NSTP Reviewer

Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the
Philippines: 
⮚ Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
⮚ Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
⮚ Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
⮚ Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
duties and obligations of citizens
To be loyal to the Republic
⮚ This means that we have faith and confidence in the Republic and love and
devotion to the country
⮚ We have to be proud being Filipinos, respect our customs, traditions
language and institutions
To defend the State
⮚ Considering the fact that our country is our home, it is prime duty to love and
defend the state at all costs regardless of our creed, religious beliefs, and
wisdom
⮚ Loving one’s country can be shown not by words but by deeds
It should be a continuous flame of love considering the fact that we receive the benefits and
protection from the State of which we are a part. In return, it is our primary and honorable
duty to defend it against any peril whether from within or from.
To contribute to the development and welfare of the State
⮚ We can do this in the form of paying our taxes willingly and promptly, by
helping maintain peace and order, conserving natural resources, the
promotion of social justice by suggesting supportive measures beneficial to
the people as a whole, by patronizing local products and trade and by
engaging in productive work.
To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
⮚ It is our prime obligation to uphold the Constitution and obey laws. If the
people would disregard them, our country would collapse and we will not
have peace and order.
To cooperate with duly constituted authorities
⮚ In every organization, there is always a leader to manage the affairs of all
constituents. If the members will not cooperate, we can never expect to
become successful in all undertakings that our government would like to do
for the good of its citizens.
To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others
⮚ No man is an island and we have to live with others. In the exercise of our
rights, we have to see to it that we also respect the rights of other people. If
we do this, we can expect harmonious relationship among members of the
society.
To engage in gainful work
⮚ It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat, we have to work. It is our
obligation as citizens of our country to become productive, by engaging in
gainful work so that we can provide the basic needs of our family and
ourselves as well.
To register and vote
⮚ It is our prime duty as citizens of the Philippines to register and vote. Suffrage is both
a privilege and a duty which every qualified citizen must perform.
⮚ It is not sufficient to just register and vote, but it is coupled with intellectual judgment
during election. We have to consider the different political issues by different
candidates, so that, at least, we can choose the right person to manage government
affairs.
We can become good citizens by living in accordance with good citizenship values
which can be derive from the preamble of the Philippine Constitutions such as:
⮚ Faith in God
⮚ Patriotism
 ⮚ Work
⮚ Respect for Life
⮚ Respect for Law and Government
⮚ Truth
⮚ Justice
⮚ Freedom
⮚ Love
⮚ Equality
⮚ Peace
⮚ Promotion of the Common Good
⮚ Concern for the Family and Future Generations
 Concern for the Environment and Order
PREAMBLE OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
We the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our prosperity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule
of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality and peace, to ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.
THE BASIC VALUES OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
ENVIRONMENT- It is perceived as the immediate surroundings of an individual. In a boarder
context, environment is a complex system which deals with a network of living and non-living
entities.
 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
It is a zero-waste management through total recycling for the community. Its main objective
is to make the community permanently and regularly clean, sanitary and litter less. It also
inspires and elicits maximum voluntary participation from almost all of the people and
various sectors of the community while persuasively challenging the creativity skills and
capabilities for cooperation and unity.
 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT act of 2000 – RA 9003
Republic Act 9003 considers “waste as a resource that can be recovered,” emphasizing
re-cycling, re-use and composting as methods to minimize and eventually manage the
waste program.
This act aims for the reduction of solid waste through “source reduction and waste
minimization measures including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal
process, and others before collection, treatment, and disposal in appropriate and
environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically
sustainable development principles”. (Section2-C)
 It also sets to “ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage,
treatment, and disposal of solid waste through formulation and adoption of the best
environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration”.
(Section 2-D)
 Further, this Act gives strong emphasis on the role of municipal and local government
units (LGUs). It empowers the LGUs to create solid waste management communities
even in the barangay level. This requires the participation of non-government offices,
 people’s organizations, church leaders, educators, and other business and
community associations.
BENEFITS OF ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Simplified, hygienic, dignified management of household waste
 Maximum and optimum recovery or retrieval of much needed, costly materials
 Enhanced ecological balance of the environment, eliminating open dump sites,
lessening pollution of our soil, air and water resources
 Served as a springboard or starting point for useful, timely household or barangay
level projects to help our people endure or overcome the present economic crisis
such as:
 Food production (backyard vegetable gardens, mini-space, container
gardens, eco-pounds using household waste water for raising kangkong,
gabi, kuhol, tialapia, azola, etc.)
 Cottage industries (handicraft, house-décor, toys) utilizing discarded materials
and generating employment for housewives, out of school youth and school
children
 Herbal gardens, ornamental plant nurseries, fruit bearing, fuel or firewood
supplying trees (like ipil ipil), organic compost-making techniques, greening
and reforestation projects
 Trash-to-cash projects to generate seed capital for health services and health
education projects, and vocational training programs
 Easily accessible/affordable, result-visible projects that can be easily understood by
almost everyone
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Utilizing appropriate technology in existing dump site to prolong their life
2. Initially reduce volume of waste stream that mix both compostable and non-compostable
waste
3. Reduce pollution by lessening unnecessary burning
4. Reduce the incidence of diseases associated with unsanitary or unhygienic waste
disposal
5. Utilize waste material for income generating projects such as urban gardening and
livestock raising, cottage industry.
METHODOLOGY OF THE FIVE F’s TOTAL RECYCLING
The two kinds of solid waste are:
1. Non-biodegradable or non-compostable
Factory returnable : (dry paper, cardboards, plastic rubber, glass, bottles, mirror, metals,
mineral, tin cans, dry fibers or pieces of clothing, and wood.
2. Biodegradable or compostable
Feed materials: (food leftovers, kitchen or cooking waste, fruit peeling, vegetable trimmings,
egg shells, and fish entrails)
Fertilizer materials :(food leftovers, kitchen refuse, animal wastes, garden wastes such as
dry leaves and other plant parts, sawdust and wood shavings)
Fuel materials:(saw dust, shavings, wood boxes, rice hull, coco shells, corn cobs, coffee hull,
newspapers, and cardboards)
Filling materials :(porcelain chips and useable plastics)
What are the most productive/useful/healthful uses of each of the five F’s?
. Factory recyclables can be used for handicrafts or sold to junk shops
2. Feed materials can be used for house pets, livestock or for composting
3. Fertilizer materials can be used for making compost to enrich the soil for growing
vegetables, medicinal plants and ornamental plants and fruit trees
4. Fuel materials can be used for cooking purposes
5. Filling materials are unusable or unwanted materials which can be compactly packed in
plastic bags buried low places putting stones and soil over these filling materials
Why are compostable deadly when not properly managed?
 Even if organic compostable are just 10 to 20% per households and with
lesser volume, the potential problems of increasing the density of flies, cockroaches,
rodents (rats) by providing food, harborages and breeding grounds are really
dangerous.
 Every minute, three Filipinos die, 80% are most related to filth-borne associated
diseases or poor management of solid or liquid waste. The sad thing is that most of
them are children below 6 years of age.
 Compostable or organic biomass when allowed on the surface, water body would
mean reduction of dissolved oxygen due to organism planktons growth competing
with the oxygen. This result to reduction of fish population due to fish kill bloom is
inevitable. Siltation sedimentation caused by organic biomass will eventually kill the
 coral reef (hence 70% of corals are damaged) due to compostable being eroded by
rain.
Why dump sites increase ecological problems?
1. To maintain a dump site is very expensive and it lowers the values of the land plus it
attracts household pests and pollution problems
2. Scavengers are difficult to control at dump sites. The practice of dump site sorting will
bring more misery to the poor and will increase the disease pattern with volume of waste
uncontrolled, top soil covering will be very expensive in both equipment and energy use
3. Pollution will always be the problem in all dump sites, especially during rainy days. Air
pollution will add gases that are highly toxic.
4. The methane generated by methanuric bacteria if uncollected or not properly use can
contribute 20 times more warming than carbon dioxide in vehicles.
COMPOSTING
It is a biological process in which organic materials such as vegetable trimmings, fruit
peelings, kitchen refuse, dry leaves cut grasses and plant parts are broken down into a soil-
like product. It is a form of recycling, a natural way of returning nutrients to the soil.

What are the benefits of composting?

1. By composting organic wastes at home, one can produce a soil enriches which can be
used in gardening
2. It reduces the incidence of household pests by minimizing their food supply
3. It reduces the valuable landfill spaces normally used to dispose this materials.
What are the types of small-scale composters?
a. Twin pits.
b. Paso-paso or clay flower pots compost garden.
c. Backyard compost pile.
THE THREE TYPES OF Rs OF SLOID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. R is for RETHINK- Thinking what to dispose or what to waste.
R is for REDUCE. Avoid wasteful consumption of goods. Begin by asking the question: “Do
I really need it?” in doing so, we minimize waste and conserve our natural resources.
Conservation like charity begin within thyself.
2. R is for REUSE. When practicable reuse items that is still useful instead of just throwing
them away. It would greatly help if we patronize goods that are reusable rather than throw
away types.
3. R is for RECYCLE. Waste can be valuable resource. Items that are useless or of little
may mean great value to someone.
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN A COMMUNITY
1. Household wastes – waste generated at the household level
2. Commercial-Industrial wastes – generated by restaurants, eateries, offices, markets,
talipapa, plant mills, factories (including such as chemicals, paints and sand)
3. Farm and Agricultural wastes – farm manure and crop residues
4. Institutional wastes – generated by hospitals, schools, churches and prisons
5. Mining wastes – slag heaps and coal refuse piles
6. Miscellaneous and Specialized wastes – residues of sewage treatment plants, ash from
incinerators and residues from the combustion of solid fuels, debris caused by disasters
(fires, typhoons, flood, etc.) large waste from demolitions and construction rubble, and dead
animals.
7. Hazardous wastes – wastes that pose a potential hazard to living creatures because they
are toxic or lethal, non-degradable or persistent in nature, and may cause detrimental
cumulative effects.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT WASTE GENERATION
1. The state of the national economy – as standards arise, there is a corresponding
increase in the quantity and quality of wastes
2. The lifestyle of the people – reflected in product marketing techniques, such as the
clearly perceptible shift in consumer preferences for pre-packaged foodstuff, the increase in
use of paper lined with plastics for packaging, and the use of disposable diapers.
3. The demographic profile of the population – the greater the number of persons per
household, the greater volume of waste generated.
4. The size and type of dwelling – those who dwell in larger and more expensive type
homes produce more waste per capita.
5. Age – young consumers patronize a set of products different from those consumed by
their elders.
6. Religion – consumer preferences in Islamic countries differ greatly with predominantly
Christian nations.
7. The extent to which the 3R’s are carried out – where the population is more concerned
with the environment in general, there is a concerted effort to cut down waste at the point of
origin
8. Presence of pets and domestic animals
9. Seasonal variations
10. Presence of laws and ordinances governing waste management
11.Company buy-lack guarantees for used containers and packaging

Community is a collective of people with similar interests and goals whether living in the
same geographic locality or not.
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNITY?
 Demographics (include population distribution and density)
 History (events of the past that contributed to the development of the community.
 Culture (ways of living of the people)
 Economy (income level, occupation of people)
 Structures (physical, political and social structures)
IMMERSION: AN IMPORTANT APPROACH STRATEGY IN GIVING SERVICE TO THE
COMMUNITIES
Through community immersion, trainees will be exposed in further and other realities of life
which they may or may not belong to
Community immersion is a strategy that goes beyond acquainting us with community
concerns but make possible participation int heir (re)solution.
FORMS OF INTEGRATION IN COMMUNITY IMMERSION:
 Home visits
 Living with selected families preferably with key informants
 Informal discussions with individual or groups
 Sharing in household and community activities (cooking with the community host,
clean-up drive.
 Attendance in social gatherings (fiesta, weddings, etc.)
 Assistance in production work (selling, farming etc.)
Community based service projects must be premised on the principle of people
empowerment and not the “dole-out” mentality. Teach people how to fish so that they will
live for a lifetime.
WHAT CONDITIONS MAY QUALITY ONE TO GO INTO COMMUNITY IMMERSION?
As for NSTP, students enrolled in NSTP-CWTS/LTS 2 are mandated to undergo community
immersion for a period covering a minimum of 54 hours to a maximum of 90 hours a cited
from CHED prescribed Program of instruction (POI), 2007 edition.
WHAT PERSONAL GAINS MAY A STUDENT GET FROM COMMUNITY IMMERSION?
> Opportunities for the trainees to comprehend people’s lives because of the chance given
to them to see real life situations, live, identify and associate with the people therein;
>Gain social acceptance derived from community relations coupled with the right to offer
services.
> Enhance experiences in conducting asset mapping such as identifying geographic
coverage, point out resources and the use, and the relationships of people with the existing
resources.
> Establish rapport and relationship with different people who may be of help to them at
some future time;
> Develop their conscientization ability. It helps them realize issues that will help solve
problems in the community. It is important for them to do something that can change their
situation.
> Acquire firsthand experiences in dealing with community works, and
> Chance to learn skills that will enrich and better their persons.
THINGS TO REMEMBER…….
(BEFORE THE CONDUCT OF COMMUNITY IMMERSION)
>Familiarize yourself with the basic information and theories regarding community life.
> Secure a waiver from the NSTP Office prior to the visit and have it signed by your parents.
> Always inform your faculty-in-charge of your destination, timetable and plan of action.
>Have armed with background information about the area of immersion.
>Pay courtesy call to community leaders, whether formal or informal
>Secure documents like letter of acceptance from the community, memorandum of
agreement, etc and other documents pertinent stay in the community.
DURING THE ACTUAL CONDUCT OF COMMUNITY IMMERSION……
>Be courteous to everyone
>Act properly and discrete. YOU ARE REPRESENTING YOUR SCHOOL AND YOUR
FELLOW STUDENTS. BE RESPONSIBLE WITH THE WORDS YOU SAY.
>Wear proper uniforms and identification card.
> It is highly advised to keep your valuable secured to protect you from unnecessarily
attracting and distracting community people, from possible theft, etc.
AFTER COMMUNITY IMMERSION:
> Validate and evaluate if the programs and activities were conducted appropriately and as
planned.
>Provide copies of your final documentation output to the NSTP office and to the community
where you conducted your immersion for record purposes.
THINGS TO AVOID…… BEFORE THE CONDUCT OF COMMUNITY IMMERSION:
> Never forget to inform and get the consent of our parents/guardians about the activities
line up.
> Do not go directly to the community without determining the background information about
it.
> Avoid bringing original copies of singed documents in the community
> However, sometimes, community people could be insistent in their hospitality in offering
you provisions like food.
***whenever possible and not offensive, decline and tell them respectfully rather than
appreciate their hospitality.
DURING THE ACTUAL COMMUNITY IMMERSION PERIOD:
>Avoid labeling and/or naming people with politically incorrect terms.
>Do not show off in terms of dressing up.
>Never bring out your valuable things like cellphones, jewelry, and money in public places.
>Never promise and commit to a task that is beyond your and your school’s capability.
Never go beyond the activities stated in your MOA to avoid false commitments and
dependency of the community.

Why do we have to study health?

The following are the reasons why we have to study health:
1. Medical health records show that current health practices are poor
2. People’s attitude towards health does not lead to hygienic living
3. People lack basic information regarding health matters
4. Habits affect health and the school can develop health habits
Principles underlying health
1. Heredity, environment and mode of living determine one’s health
2. The students’ health is a joint responsibility of the home, the school as well as the
community
3. Teaching health in the school is principally in the hands of the Health teacher
4. Health education is included in the curriculum starting from kindergarten up to college
5. The health specialist of the school should have a better understanding, sympathy,
cooperation and support in order to have an effective health education
6. Better accomplishment of the medical and dental and nursing services of the school
lies in the health instruction and the development of health, attitude and habits
7. The promotion of the teacher’s health is important to the health education program as
well as to the quality and cost of education
8. What constitutes a valuable element in the health education of the student is the
professional skill and initiative of the teacher
9. It is very essential to develop the health practices of the student starting from
kindergarten until he becomes old enough to understand the scientific reasons which
these practices rest.
According to Fuentes (1999), women tend to live longer and are generally far healthier
than men. Yet they visit the doctor twice as often. This is partly because even when they are
in the best of their health, their basic biological functions – menstruation, pregnancy,
childbirth and menopause – frequently require medical intervention. Further, she said that
there is an increasing and predominantly silent crisis in men’s health and wellbeing.
In the 1920’s, the life expectancy of males and females was roughly the same. Now,
life expectancy among males is over 10% lower of 7 years shorter than that of women. The
relative slack in men’s health is due to a number of reasons. The primary reason is that men
have been brought up to think it is unmanly to react to pain in their bodies. The consequence
is that men are at greater risk for several of the top killers – heart disease, cancer, suicide,
accidents and violence.
Women depend on their gynecologist for female problems, and learn the
benefits of early detection for breast cancer through self-examination. Men, on the other
hand, often ignore warning signs and symptoms until the problem becomes serious.
Furthermore, there really isn’t a medical specialty to deal with the wide variety of problems
that a man faces.
Essential Facts which man should know (Fuentes, et. al 1999)
1. Heart Disease
2. Hospital
3. Violence
4. Addiction
 5. Accidents
6. Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
7. Suicide
8. Impotence
9. Cancer
10. Stress
There are three agent-carriers of disease germs according to Meñez (1970) and these
are:
1. Man spreads a contagious disease directly or indirectly. He is a carrier even if he has
not been sick with the disease but carries the germs with him.
2. Drinking water is another carrier of a disease. We also get the disease by using the
glass and utensils of a sick person.
3. Food is also a carrier of disease, so let us avoid eating dirty food. Leftover food
should always be covered so that flies, rats and cockroaches will not step on them. In
order to avoid getting disease from infected food, you should not buy from the
outside vendors, because you are not sure how they prepare, cook and serve the
food.
Fitness and Healthy Living
Fitness relates to physical activity – perhaps a rigorous daily exercise regimen. Others
may think of fitness simply as being free from disease and other health problems. Yet the
true definition of fitness is far broader and more personal. It refers to your own optimal health
and overall well-being. Fitness is your good health.
Nutrition and physical activity are fundamental to each one.
When you are fit, you have:
1. Stamina and are optimistic in dealing with everyday emotional ups and downs as well
as the different mental challenges that are often encountered
2. Reduced risk for may health problems, including serious diseases
3. An attitude of looking and feeling the best
4. Physical strength and endurance to handle yourself in case of an emergency
5. A better future to become an asset to your country
6. Chance for a better quality of life and ready to face challenges
Nutrition is the science that studies nutrients determining what they are, in what quantities
they are found in different foods, how they are utilized by the body, and in what quantities
they are needed by the body.
Its is also defined by Fuentes, et. al (1999), as how the food nourishes your
body. Being well nourished depends on getting enough of the nutrients your body needs, but
not too much of the nutrients and energy your body needs. There are two classes of
nutrients. The Macronutrients are relatively in large quantities and make up the bulk of all
diets (supply energy). The Micronutrients are needed in smaller quantities which serve as
calorie sources but play essential role in the body chemistry.
The common deficiency diseases among children in the Philippines are brought by
inadequate nutrients in the body. As the children grow up, it has been noted that the quantity
of balanced food they eat goes down.
Here under are the common deficiency diseases:
 Kwashiorkor – calorie deficiency
 Vitamin A deficiency
 Vitamin B deficiency
 Vitamin C deficiency
Food is a substance out together by nature into plant or animal life. There are two general
groups of food:
 Those that give energy for life, growth and repair (energy-growth giving foods)
Under this group are the carbohydrates and protein.
 Those that are needed by the body to help do its work (regulating foods)
Under this group are minerals, calcium and vitamins.
Water is not food but plays a very essential part in changing substances for digestion, in
helping waste elimination and in regulating our temperature.
Balanced diet food
1. Eat a variety of foods with different nutrients good for your body.
2. Balance the foods you eat so that you can attain good health; eat grain products
which are energy giving foods, vegetables and fruits which supply other nutrient
needed by your body.
3. Choose a diet rich in grain products, vegetables and fruits because these are
excellent sources of many nutrients like vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates
as well as fiber and other healthful food substances.
4. Choose a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol. Fat is essential for health. It
supplies energy, contains essential fatty acids and carries vitamins into your blood
stream, but too much of it can also cause an ailment.
 5. Choose a diet moderate in sugars because it can cause diabetes.
6. Choose a diet moderate in salts, especially those who are suffering from high blood
pressure. Sodium is a nutrient and a natural part of many foods. It helps the body
maintain fluid balance and regulate blood pressure but a person with high blood
pressure is sodium-sensitive.
7. Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation. Drinking higher amount is linked to many
health problems.
Common communicable diseases
A disease is the abnormal state or functioning of all or part of the organism. It is also
an alteration of the dynamic interaction between an individual and his environment. On the
other hand, a communicable disease is a disease that can be transferred from the source to
another person. Some signs of disease are abnormal changes in temperature, pulse rate
and respiratory rate. Symptoms are pain and restlessness, though these may not be the
same for all persons.
The following are the different communicable diseases:
1. Sore eyes
2. Chronic bronchitis
3. El tor or cholera
4. Common cold
5. Chicken pox
6. Whooping cough
7. Measles
8. Pneumonia
9. Tuberculosis
10. Dengue fever
11. Typhoid fever
12. Mumps
Drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in
a person taking it. Any drug can be harmful when taken in excess. Some drugs can also be
harmful if taken in dangerous combinations or by hypersensitive (allergic) persons in
ordinary or even small amounts. Substance like glue, paint thinners, gasoline and other
volatile (breathable) solvents contain a variety of dangerous chemicals. They should be sold
and used with caution.
Drug abuse is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, which results in an
individual’s physical, mental or social impairment.
1. Using, without benefit or prescription, useful drugs which have the capacity to alter
the mood or behavior.
2. Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from the one for which the drug
has been prescribed.
3. Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for purposes
other than research.
Why do people turn to drugs?
1. “Medicines” can solve problems
2. Widespread access to various drugs
3. Peer pressure
4. The notion that drugs give enjoyment to users and in the context that it is used as an
alcohol substitute
Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological effects may be
classified into:
1. Stimulants- drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition. Examples are
amphetamine, cocaine, caffeine and nicotine.
2. Hallucinogens (also called as psychedelics)- drugs which affect sensation, thinking,
self-awareness and emotion. Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false
beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming, depending on dose and
quality of the drug. Examples are LSD, Mescaline and Marijuana
3. Sedatives- drugs which may reduce anxiety and excitement. Examples are
barbiturates, non-barbiturates, tranquilizers and alcohol.
4. Narcotics- drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.Examples are opium and
(morphine, codeine and heroin)
A person who is abusing drugs has a lot of changes in behavior, appearance and
mood. The changes may be pleasant or unpleasant. Thus he is:
1. Irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive
2. Untrustworthy and lacks self-confidence
3. Unhealthy and unconcerned with good grooming
4. Has a low frustration tolerance
5. Lacks interest in his studies/work
 6. Blames everybody for his problems
7. Prefers his barkada where he feels accepted
What are the ill-effects of drug abuse?
1. Malnutrition- The lives of drug dependents revolve around drug abuse. They miss
their regular meals because they lose their appetite.
2. Panic Reaction- The loss of thought processes can cause panic reactions or
feelings on invulnerability. Both of these states can lead to injury and death. The
prolonged harmful reactions include anxiety and depressive sates, or breaks with
reality, which may last from a few days to months.
3. Physical Damage- In addition to those disease, which accompany the use of
unsterile syringes and contaminated drugs these may cause certain medical
problems. Kidney failure, hepatitis, drastic weight loss and vitamin deficiencies are
some of the adverse physical complications.The life of drug abusers is a dreadful
one. To support the habit, they resort to committing crimes like stealing, prostitution
and gambling, wherein they hamper their emotional maturation.
What are the general facts about Ecstasy, Marijuana, Inhalant abuse, Opiates and
Cocaine?
Ectasy- is a synthetic amphetamine – related substance. it gained popularity as a
recreational drug, first in the United States and then later in Europe and now is increasingly
known in other parts of the world. It has the following street names: X, Rave, Love Drug,
Flying Saucer, LBD or Libido, Jagged Little Pill, Artist Drug, Hug Drug, MDA, MDEA, XTC, E,
Eckie, and Love Doves. Its scientific name is 3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA). A user generally takes the drug through oral ingestion, but some resort to snorting
for its faster effect, but this is usually painful and irritating to the nostrils. Its dosage varies
whole tablet-1 “hit” lasts for about 3 to 5 hours. A typical dose is between 75 mg and 150
mg; one half-tablet – half a bit. The physiological effects are muscle tension, involuntary
teeth clenching, nausea, appetite loss, blurred vision, rapid eye movement, hallucinations,
irritability, faintness, chills, sweating, sleeping problems, increase in heart rate, body
temperature and blood pressure, liver & heart damage, and brain hemorrhage.
Marijuana- often called grass, pot, or weed, is a crude drug made from Cannabis sativa, a
plant that contains a mind-altering (psychoactive) ingredient called tetrahydrocannabinol
THC. A marijuana “joint” or cigarette is made from the dried leaves, tops and flowers of the
plant. Its strength depends on the type of plant, the weather, the soil and the time of harvest
of the plant. Hashish or hash – is made from the extracted resin of the plant. It is usually
stronger than crude marijuana and can be both be smoked and eaten. Marijuana slows
down the user’s mental and psychomotor activities. Users don’t remember what they have
learned when they are high. The effects of marijuana can also impair thinking, reading
comprehension and verbal and mathematical skills.
Inhalant Abuse- is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substances that contain
psychoactive (mind/mood altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication. It is dangerous
because it will cause permanent damage to the brain or may result in “sudden sniffing
death”. Abusers under the influence of inhalants are prone to accident. Abusers can also
become violent. Inhalant abuse produces psychological dependence. Once the habit is
formed, the dose has to be increased gradually to produce the same effect.
Opiates- Sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used to relieve pain, but
have a high potential for abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seedpod of
the Asian poppy.
 Opium – dark brown chunks or powder that are usually smoked or eaten.
 Morphine – white or brownish powder that is usually dissolved in water and then
injected.
 Heroin – diluted or “cut” with other substances such as sugar or quinine.
 Codeine
 Synthesized or manufactured opiates – come in capsules, tablets, syrups,
solutions and suppositories.
Cocaine- A drug extracted from the leaves of coca, a South American shrub, which has the
same effect as amphetamines – a central nervous system stimulant.
Cocaine is available in the following forms:
 Cocaine Hydrochloride – is the most available form. It is a fine white crystal-like
powder that is medically known as a local anesthetic. Users sniff or snort it into the
nose.
 “Street” Cocaine Hydrochloride or “rocks” – these are the larger pieces of
cocaine hydrochloride.
 Freebase – is the purified substance of “rocks”. It is usually injected or smoked.
 Coca Paste – is the crude product smoked in South America. It is more dangerous
because it has contaminants such as kerosene.
The Philippine environment for entrepreneurship
• Basic facts based on 2008 statistics
o Philippine population = 90.4 M as projected by NSO (last 2007 88.7 M)
o Unemployment rate = 7.8 % (July 2008)
o Underemployment rate = 18.9 % ( January 2008)
o Over 36.7 % are below the poverty level
o Investment climate is vacillating
What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is both an art and a science of converting ideas into highly
marketable goods and services that will improve man’s quality of life. It involves the proper
utilization of four essentials such as materials, machine, money and man (4Ms)
Entrepreneurship has essential or extra ordinary features such as the creation of
something new or something different. In short, it is innovation which distinguishes
entrepreneurship from other activities.
The key concept of entrepreneurship is innovation. Any worthy activity which is new,
different or better implies innovation. It implies to product, services or methods.
Contributions of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship brings not only to the entrepreneurs but also to the country as a whole.
1. Provide self-employment
2. Create employment for others
3. Develops industries especially in the rural areas
4. Encourages the processing of local materials into finished or semi-finished goods
5. Generate additional income for the family
6. Encourages healthy competition which may assure highest quality products
7. Makes more goods and services available to the consumers
8. Promotes the use of modern technology in small scale manufacturing to enhanced
productivity
9. Develops possible market
10. Encourages more research/studies and inventions of machines and equipment for
domestic consumption
11. Develops entrepreneurial qualities and positive attitudes among potential
entrepreneurs to bring about significant changes in the rural areas
Who are the entrepreneurs?
Entrepreneur is an innovator who…
… does new things and does things in a new way
…supplies new product
…makes new techniques in production
…discovers new market
…develop new sources of raw materials

Entrepreneurs are those who launched their own business from scratch, they
develop scarce resources into successful business by their instinct, sense of timing and hard
work and ides producing activity.
The entrepreneurs or the-would-be entrepreneurs are extraordinary people by virtue
of their chosen career. They possess qualities that distinguish them from the ordinary
business.
Characteristics of an entrepreneur
There are 10 characteristics identified and defined by Mc Bear and Co. (1986) of a
successful entrepreneur:
1. Opportunity seeker
a. explores and acts on new business opportunities
b. takes usual opportunities to obtain capital, facilities, equipment, machineries and
government assistance

2. Persistent
a. formulates different alternatives to overcome possible problems that may come along
the way
b. makes personal sacrifices to see a job completed according to specified standards

3. Committed to a work contract

a. assumes full responsibility for job orders of customers
b. helps workers or acts as a substitute for absent workers (if there is need) to get a job
done
c. conveys a concern for pleasing customers

4. Risk takers
a. makes an effort to evaluate advantages of a business in which he/she would opt for a
modern risk
b. Open to untoward experience and considers constraints as challenges

5. Competent and Hard worker

a. aspires and works towards quality performance
b. does things that assures work that meets or exceeds standards of excellence

6. Goal setter
a. formulates specific, measurable, attainable, reliable and time-bounded objectives
b. formulates long term goals

7. Information Seeker
a. solicits information about clients, competitors, suppliers.
b. Confers with experts about business or technical advice
c. Established linkages to obtain important information

8. Systematic Planner and Overseers

a. evolves and implements step by step plans to reach goals
b. assesses options
c. observes performance and adapts alternative strategies

9. Persuasive/Salesman
a. implements planned strategies to persuade or convinced others
b. sells ideas to other people
c. uses business contacts to attain goals

10. Self-confident
a. possesses strong belief in self and in what he/she accomplishes
b. has confidence in meeting problems and challenges especially those that are related
to the business
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
As a result of continuous study of entrepreneurial character traits, several qualities
were evolved by the Management System International, a consulting firm based in
Washington. These are collectively called personal entrepreneurial competencies or PECS.
They are referred to as competencies because these qualities are translated into actions –
demonstrated and exhibited – by an individual in order to make things happen rather than
remain as passive traits or mere mental pre-occupation.
These competencies are clustered into the following:
1. Achievement cluster
a. Opportunity seeking
b. Persistence
c. Commitment to work contact
d. Risk taking
e. Demand for efficiency and quality

2. Planning cluster
a. Goal setting
b. Information seeking
c. Systematic planning and monitoring

3. Power cluster
a. Persuasion and networking
b. Self-confidence
Social and Economic Impact of Entrepreneurship
People have many physical needs. Basically, they need food, clothing, shelter, air
and water. In addition, they also need other things like transportation, bags, shoes, soap,
salt and sugar, medicine and many others.
People living in the community are dependent on each other for the products and
service each of them needs every day. This is so because as the community grows,
individual roles become more distinct and specialized. It is difficult for everyone to provide for
everything he needs.
A need for a product or service is an economic opportunity. When people need
something they are willing to pay someone who is able to provide it to them. The ability of
individuals to perceive the kind of products or services that others need and to deliver these
at the right time, to the right place, to the right people and at the right price, is what is
generally referred to as entrepreneurship. When entrepreneurship is a practice of many
members of a community or society, that society develops very rapidly.
The following benefits that result from entrepreneurship explain why development
takes place when a society becomes entrepreneurial.
1. Entrepreneurship creates employment
When entrepreneurs put up a business, they oftentimes need to hire or employ at least one
or two to hundreds of other people in order to get something done.
When entrepreneurial activities slow down, the country’s unemployment rate goes up. Every
society wants all qualified members of its work force to be gainfully employed.
2. Entrepreneurship improves the quality of life
Entrepreneurial undertakings contribute significantly to the continuous improvement of living
standards. The development of new products and the delivery of needed services make life
easier and comfortable for society in general.
3. Entrepreneurship contributes to more equitable distribution of income and therefore
eases social unrest.
Entrepreneurs continuously search, identify and/or develop raw materials needed for
the production of goods and services. To them, nothing or almost nothing is useless. They
are, therefore, the ones who often see the economic potentials of raw materials and other
resources in the rural areas. By putting up an enterprise in the locality, entrepreneurs are
actually dispersing the benefits of development to other parts of the country. When many
segments of the society are deprived, social tensions may arise.
Income that is evenly distributed means less poor people. The eradication of poverty
will help solve social problems like crime, juvenile delinquency and malnutrition.
4. Entrepreneurship utilizes and mobilizes resources to make the country productive
Our country will develop faster economically if none of its resources were idle or
unused. For example, we have plenty of iron ore that can be processes to supply the needs
of industries that manufacture spare parts for cars and machines. Putting up a metal factory
to process iron ore does not only utilize the raw materials and feed other local industries. It
also save much for the country in terms of dollars and time same local industries need no
longer be dependent on its iron-ore imports all the time.
Entrepreneurship also provides a way to make productive use of capital resources
such as family or personal savings. Otherwise, these may remain utilized or channeled to
unproductive ventures (gambling) or luxury spending.
5. Entrepreneurship brings social benefits through the government.
With the revenues the government collects from taxes, duties and licenses by the
entrepreneurs (not to mention income tax the entrepreneurs’ workers pay) the government
allocates the disbursement of these revenues to different services and projects for
communities.

The Right of Suffrage

The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed by these three
documents which similarly mandate universality of the right; equality in access to public
service; and secrecy of votes.
Elections and Democracy
 The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government
authority comes from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly
through suffrage and indirectly through public officials elected by the people. The will
of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and honest election.
 The representative democratic structure, in which the people govern through elected
representatives, is based on the idea of “consent of the governed”. Thus, the
government officials chosen and elected by the people become servants and not
masters of the people from whom and for whom these officials exercise their power
and authority.
 The citizen voters are entitled to free and informed choice on whom to vote and must
be dictated by the genuine welfare of the majority. Every individual political choices
and decisions made by the citizen voters will determine the kind of government that
will serve them.
Specific Mechanisms
 Since the enactment of the 1987 Constitution, elections for President and Vice-
president are held every six years, while elections for Senators and members of the
House of Representatives and local government officials happen every three years.
 At the local level, barangay elections and Sangguniang Kabataan elections are also
held periodically.
 In 1993 and 1996, elections for the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM) were held. The 1996 ARMM elections also served as pilot-test for
automated system of elections.
 Also through initiative, the people may directly propose amendments to the
Constitution by a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, in
which 3% of registered voters in each legislative district is represented.
 Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional
convention to propose changes to the Constitution, approve or reject proposed
changes in the Constitution and, at the local level, express their will with respect to
certain local issues.
 The party-list system of representation allows for marginalized and underrepresented
sectors to be represented in the national legislature. The system serves as an
attempt to depart from the personalistic character of political and electoral system by
giving focus on the party and its issue-based platform.
 There is also the LGC-mandated barangay assembly (peoples’ assembly or meeting
of all over-15-year-old-residents of the barangay). The assembly has the power to
hear and pass upon the report of Sangguniang Barangay’s (SB) performance. It can
also recommend measures for legislation by SB.
 The Barangay Assembly is one manifestation of people’s power and a (truly) direct
and participatory democratic exercise.
 The latest development in upholding the right of suffrage is Republic Act 9189, which
provides for a system of absentee voting for qualified Filipinos abroad.
Government Structure
Powers and Functions of Public Servants
 Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power covers:
 control of all executive departments and all implementing agencies of the
government;
 appointment of high officials in the government (heads of executive
departments/cabinet members, ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers of
the armed forces);
 seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies
 Local government units also exercise executive functions through the governors of
provinces, municipal and city mayors.
Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the Senate and the House of
Representatives. Legislative functions include:
 Statute making, constitution making, and amending of constitution;
 Appropriations/financial function;
 Oversight function;
 Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.
Legislative functions are carried out in the local level by the different “sanggunians” or
local legislative bodies. In the law-making process, the president can either approve or veto
a law passed by Congress. It would require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass
the bill into law. At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the
ground that it is prejudicial to the public. In turn, the sanggunian or the local legislative body
can override the veto, also by 2/3s vote of the whole sanggunian.
Election Process
 Qualifications and Disqualifications of a Voter
All citizens of the Philippines, eighteen years of age or over, and a resident of
the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at
least six months immediately preceding the election are qualified to vote.
The following shall be disqualified from voting:
a. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not
less than one year. However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration
of five years after service of sentence.
b. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal
of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government
such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any
crime against national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in
accordance with law: Provided, That he shall regain his right to vote automatically
upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens
overseas, not otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants and permanent residents with
affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions in the
national level: President; Vice-President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives
Election Process
Registration
Preliminary to the voting exercise is the registration of voters. During the
registration process, the qualified voter accomplishes and files a sworn application for
registration before the election officer of the city or municipality wherein he resides and
including the same in the book of registered voters upon approval by the Election
Registration Board. This process is currently guided by RA 8189 or the Continuing Voters’
Registration Act of 1996.
The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the mechanics in RA
8189 of personal registration either with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of
residence before their departure or with the representative of the Commission in the
Philippine embassies, consulates and other Foreign Service establishment in their temporary
residence overseas.
Public counting of votes starts immediately after the close of voting at 3:00
p.m. Votes for candidates, simultaneously with the reading, are entered in the tally board
and the election returns. Official watchers shall be permitted full access to the proceedings,
but only the members of the BEI can write or place marks on the tally board and on the
election returns. All questions on appreciation of ballots are decided by BEI by majority
votes.
After all ballots have been read and recorded, the BEI signs and thumb marks
the election returns and lets the principal watchers of six major political parties do the same.
Sic copies of the election returns are placed inside corresponding envelopes, sealed and
submitted to officials concerned. These returns are then distributed to the Comelec, to
designated canvassers, and candidates/parties through their watchers and are then used for
canvassing of votes.
Modernized Election Process
Republic Act 8436 or the Election Automation Law, legislated in 1997,
mandates the use of automated election system in the country as early as the May 1998
elections. This system will comprise the use of appropriate technology for voting and
electronic devices to count votes and canvass/consolidate results.
The law also provides for the following features of the automated system: a)
use of appropriate ballots; b) stand-alone machine which will count and consolidate elections
results; c) provision for audit trails; d) minimum human intervention; and e) adequate
safeguard and security measures.
However, the succeeding elections in 1998, 2001, and 2002 (except for the 1996 ARMM
elections, which pilot tested an automated system) came and went but still under a
manual system of voting and counting. The approaching 2004 elections will again not see
through a fully nationwide automated system. Only Phase I (validation of voters’ registration)
of the automation was implemented by the Comelec. Phase II (automated counting and
canvassing) will not push through for the 2004 elections, while according to the Comelec
Phase III (transmission of election results) will still be implemented during the May 2004
elections.
Implementation of RA 8436 through Comelec Resolution 02-0170
Phase I Voter Registration and Validation System
Phase II Automated Counting and Canvassing System
Phase III Electronic Transmission of Election Results
Voter Behavior and Elections
  A 2003 update study on voter behavior suggest the top four factors on what
determines the vote of Filipino electorate:
1. candidate’s public servant image;
2. political machinery;
3. candidate’s popularity; and
4. endorsement of traditional network and organizations which include the family,
the church, the ward leaders, and formal groups and association.
 The conduct of elections is made complex by the practices and values, which in turn
are reflective of the behavior and attitudes of the electorate and the politicians and of
the actual practices before, during and after elections. Further, voter behavior reflects
the personality and patronage orientation of traditional Filipino politics or “trapo”.
 Patronage politics thrive on a culture where the government leader becomes a
politician who serves as a patron accommodating special favors to dole out money or
provide jobs, recommendations and contracts to only a few in exchange for votes in
the succeeding elections or support for a political agenda.
 A common element of patronage culture is utang na loob. The powers-that-be use
this to ensure that their political and economic interests will be served. For instance,
a “powerful” politician may invite a candidate to run under his political party and in
return, the candidate will feel indebted and eventually feel pressured to support the
political agenda of his benefactor (even if he is opposed to said agenda). 
 For the poor, giving their support to a candidate is seen as an investment so that they
can depend on the politician for help, e.g. donations, medicine, school fees.
Campaign supporters view their help as a personal favor that the elected official
should perceive as utang na loob. In return, they expect the official to accept
personal invitations from their organizations, to comply with personal requests for
donations, to award them perhaps with a government position upon electoral victory.
 In preparation for a coming election, people with plans of running for public office
would be seen attending public functions from the barangay (community) to the
provincial level. For constituents at the national level, candidates engage themselves
in media exposure.
 Massive election fraud and violence are employed in order to win the elections.
Instances of cheating range from use of flying voters, registration of disqualified
voters, vote-buying, ballot and ballot box switching, padding of votes through dagdag
bawas and other forms, tampering canvass of votes, etc. Again, these practices
become more detrimental to candidates who have neither the financial nor political
machinery to guard the integrity of the votes and election results. However, the most
powerful safeguard against election fraud is the awareness and vigilance of every
voter.
Guiding Vision and Action Points for Citizen Voters
Vision of Good Government, Leaders and Citizen Voters
The government, the leaders and the citizen voters are now faced with the
challenge of advancing various reforms in the system and in attitudes and perceptions
towards a system of wider and genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and
governance, and towards citizen’s political maturity.
Government
1. Advancing democratization and good governance
2. Making available a meaningful and accessible election process
Maximizing the benefits of democratic mechanisms for the interest and welfare
of all sectors of society, particularly the marginalized and underrepresented sectors
4. Ensuring that the government agenda and programs of action are genuinely
reflective of peoples’ agenda.
5. Advocating new politics and new kind of leaders that engage the participation
of citizen voters in running the affairs of the government
Leaders
1. Capitalizing on the program of action and public service rather than on
popularity in winning elections
2. Promoting the envisioned government and engaging the citizens’ stake in
governance
Citizen Voters
1. Exercising the right to vote and the duty of guarding the integrity of the vote
itself from any fraudulent maneuvering
2. Using conscience in choosing the right leaders
3. Safeguarding and defending the democratic mechanisms and institutions
Pre-Elections
Engage in preparatory activities that would enable him/her to exercise the
right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.
 Register during the period allotted for voter registration
  Be informed of the issues, platforms and personalities of the political candidates
 Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidates’
social affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, performance records.
 Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the
commitment of the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and welfare of the
citizens in their program of government. This process can be used to remind and
hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises made during the campaign.
During elections
Exercise vigilance and the right to vote
 Vote according to your conscience
 Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity of your own vote from any undue
influence, volunteering in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections,
watching out for instances of cheating in the elections, and informing the rest of the
electorate of such activities.
Post-Elections
Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance
 Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes
 Another arena of participation is open to the citizen voter once the candidates they
have voted for assume office.
 Participate in local governance through development planning in the barangay level,
consultations and public hearings, representation in local special bodies.
The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in other ways such
as:
 running for office.
 supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-list
group.
 supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to ensure honest
and peaceful elections.
 making views known to the elected representatives.