification, nucleosome (chromatin) remodeling,

Books for Reference:

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 70

1d. Write a detailed note on SOS repair. 7+7

2a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.

2b. Describe the different types of termination of prokaryotic transcription. 7+7

3a. Discuss the role of rRNA and mRNA in protein synthesis.

4a. Lac operon is both negatively and positively regulated. Justify.

4b. Describe the regulation of arabinose operon. 7+7

M.Sc. MB. 201. Molecular biology

Modules 7 marks 3.5 marks

a. DNA replication is semiconservative. Explain with a suitable illustration.

a. Discuss the experimental basis proving semiconservative mode of DNA replication.

a. Discuss the experimental basis proving semiconservative mode of DNA replication.

a. Discuss the experimental basis proving semiconservative mode of DNA replication.

c. Discuss mismatch repair and excision repair.

c. Discuss mismatch repair and excision repair.

c. Discuss mismatch repair and excision repair.

c. Discuss mismatch repair and excision repair.

Short notes on: (3.5 mks) (choose two)

a. Define Transcription unit. Write a note on bacterial Promoters.

a. Define Transcription unit. Write a note on bacterial Promoters.

a. Define Transcription unit. Discuss the organization of bacterial Promoters.

a. Define Transcription unit. Write a note on bacterial Promoters.

a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.

a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.

a. Discuss the modular organization of eukaryotic promoters.

a. Give an account of E.coli DNA dependent RNA Polymerase.

a. Compare and contrast between promoters and enhancers

a. Compare and contrast the features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.

a. Explain post transcriptional modification of mRNA.

a. Explain post transcriptional modification of tRNA.

a. Explain autosplicing of GpII introns.

a. Explain autosplicing in GpI introns.

c. Explain rRNA processing in detail. Add a note on Group II introns.

c. Explain rRNA processing in detail. Add a note on Group I introns.

c. Explain mRNA capping and tailing of mRNA.

c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre mRNA and

c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre mRNA and

c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre mRNA and

c. Write an account of the assembly of spliceosome components on pre mRNA and

c. Give an account of autosplicing.

c. Describe the splicing of rRNA in Tetrahymena.

c. Explain autosplicing of Gp I and Gp II introns.

Short notes (3.5 mks) (choose two)

a. Describe in detail the regulation of lactose operon.

a. Describe in detail the regulation of lactose operon.

a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation with a suitable illustration.

a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation of tryptophan operon.

a. Explain the role of attenuation in gene regulation with a suitable illustration.

a. Explain the regulation of arabinose operon.

c. Write a detailed note on Genome imprinting and X-inactivation.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at translational level.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at translational level.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at transcriptional level.

c. Discuss the mechanism of chromatin remodelling as means of gene regulation.

c. Give a detailed account of eukaryotic gene regulation at transcriptional level.

c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by RNAs. Add a note on applications of this

c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by RNAs. Add a note on applications of this

c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by RNAs. Add a note on applications of this

c. Write a note on i) regulation of genes by RNAs. Add a note on applications of this