Index

S
Experiment Submission Date Remarks
No.
Identification of
1    
Gases
2 Action of heat on salts    
3 Detection of Cations    
4 Detection of Anions    
Distinguish between
Acidic and Alkaline
5    
solution (Indicator
test)
Action of Conc. HCl
6    
on MnO2

Ankita Tripathi
 Experiment No. 1

Identification of gases

1. Aim: Identification of Water vapours

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.

Prelimnary tests
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 gas absent
SO2, Cl2, HCl, H2S,
2 Odour Odourless
NH3 gas Absent
H2O, O2 or H2 gas can
3 Litmus test Neutral to litmus
be Present

Confirmatory tests
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
Pass the gas into anhydrous Anhydrous copper
1 Gas is Water vapours
copper sulphate sulphate truns from white
Bring the gas near to Cobalt Cobalt chloride paper Water Vapours
2
chloride paper turns blue to pink confirmed

Ankita Tripathi
 2. Aim: Identification of Hydrogen
Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimnary tests
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 gas absent
SO2, Cl2, HCl, H2S,
2 Odour Odourless
NH3 gas Absent
H2O, O2 or H2 gas can
3 Litmus test Neutral to litmus
be Present

Confirmatory tests
S. No Experiment Observation Inference
Bring a burning wooden
1 Splinter extinguishes Gas is H2
splinter near the gas
Burns with blue flame
2 Bring a flame near the gas H2 gas confirmed
and produces pop sound

3. Aim: Identification of Oxygen

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
NH3, HCl, SO2,
2 Odour Odourless Cl2, HCl, H2S
absent
H2O, O2 or H2 can
3 Litmus test Neutral to litmus
be present
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the burning
1 wooden splinter It rekindles O2 gas confirmed
near the gas
Absorb the gas in
2 colourless It turns brown O2 gas confirmed
pyrogallol solotion

Ankita Tripathi
 4. Aim: Identification of Carbon di oxide
Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
NH3, HCl, SO2,
2 Odour Odourless Cl2, HCl, H2S
absent
Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2
3 Litmus test
red Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the burning
1 wooden splinter It extinguishes May be CO2 gas
near the gas

Pass the gas Lime water turns

1 May be CO2 gas
through lime water milky
Pass the gas through
K2Cr2O7 solution
2 No change observed CO2 gas confirmed
and KMnO4
solution

5. Aim: Identification of Sulphur di oxide

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
Suffocating pungent
2 Odour May be SO2 gas
odour
Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2
3 Litmus test
red Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the burning
1 wooden splinter It extinguishes May be SO2 gas
near the gas

Pass the gas Lime water turns

2 May be SO2 gas
through lime water milky

Ankita Tripathi
 Pass the gas through
3 Orange coloured It turns green SO2 gas confirmed
K2Cr2O7 solution
Pass the gas through
4 Pink coloured It turns Colouless SO2 gas confirmed
KMnO4 solution

6. Aim: Identification of Chlorine

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.

Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Greenish yellow May be Cl2 gas
2 Odour pungent odour May be Cl2 gas

Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2

3 Litmus test
red and bleaches it Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the moist
1 starch iodide paper It turns blue black Cl2 gas confirmed
near the gas

7. Aim: Identification of Hydrogen chloride

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
2 Odour Pungent odour May be HCl gas

Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2

3 Litmus test
red Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the glass rod
dipped in ammonia Dense white fumes
1 HCl gas confirmed
solution near the evolved
gas
Pass the gas
Curdyy white ppt.
2 through AgNO3 HCl gas confirmed
obtained
solution

Ankita Tripathi
 8. Aim: Identification of Hydrogen sulphide
Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
2 Odour Rotten egg smell May be H2S gas

Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2

3 Litmus test
red Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the Lead
1 acetate paper near Turns silvery black H2S gas confirmed
the gas
Pass the gas through
2 Orange coloured It turns green H2S gas confirmed
K2Cr2O7 solution
Pass the gas through
3 Pink coloured It turns Colouless H2S gas confirmed
KMnO4 solution

9. Aim: Identification of Nitrogen di oxide

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Reddish brown May be NO2
Irritating pungent
2 Odour May be NO2
smell
Turns blue litmus to H2O, O2 or H2
3 Litmus test
red Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the
1 potassium iodide Turns brown NO2 gas confirmed
paper near the gas

10. Aim: Identification of Ammonia

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.

Ankita Tripathi
 Prelimanary test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Colour Colourless NO2, Cl2 absent
Ammonical Pungent
2 Odour May be NH3 gas
odour
Turns red litmus to H2O, O2 or H2
3 Litmus test
blue Absent
Confirmatory test
S No. Experiment Observation Inference
Bring the glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl Dense white fumes
1 NH3 gas confirmed
solution near the evolved
gas
Pass the gas
2 through Nessler’s Brown ppt. obtained NH3 gas confirmed
reagent

Ankita Tripathi
 Experiment No. 2

Action of heat on salts

1. Aim: Thermal Decomposition of Copper Carbonate

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Equation: CuCO3  CuO + CO2

S No. Experiment Observation

1 Colour Light green
2 Solubility Water Insoluble

3 Residue colour Black

4 Gas evolved CO2

2. Aim: Thermal Decomposition of Zinc Carbonate

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Equation: ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2

S No. Experiment Observation

1 Colour White
2 Solubility Water Insoluble

3 Residue colour Yellow when hot

4 Gas evolved CO2

Ankita Tripathi
 3. Aim: Thermal Decomposition of Zinc nitrate
Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Equation: 2Zn(NO3)2  2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2

S No. Experiment Observation

1 Colour White
2 Solubility Water soluble

3 Residue colour Yellow when hot

4 Gas evolved NO2 and O2

4. Aim: Thermal Decomposition of Copper nitrate

Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Equation: 2Cu(NO3)2  2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

S No. Experiment Observation

1 Colour Blue
2 Solubility Water soluble

3 Residue colour Black

4 Gas evolved NO2 and O2

Ankita Tripathi
 4. Aim: Thermal Decomposition of Lead nitrate
Material required: Test tube, burner, litmus paper etc.
Equation: 2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

S No. Experiment Observation

1 Colour White
2 Solubility Water soluble

3 Residue colour Buff yellow Litharge

4 Gas evolved NO2 and O2

Ankita Tripathi
 Experiment No. 3

Detection of Cations

Addition of NaOH solution

Ppt Colour (NaOH added in Ppt solubility (NaOH added in

S No Ion
small quantity) excess)

1 Ca+2 Milky white ppt Insoluble

2 Fe+2 Dirty green ppt Insoluble
3 Fe+3 Reddish brown ppt Insoluble
4 Cu+2 Pale blue ppt Insoluble
5 Zn+2 Gelatinous white ppt Soluble turns into colourless solution
6 Pb+2 Chalke white ppt Soluble

Addition of NH4OH solution

Ppt Colour (NaOH added in Ppt solubility (NaOH added in

S No Ion
small quantity) excess)

1 Ca+2 No ppt. No ppt.

2 Fe+2 Dirty green ppt Insoluble
3 Fe+3 Reddish brown ppt Insoluble
4 Cu+2 Pale blue ppt Soluble Turns into inky blue solution
5 Zn+2 Gelatinous white ppt Soluble turns into colourless solution
6 Pb+2 Chalke white ppt Insoluble

Ankita Tripathi
 Experiment No. 4

Detection of Anions

S No Ion Experiment Observation

1 CO3-2 salt + dil H2SO4 Colourless, Odourless gas evolved

    Salt solution + BaCl2 solution White ppt obtained

2 SO3-2 salt + dil H2SO4 + heat
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution
3 S-2 salt + dil H2SO4 + heat
4 SO4-2 Salt solution + BaCl2 solution
5 Cl-1 salt + conc. H2SO4 + Heat
pass the gas through AgNO3
   
solution
salt + conc. H2SO4 and Cu
6 NO3-1
chips + Heat
Salt solution + FeSO4 solution
    + Conc. H2SO4 drop wise
Colourless, suffocating gas evolved
White ppt obtained soluble in dil. HCl
Colourless, Rotten egg smelling gas
evolved
White ppt obtained insoluble in dil. HCl
White ppt obtained soluble in NH4OH
and insoluble in dil HNO3
Curdy white ppt obtained
Reddish brown fumes evolved
Brown ring forms at the junction of the
2 liquids

Ankita Tripathi
 Experiment No. 5

Distinguish between Acidic and Alkaline

solution (Indicator test)

S No Indicators Acidic solution Alkaline solution

1 Litmus Blue to Red Red to Blue
2 Methyl Orange Orange to Pink Orange to Yellow
Phenolphthalei
3 Colourless remains Colourless Colourless to Pink
n

Experiment No. 6

Action of Conc. HCl on MnO2

S No. Experiment Observation Inference

Ankita Tripathi
 Take MnO2 (black) Greenish yellow gas is evolved
1 in a test tube and heat and a brownish residue is HCl has Cl- ion
it with conc. HCl obtained

Ankita Tripathi