1.

Borrowing

Direct

3.Literal
2.Calque
translation

1.Transposition 2.Modulation

Oblique

3.Equivalence 4.Adaptation
Strategy1: Borrowing

By borrowing the SL word or expression rather than trying to find a more or

less satisfying equivalent in the TR, especially in new technical process or an
unknown concept.

EX:

Rap songs ‫اغاَي ساب‬ Gerry can ٍ‫چشك‬

Video ٕ‫فيذي‬ Pizza ‫تيرضا‬
YouTube ‫يٕذيٕب‬ Eid ‫ػيذ‬

Strategy2: Calque

2 or 3 words that are terms.

EX:

Global warming Calque ٌٕ‫ نٕ ُْرشجًٓا " احرثاط ػانًي" يؼ ْرك‬/ ‫احرشاس ػانًي‬
Fusel Fuel ‫ٔلٕد حفشي‬
United Kingdom ‫انًًهكح انًرحذج‬
Gross domestic ‫انُاذج االجًاني انًحهي‬
product
Smart watch ‫عاػح ركيح‬
Energy ‫ذٕنيذ انطالح‬
generation
Coal generation ‫ذٕنيذ انكٓشتاء يٍ انفحى‬
(False friends) )‫ذٕنيذ انفحى (خطأ‬
Strategy3: Literal Translation

Whole clause / Whole sentence.

2 conditions: -Correct -Idiomatic

EX:

 Diana fed the cat. ‫دياَا اطؼًد انمطح‬

Correct √ Idiomatic √

 She made my day today.

Correct √ Idiomatic X ‫نمذ صُؼد يٕيي‬

Correct √ Idiomatic √ ‫ اعؼذذُي‬/ ‫جؼهد يٕيي افضم‬

*( made my day ) Calque

Strategy4: Transposition

Changing the word class in a sentence.

EX:

Go(V) quickly(adv) )‫اعشع تانزْاب (انفؼم تمي جاسٔيجشٔس ٔانظشف تمي فؼم‬

 Azoulay is reelected as head of UNESCO. ٕ‫اػادج اَرخاب اصٔني كشئيظ نهيَٕيغك‬

Transposition

Borrowing

 The pandemic has shown how inequality affects children. ‫اظٓشخ انجائحح ذأثيش‬
‫ػذو انًغأاج في االطفال‬
Transposition
 The Prime minister launched a large-scale plan to combat covid-19.
91‫اطهك سئيظ انٕصساء خطح ٔاعؼح انُطاق نًكافحح كٕفيذ‬
Calque
Transposition
Borrowing
The whole sentence is: Literal translation.

 Goodbye (adverb) )transposition ٌٕ‫ٔداػا ً (يؼ ْرك‬

√ ‫ يغ انغاليح‬/ √ ً ‫اسان الحما‬

Strategy5: Modulation

1. Singular plural:
 National Council for Women(‫(جًغ‬. )‫انًجهظ انمٕيي نهًشأج(يفشد‬

2. Active passive:
 Rittenhouse was declared not guilty by the court.(passive)
(active)‫انًحكًح اػهُد تشاءخ سذيُٓأط‬

3. Negative affirmative:
 This task wasn’t difficult for me.(negative)
(Affirmative) ‫ْزِ انًًّٓ كاَد عٓهّ تانُغثّ ني‬

4. Cause effect:
 He couldn’t play (effect) because of the allergy (cause).
ّ‫ انغثة االٔل ٔتؼذِ انُريج‬.‫يُؼرّ انحغاعيح يٍ انهؼة‬
Literal Translation ‫نٕ ُْرشجًٓا “نى يهؼة تغثة انحغاعيح" ْرثمي‬
‫‪Strategy6 : Equivalence‬‬

‫تُُمم االصٕاخ أ انرؼثيش أ انًصطهحاخ أ االيثال ‪Could be idioms/ expressions / proverbs‬‬

‫نرؼشيفاخ يشاتٓح في انؼشتي‬

‫يٕاء ‪ / meow‬صشيش انثاب ‪-Onomatopoeia like: creak‬‬

‫اثهج لهثي ‪-Warmed my heart‬‬

‫تانفصحي‪ :‬يُرٓي انغؼادج ‪ /‬تانؼاييح‪ :‬طايش يٍ انفشحح ‪-Over the moon‬‬

‫اي ‪ /‬اِ ’’!‪- Cry of pain ‘’ Ouch‬‬

‫‪Strategy7 : Adaptation‬‬

‫حاجّ ال يٕجذ نيٓا يماتم‬

‫‪Double decker buses‬‬

‫يكُؼ ػُذَا ف يصش ٔنًا َضل لٕنُا ػهيّ “اذٕتيظ تذٔسيٍ" أ" حافهح راخ طاتميٍ"‬

‫‪Baby shower‬‬

‫انًٕنذ (ال‪ concept‬يؼ يفٕٓو تشِ فا يًكٍ يرمال ػهيّ ‪( Festival‬‬

‫يشاحم انطفم انؼًشيّ يؼُذَاػ نيٓا غيش "طفم"‬

‫انؼيذيّ (ال‪ concept‬يؼ يفٕٓو تشِ فا يًكٍ يرمال ػهيّ ‪( Eid handout‬‬