Consolis Parking House Handbook

PARKING HOUSE CONCEPT Page 1/48
STRUCTURAL DESIGN Date: -
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PARKING HOUSE
CONCEPT
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
This design handbook is only for persons who are professionals in designing of prefabricated concrete structures. In all cases only the
user is responsible for the calculations. The design handbook makers shall not be liable for direct, consequential or incidental damages
or for loss of profits or for any claim or demand by the user or any third party arising out of the use of this design handbook.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Loads ............................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Vertical loads ................................................................................................. 4
1.2. Horizontal loads .............................................................................................. 5
1.2.1. Geometric imperfections............................................................................ 5
1.2.2. Wind ...................................................................................................... 5
1.2.3. Accidental ............................................................................................... 6
1.2.4. Braking ................................................................................................... 7
2. Durability and environmental conditions ................................................................ 7
3. Stability systems.............................................................................................. 13
3.1. General ....................................................................................................... 13
3.2. Shear walls .................................................................................................. 13
3.3. Cantilever columns........................................................................................ 15
3.4. RC braces .................................................................................................... 17
3.5. Steel braces ................................................................................................. 18
4. Roof solutions, watertightness and water drainage ................................................ 19
4.1. General ....................................................................................................... 19
4.2. Protected membrane system .......................................................................... 20
4.3. Sealers and coatings ..................................................................................... 23
4.4. Compressed topping...................................................................................... 23
4.5. Falls and drainage ......................................................................................... 24
5. Expansion joints............................................................................................... 27
6. Fire resistance ................................................................................................. 29
7. Pre-cast systems.............................................................................................. 30
7.1. General points .............................................................................................. 30
7.2. Floor plank solution ....................................................................................... 31
7.3. TT-slab solution ............................................................................................ 37
7.4. Hollow-core slab solution ............................................................................... 41
7.5. Waffle slab solution ....................................................................................... 42
8. Other details ................................................................................................... 44
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8.1. Cast-in-situ concrete finish ............................................................................. 44

8.1.1. Casting ................................................................................................. 44
8.1.2. Curing .................................................................................................. 45
8.2. Façade elements and barriers ......................................................................... 45
Used Literature .......................................................................................................... 48
Annex A Comparison of precast floor solutions in parking houses

Annex B Floor plank solution drawings
Annex C TT-slab solution drawings
Annex D Hollow-core slab solution drawings
Annex E Waffle slab solution drawings
Annex F Waterproof flooring solutions for open decks (drawings)
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1. LOADS
1.1. Vertical loads
Live loads must conform to local standards so they may vary from country to country. Areas
with vehicular load are divided into two groups depending on the allowable maximum vehicle
weight. This document deals only with normal parking houses meaning light weight vehicles
(class F) in which case the maximum gross weight of a vehicle is 30kN. In most cases we can
use the following figures and load combinations according to EN 1991-1-1 The following values
include dynamical influences which do not cause resonance.
Table 1.1 – Vertical loads in parking houses according to EN 1991-1-1

Quasi-
Combination Frequent
Characteristic permanent
Load type value value
value value
Ψ0 Ψ1
Ψ2
Distributed load qk1) 1,5-2,5kN/m2 0,7 0,7 0,6
1) 2)
Point load Qk 10-20kN 0,7 0,7 0,6
3) 2
Snow load sk 1,0-3,0kN/m 0,5-0,7 0,2-0,5 0-0,2
Snow clearing vehicle
Approx 35kN6) 0 0 0
(lightweight)4) 5)
Asphalt
5)
Approx 80kN6) 0 0 0
spreader/applyer
Liquid asphalt applier5) Approx 35kN6) 0 0 0
1)
always check National Annex for country specific values.
2)
Point load for local punching control. Distributed load qk and point load Qk are
not imposed on the structure simultaneously
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3)
on open deck; values depend on region and altitude; EN 1991-1-3:2001 (other
values may be defined by National Annex).
4)
In addition to drifting and aerodynamic shades in which snow accumulates two
more aspects need to be considered: is there a vehicle used for clearing snow on
open decks and the created snow piles. The structural designer must issue a
snow clearing manual showing how snow is allowed to be accumulated.
5)
Weight of equipment must be clarified with contractor in design phase.
6)
The weight of this equipment normally exceeds the point load Qk of cars thus the
point load of asphalt applying machines and/or snow clearing vehicle may be the
critical one in local punching control.
If asphalt is used on the ground floor it must be applied before starting assembly works
because an asphalt spreader is normally higher than the clearance in a parking house. Thus if
column or beam assembly has been started earlier, a work stoppage might be necessary in the
assembly works. In addition, asphalt coating on the ground floor may set restrictions to other
equipment and machinery used for assembly.
1.2. Horizontal loads
There are three types of horizontal loads: structural (imperfections), external (wind,
accidental) and internal (braking, accidental loads on load-bearing structures and barriers,
staircase railings).
1.2.1. Geometric imperfections
Geometric imperfections (due to deviations in geometry of the structure and the position of
loads) can be calculated according to EN 1992-1-1 5.2.
1.2.2. Wind
Wind loads can be calculated according to EN 1991-1-4. In calculations a simplified method

can be used by assuming wind pressure to act on the overall dimensions of the building
(Picture 1.1) irrespective of openings.
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Picture 1.1 – simplification of applying wind load on an open parking house
1.2.3. Accidental
Accidental actions must be calculated according to Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-7). Accidental

actions shall be considered to act simultaneously in combination with other permanent and
variable actions as given in EN 1990 6.4.3.3. The design of accidental actions depends on the
measures taken for reducing risks and on the level of acceptable risk e.g. depending on
protective measures (i.e. barriers, speed reducers, vehicle height check at entrance) and
material properties (soft or hard impact).
In parking houses two types of impact forces must be considered – on supporting structures
and on non-load bearing structures (barriers). Structures can be designed to absorb impact
energy by elasto-plastic deformations of members (so called soft impact) or not in which case
the energy is mainly dissipated by the impacting body (so called hard impact). The value of the
horizontal load depends on the velocity and mass of the colliding object, the deformation
behaviour and damping characteristics of the vehicle and the structure.
Impact on supporting structures is calculated according to EN 1991-1-7 4.3.1.

Instructions for the design of barriers are given in EN 1991-1-1 Annex B.
Depending on the location of the building velocities other than <20km/h and vehicles other
than cars may need to be taken into account when calculating actions on supporting structures
(external impact).
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Buildings should be designed to sustain an extent of localised failure from unspecified cause
without disproportionate collapse. This should be done by providing required horizontal and
vertical ties between elements. Instructions are given in EN 1991-1-7 Annex A.
1.2.4. Braking
Horizontal load coming from braking is regulated differently by countries (in local standards).
In some cases instead of applying a horizontal load, vertical loads are increased to achieve
equivalent effect. It is also possible that the same regulations used for bridges are applied to
parking houses. In Eurocode nothing is said on this matter neither in EN 1991-1-1 nor in
1991-2. It is assumed that as loads from braking are small, having carried out calculations for
other horizontal forces (imperfections, wind, localised failure etc), the structure and its
connections will prove sufficient. Thus no separate calculations are carried out for braking
forces in normal situations.
2. DURABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Parking houses are generally designed for a 50 year working life. Working life is achieved by
appropriate material selection (concrete grade, steel class) and sufficient concrete cover to
reinforcement. Concrete cover depends on environmental conditions. In parking houses winter
conditions must be considered (freeze-thaw conditions; use of studded tyres etc), if and what
kind of methods are use for de-icing (heating, salt etc). Thus requirements vary significantly
by region. These conditions may vary also depending on the location of elements (e.g. is the
staircase inside the building or on the perimeter), protective measures taken (roof finishing
membranes or light roofs used), facade finishing (columns and beams exposed to rain or not)
etc.
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Table 2.1 - Guidelines for determining requirements for materials set by environmental
conditions
Reference to EN and ISO
standards
Specification of environmental classes for concrete EN 206-1:2007 Table 1
structures
Recommendations for min concrete grade and concrete EN 206-1:2006 Annex F
Reinf. concrete
mix consistence depending on environmental class Table F1

Minimum concrete cover depending on concrete grade EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.3
and environmental class EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.4 (for
rebars)
EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.5 (for
prestressing strands)
Corrosion of metals and alloys. Corrosivity of ISO 9223
atmospheres. Classification (categorizes environments)
Corrosion of metals and alloys. Corrosivity of ISO 9224
atmospheres. Guiding values for the corrosivity
categories.
Steel
Paints and varnishes. Corrosion protection of steel EN ISO 12944-2

structures by protective paint systems. Classification of
environments
Protection against corrosion of iron and steel in EN ISO 14713
structures. Zinc and aluminium coatings. Guidelines
In warmer countries where there is no need for de-icing agents, environmental classes and
thus also requirements for materials are much lower than in northern regions. An example of a
country specific set of requirements is given below (Picture 2.1 and Table 2.2) and it is for an
open parking house with heavy traffic in a northern country and use of de-icing agents inside
the building is not allowed.
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Picture 2.1 – Environmental conditions for an open parking house with heavy traffic (northern
countries) [1]
Comments:
Use of de-icing agents in the building is prohibited
Floors must be watertight
Floors must be designed and executed with correct and adequate falls for water drainage
(both floor slabs and cast-in-situ finish);
Floors must have counter falls near columns, walls and border elements.
Water basins must be totally watertight.
Picture 2.2 – Defining the marking of concrete covers (used in Table 2.2)
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Table 2.2 – Example (according to Picture 2.1) - recommendations for concrete grade, steel
and concrete cover depending on the minimum environmental conditions
Cover cmin,dur3) 4) Cover a or am5)
Environmental Recommended according to the for fire-
Structural part
conditions1) concrete grade2) recommended resistance
concrete grade class R60
C40/50
1 Columns XC3, 4; XD1; XF2 frost-resistant 30mm rebar 25mm
aggregate
C50/60 for 25mm rebar

pre-stressed 40mm6)
35mm strand
2 Beams XC3,4; XF1
C30/37 without 25mm
30mm rebar
pre-stress
Ramp (first ascent)
and floor surface
C35/45 frost-
near entrance If composite
3a XC3, 4; XD3; XF4 resistant 45mm rebar
(approx up to a dist. see 7)
aggregate
of 30m from
entrance)
Floor and ramp 35/45 frost-
If composite
3b surface of sheltered XC3; XD1; XF2 resistant 35mm rebar
see 7)
levels aggregate
Floor and ramp
C35/45 frost-
surface open to If composite
3c XC4; XD1; XF3 resistant 35mm rebar
rainfall (no de-icing see 7)
aggregate
agents)
Lower surface of
floors (floor elements
20mm rebar
4 e.g. floor planks, XC3; XF1 C40/50 35mm7)
30mm strand
hollow-core slabs,
TT-slabs)
Border and edge
5a XC3, 4; XF1 C30/37 30mm rebar -
elements
Walls and borders C35/45 frost- Non load-
5b near entrance and XC3, 4; XD1; XF2 resistant 35mm rebar bearing8)
next to ramps aggregate
Staircase wall Load-bearing
5c elements (no de- XC3, 4; XF1 C30/37 30mm rebar 10mm9)
icing agents) 25mm10)
1)
Recommendations are given according to BY 51 „Betonirakenteiden
käyttöikäsuunnittelu 2007” chapter 6.8 (parking house; unheated; heavy traffic) taking
into account comments of Picture 2.1.
2)
according to element specific practice (meets EN 206-1:2007 table F.1 requirements)
3)
According to EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.4N and 4.5N (structural class S4; 50 year working
life) and taking into account the reduction of structural class according to Table 4.3N
(depending on concrete grade; reckon with maximum air entrainment of 4%).
4)
Nominal cover (specified on the drawings) cnom = cmin + Δcdev (recommended Δcdev =
10mm); cmin = max{cmin, b; cmin,dur + Δcdur,γ - Δcdur,st - Δcdur,add; 10mm} (recommended
values Δcdur,γ = 0mm, Δcdur,st = 0mm; Δcdur,add = 0mm). cmin, b requirement due to bond
depending on bar arrangement and Ø (see EN 1992-1-1 Table 4.2).
5)
According to EN 1992-1-2 from 5.3 to 5.7.
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6)
For minimum beam width bmin = 300mm
7)
Minimum thickness of concrete slab is 80mm
8)
Requirements for axis distance do not apply; minimum wall thickness 80mm.
9)
Minimum wall thickness 140mm (exposed on two sides);
10)
for fire walls; minimum wall thickness 140mm.
Table 2.3 – Environments in corrosion categories of metals and alloys [14]
Corrosivity category Environment

(guiding examples)
C1 very low Indoor spaces with occasional condensation

Outdoor air: inland rural
C2 low Dry indoor spaces
C3 medium Indoor spaces with high moisture content, not much impurities
Outdoor air: inland urban, mildly saline
C4 high Indoor spaces: chemical industry, swimming pools, seaside

docks.
Outdoor air: inland industrial plants, seaside urban areas
C5-I very high Outdoor air: very humid industrial atmosphere
C5-M very high Outdoor air: saline seaside atmosphere
Table 2.4 – Rates of corrosion for steel and zinc in the first year [14]
Corrosivity category Rate of corrosion in the first year
ISO 9223 and EN ISO 12944-2 EN ISO 14713
Carbon steel Zinc

µm/year µm/year
C1 very low <= 1,3 <= 0,1
C2 low 1,3 - 25 0,1 - 0,7
C3 medium 25 - 50 0,7 - 2,1
C4 high 50 - 80 2,1 - 4,2
C5-I very high 80 - 200 4,2 - 8,4
C5-M very high 80 - 200 4,2 - 8,4
Steel parts and details belong to the environmental class C5-I according to Table 2.3 (very
aggressive environment; industrial area with high air humidity and polluted air). Thus to
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prevent corrosion, steel parts and inserts must be protected by hot dip zinc coating, by paint
or details must be of stainless steel. Guidelines for paint combinations are given in Table 2.5
and requirements for zinc coat thicknesses in Picture 2.3.
Table 2.5 – Combinations of corrosion protection paints for steel parts belonging to
environmental class C5-I
Paint combinations suited Primer Coating
for steel Type Nr of Total Type Nr of Total
layers thickness layers thickness
EP, PUR 4 160μm AY,CR, PVC 1 40μm
EP, PUR 1-2 80μm EP, PUR 3-4 240μm
ESI, Zn(R) 1 80μm EP, PUR 3 200μm
Paint combinations suited Primer Coating
for hot galvanized steel Type Nr of Total Type Nr of Total
layers thickness layers thickness
EP, PUR 1 80μm EP, PUR 2 160μm
EP - epoxy paint
PUR - (poly)urethane paint
ESI - ethylsilicate paint
Zn(R) - zinc-rich paint
AY - acrylic paint
CR - chlorinated rubber paint
PVC - polyvinylchloride paint
Picture 2.3 – Thickness of zinc coating depending on corrosion class and expected time of
service without maintenance [15]
Columns need to have protecting concrete collars (Pictures 2.4 and 2.5) or hot dip galvanized
column shoes.
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Picture 2.4 and 2.5 - Protecting concrete collar for a bolted column – foundation
connection
3. STABILITY SYSTEMS
3.1. General
It is important to advise architects on this matter as soon as possible to be able to solve the
matter in an early stage so that no major changes need to be made in the plan (and traffic
layout) later. In closed parking houses adequate stiffness it is normally not a problem as there
is a sufficient amount of walls anyhow. In open parking houses two problems arise: the
requirements set for openings must be met and in addition very often traditional stability
solutions (e.g. braces) are not aesthetically appealing for architects. Stability systems may
decrease the number of spaces and increase the dimensions of spaces. Depending on the size
and measures, buildings may have to be divided into temperature blocks and each block must
have an independent stability system. Next the most common means are described with
example drawings.
3.2. Shear walls
In parking houses it is usually easier to place walls where they are not actually needed. Ideally
walls should be located at or near the centre of rigidity (minimum forces induced by
movement) but in such case they add inconvenience to parking layout (wider places required
near walls) and upset standard element dimensions. As mentioned before they also take up
the open wall area that is needed for the house to qualify as an open parking house.
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Nevertheless walls are the most effective solution for stiffening structures and especially useful
for stiffening higher buildings. Some examples of wall arrangement are given in Picture 3.1.
Picture 3.1 – Examples of shear wall arrangement [8]
For traffic safety it is advisable to leave openings in walls if they obstruct the field of view
(Picture 3.5) and the openings must reach low enough for the driver to see through them.
Staircase walls – it is difficult to incorporate these walls into the stiffening system because
stairs are often placed outside parking area - at sides or corners and for security reasons they
have large openings for windows.
Slabs can be supported on wall-units either directly (Annex C Drawings D212 and D213;
Picture 3.2) or using concrete corbels (less preferable due to additional moment caused by
eccentricity (Annex C Drawing D214; Picture 3.3). Beams can also be connected to walls either
directly (Annex C Drawing D210; Picture 3.4) or by hidden steel corbels (Annex C
Drawing D209).
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Picture 3.2 – TT-slab supported directly Picture 3.3 – TT-slab supported on a

onto stiffening wall using pocket recesses concrete corbel
Picture 3.4 – beam supported directly on a Picture 3.5 – openings left in stiffening walls
stiffening wall so as not to obstruct the view
For design principles of shear walls see Consolis Design Handbook 2.4 and 2.6.
3.3. Cantilever columns
Cantilever columns with a cross-section of 500x500mm provide sufficient stability in low-rise

buildings (approx 2-3 floors). For higher buildings it is possible to use special wide cross-
section columns on the centre line to stiffen the building in the transverse direction. These
columns are often a combination of two columns and a wall between them (Pictures 3.6, 3.7
and 3.8) for minimizing weight of element. Stability of the building in the longitudinal direction
must in this case be solved with either braces or walls. Additionally, columns must be
temporarily braced in the longitudinal direction during assembly (Picture 3.6). The drawback of
using such columns is their weight which requires the use of an expensive high capacity crane.
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For general design principles of cantilever columns see Design Handbook 2.7.
Picture 3.6 - Wide cross-section columns Picture 3.7 –Mid- columns have a need
temporary braces during assembly changing cross-section to minimize element
weight
Picture 3.8 – Positioning of wide cross-section columns on the centre line
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3.4. RC braces
In Finland pre-cast concrete braces are rather common in open parking houses but in general
it’s difficult to use them due to opposition from architects as the elements are bulky (common
cross section is 400x400mm). These elements can resist both compressive and tensile force
and they are reinforced using ordinary bar reinforcement. At both ends of the element there
are hollow steel sections that are welded to steel inserts in columns.
Picture 3.9 – RC brace between columns Picture 3.10 – RC brace connection to

a column
Picture 3.11 – RC braces in the parking house

Iso Omena (Finland)
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3.5. Steel braces
Steel braces are more slender than concrete ones but they require proper corrosion and fire
protection. See also chapter 2.
Picture 3.12 – Steel braces in a cast-in-situ Picture 3.13 – Steel brace connection to a
parking house (Estonia) column
Picture 3.14 – steel braces stiffening the

building in the transverse direction
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4. ROOF SOLUTIONS, WATERTIGHTNESS AND WATER DRAINAGE
4.1. General
Floors in parking houses are subjected to heavy wear (studded tyres in northern countries;
friction), chemicals from leaks (oils, gasoline, other fluids) and water (freeze-thaw, de-icers).
Picture 4.1 – Damages to concrete topping Picture 4.2 – Meshes exposed in

(near ramps); wrong concrete grade, concrete topping due to abrasion and
aggregate and treatment at finishing wrong materials
Beam
Column
Picture 4.3 - Damages to column due to

water leakage and wrong concrete.
Waterproofing of parking structure floor surface is extremely important to extend the service
life and maintain operations of the facility. The horizontal floor tends to collect all the water
and moisture.
When cracks form in the concrete topping and there is no or insufficient waterproofing, water
filters in the deck and from there it seeps onward into beams, columns and walls. In contact
with reinforcement it forms a suitable environment for electrochemical processes (corrosion of
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reinforcement). Not only reinforcement but also concrete begins to deteriorate due to the
mechanical effects of freeze-thaw cycles and corrosion „products”. (Pictures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3)
In some countries demands for watertightness may be presented in local standards or
instructions. More often no such direct regulations exist. For the intermediate floors concrete
topping of correct grade, good quality and treatment is sufficient but the upper most open
deck needs proper water-insulation.
Three main waterproofing solutions include:

Protected membrane system (e.g. bituminous membranes) [Picture 4.4]
Directly exposed to traffic (sealer or coating) [Picture 4.5]
Compressed concrete topping (treated with surface hardener).
Table 4.1 – Comparison of waterproofing systems

Reference
Approx thickness Approx weight
Description of structure drawing in
(mm) (kg/m2)
Annex F
Protected membrane FL004 130 310
Compressed topping FL002 100 250
Polyurethane coating FL001 60 155
In case of floor planks or TT-slabs, no special measures are taken to make the intermediate
surfaces watertight. Attention must be paid to requirements of concrete used in structural
elements and to the quality of the finishing works (concrete quality, falls and counter falls,
watertightness of drain basins, weather during casting, concrete curing etc).
The cast-in-situ concrete finish, whether part of the floor plank solution, a protected
membrane solution or simply the composite topping of a TT-slab solution (only on intermediate
floors with very little moisture) should be treated with a surface hardener to make the surface
denser and minimize porosity. Some of the most popular surface hardeners include Mastertop®
100 and Mastertop® 160 (by BASF Construction Chemicals).
4.2. Protected membrane system
The membrane system is a multi-layer system and is often called Plaza Deck System. The
following drawing (Picture 4.4) illustrates a complete deck system. Depending on the specific
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circumstances and materials used, not all layers may separately be needed (e.g. slip
sheet/filter fabric and drainage in one, protective board and drainage in one etc).
Picture 4.4 – Plaza Deck System according to [8]
The wearing surface is the primary protective element of the plaza deck system. In parking
houses the wearing surface is most commonly cast-in-situ concrete slab or asphalt overlay.
The plaza deck solution is relatively expensive (due to the numerous layers) and thus the deck
should provide a 20-30 year service life to make it cost effective. Asphaltic overlay tends to
deteriorate when exposed to the sun and as the life expectancy of asphalt membrane is
approximately 10-15 years, it will require reapplication during the service life of the plaza
deck. [8]
The slip-sheet must be an inert and low friction material. It isolates the wearing surface and
assists in accommodating the different movements between the wearing surface and the
underlying components. As the wearing surface is directly exposed to weather, it tends to
experience relatively large thermal movement induced stresses. A cast-in-situ concrete slab
will shrink and crack if restrained by adhering to the underlying components and thus may
damage also the waterproofing membrane. [8]
Drainage grid. Some of the water is drained or removed at the surface level, and the
remaining portion of the water is removed by the drainage grid within the deck system. If the
volume of moisture is very small (e.g. covered areas) the drainage course can be omitted but
following requirements should be met:
Good slopes for the wearing surface (>2% i.e. 1:50) as well as the structural slab;
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Two stage drainage basin with weep holes for the sub-surface drainage;
Porous wearing course (permits water at the membrane level to percolate to the
drains);
Wearing course should not be bonded to the membrane (a slip-sheet between the
membrane and the wearing course will provide a way for the sub-surface moisture to
get to the drains). [8]
Protection board is normally provided directly on top of the waterproofing membrane and the
primary function of the board is to provide an accessible working surface during construction
without damaging the underlying membrane. [8]
Waterproofing membrane. There are two types of protected membrane system – adhered and
loose-laid system. The loose-laid system (commonly a modified rubber material) is attached
only at the outer perimeter or edges of the structure. Although this permits the structure to
move freely without transmitting movements directly into the membrane, a defect, anywhere,
in the membrane will undermine the effectiveness of the entire waterproofing. The loose-laid
system is better under heavy soil cover. The adhered system generally performs better under
the loading conditions of traffic. The adhered system is glued on to the concrete substrate over
the entire surface. Since the membrane is attached to the concrete surface, any cracking or
structural movement is directly transmitted into the membrane. Membrane failure results in a
localised breach of the waterproofing system and the source of leakage can easily be
traced. [8]
If TT-slabs are used and the slabs have no composite concrete topping, waterproofing
membrane must not be glued at the edges of the slabs (in usage the flanges encounter
movement which might damage the membrane). When TT-slabs have a composite concrete
topping, waterproofing membrane can be glued over the entire surface.
The use of asphalt may be restricted by local fire regulations. In some countries (e.g. Sweden)
it is allowed to use asphalt both in intermediate and top floor structures. in Finland it is limited
to the top floor (open deck) and in Estonia to the ground floor only. When using it on the top
floor, it is advisable to use additional measures for waterproofing because asphalt melts in the
sun becoming vulnerable to mechanical damages and cracks (possible leakages). An example
of a floor structure with asphalt topping is shown in Annex F Drawing FL003.
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4.3. Sealers and coatings
Sealer will not stop deterioration, but will slow it and reduce future maintenance costs. In case
of a sealer, it is recommended to use a penetrating sealer rather than a film-former. Only
silane and siloxane sealers penetrate concrete. Silane molecule is smaller and penetrates
better than siloxane. The molecule reacts chemically to the cementitious substrate producing a
hydrophobic treatment that inhibits water absorption into the substrate. A higher solids-
content (active ingredient) means better penetration. E.g. Dow Corning® Z-6665 Silane is
suited for parking decks (active ingredient >98%).
The most expensive solution is polyurethane coating but it can be a convenient method in
repair. Due to its thin layers, it does not significantly increase dead loads and adds only a few
millimetres to the thickness of the structure.
Picture 4.5 – Deckshield ED for exposed decks (Flowcrete Group Ltd.)
Traffic bearing membranes (coatings) have usually different grades depending on the wear of
the surface. The membrane is rather easy to repair. The coating keeps water and water-borne
salts out of the underlying concrete and, unlike sealers, it will bridge narrow cracks which may
develop in the underlying concrete slab. [8]
4.4. Compressed topping
In case of the floor plank solution, watertightness is achieved with a compressed cast-in-situ
concrete finish (see 7.2) using pre-camber of elements.
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4.5. Falls and drainage
All parking decks must be designed to collect and canalise surface water. This is achieved with
falls, counter falls and water drainage system.
Cross-bay drainage is given with floor elements and a recommended value is at least 1:85. If
possible, side-aisles should be inclined outwards so as not to direct rainwater further into the
building (Picture 4.6 and Annex C Drawing G-2-2).
Picture 4.6 – Falls are given with elements
Counter falls must be created with cast-in-situ concrete finish using inclination approx 1:60 or
greater. Drain basins should be placed between columns rather than next to them because this
further enables to direct water away from the column and floor connection (Picture 4.7,
Picture 4.9).
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Picture 4.7 – Example of counter falls and drain basin positioning
Drain basins must be totally watertight (Picture 4.8) and in open parking houses they must be
equipped with electric heating cables (cold regions). In case of a protected membrane system
there is not only the need to drain surface water but also the moisture that filters through the
wearing surface and collects on top of the membrane. So the drains (drain basins) must be
equipped with weep holes below the surface level to drain the water away from the membrane.
It is necessary to slope the sub surface drainage layer. On intermediate decks where the
volume of moisture is small, the drainage course may be omitted.
10.2008 KLU
PENETRATIONS SEALED HYDRODUCT® FINISHED

WITH BITUTHENE LIQUID 660 ELEVATION
MEMBRANE OF DECK
1
8 INCH P
FOOT S ER
LO
DRAIN M PE TO
INIMUM
BITUTHENE® LIQUID
MEMBRANE COLLAR
PROCOR®
MEMBRANE
PROCOR WATERPROOFING SYSTEM

DRAWING: PRO030
SCALE: Not to scale

DRAIN EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/2007
SUPERCEDES: 092302
Picture 4.8 - Drain connection (with weep holes) in a protected membrane system [16]
Drains are connected under the floor structure to a gravity conduit that leads to a drainage
standpipe (placed next to a column) (Picture 4.7). If the drainage system runs along the
outside perimeter of the building, the number of stand pipes needed is related to the required
gradient and the available space between slabs, beams and the lower edge of facade elements.
For this reason in a floor plank parking house drainage system is normally along the inside
column line (Picture 4.10).
Picture 4.9 – Do not place drain basins next Picture 4.10 – drainage system runs along
to columns (do not to direct water towards the inside column line in case of the floor plan
the column-floor connection) system
10.2008 KLU
5. EXPANSION JOINTS
Several expansion joint types have been devised. Amongst expensive special complete joint
sets there are also simpler “homemade” solutions. There are two types of joint systems –
totally watertight and ones that need to be equipped with water drain channel. It is advisable
(in a less leaking or a totally watertight joint) to use elastomeric gland or neoprene seal rather
than rely entirely on a sealant because the movement capability of sealants is insufficient
(Picture 5.1). If the surfaces are not clean, the sealant will not adhere.
Picture 5.1 – Expansion joint should not

Rely entirely on a sealant. Water drain
System required!
Below (Pictures 5.2 and 5.3) are some examples of slab to slab joint sets.
89mm
51mm
Elastomeric Membreane Seal
19mm
Finish Surface
Wabocrete Pour-in-place
Elastomeric Concrete Header
"D"
(P/N - 14380H Part A,

143816 Part B, 33136 Part C)
"A" Install Seal Using
Prima-lub Adhesive.
(Optional)
Picture 5.2 – Elastomeric concrete-edged expansion joint system - Wabo®Crete Membrane

(BASF Watson Bowman Acme) [17]
10.2008 KLU
TYPE "E" STEEL EXTRUSION

ELASTOMERIC SEAL WITH SINUSOIDAL ANCHORAGE
(EFE-400 SHOWN)
WABOCRETE POURED-IN-PLACE
ELASTOMERIC CONCRETE
FINISHED SURFACE
Picture 5.3 – Metal-edged expansion joint system - Wabo®Crete StripSeal (BASF Watson
Bowman Acme) [17]
It is advisable to maintain waterproofing membrane continuity through expansion joints. If this

is not possible, drainage under the joint may be needed. One possible solution is given in
Picture 5.4. It will catch water that may enter the opening and channel it into a drain. As it is
placed under the slab it can be used as a back up to moisture protection on any expansion
joint system or extend service life of a failing one. If other solutions are used, attention must
be paid to the fact that like the joint, the drainage system also must be flexible to satisfy
required movement criteria. The drain channel of an expansion joint must not be used as a
cable trough!
EXISTING CONCRETE SLAB
EXPANSION JOINT SYSTEM

NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY
1,5mm THICK FABRIC REINFORCED

CONTINUOUS NEOPRENE
MOISTURE BARRIER 76mm LIMIT OF SHEET GOOD
OPENING
45mm
FLATHEAD CONCRETE
SCREW ANCHOR NP1 SEALANT
ALUMINUM RETAINER
OPTIONAL DRAIN TUBE

ASSEMBLY FIELD
ATTACHED. SPACING DETERMINED
BY SPECIFIC JOB REQUIREMENTS
PRE-FABRICATED DRAIN TUBE

DRAIN TUBE ASSY'S
DRAIN SYSTEM (by Others)
Picture 5.4 – Under slab drain for expansion joint - Wabo®GutterFlex (BASF Watson Bowman
Acme) [17]
Some detail examples: Annex B D114 and Annex C D218 and D219.
10.2008 KLU
6. FIRE RESISTANCE
Requirements for fire safety are subject to national regulations. In this section, an overview is
given concerning Finnish and Estonian regulations.
Finnish and Estonian regulations are more or less the same and the allowable areas for fire
compartments in parking houses are presented below. For open parking houses these areas
can be doubled. In an standalone open house with up to 5 storeys and of incombustible
materials these areas can be treated as floor areas even though different levels share the
same external driveways (ramps). In this case intermediate floors must meet at least REI60
requirements.
For a parking house to qualify as an open one
- on each floor at least 30% of wall area must be open to outside air
- open wall area on each floor must be at least 10% of respective floor area.
For a standalone parking house fire-prevention distance from other buildings must be,
depending on country specific regulations, approx 6-8 meters. If it is less, separate buildings
must be treated as one regarding fire compartments and protection classes. In case of a fire
wall, fire-prevention distance is not standardized.
Allowable area of a fire compartment depends on fire protection class (equipment) and fire
resistance class (FRC) of structures.
Fire resistance classes (FRC):
1 Fire load density and exposure time regulated; mostly non-combustible
materials;
2 fire load density not regulated; combustible materials can be used;
3 fire load density not regulated; exposure time not regulated for load bearing
structures.
There are three main fire protection classes (FPC):

I Basic fire fighting equipment;
II Automatic fire alarm and class I equipment;
III Automatic fire extinguishing system and class II equipment.
10.2008 KLU
Table 6.1 – Allowable size of fire compartments depending on fire protection class and fire
resistance class according to Estonian and Finnish regulations. Estonian [3] and Finnish [12]
FRC 1 FRC 2 FRC 3
1-8 1-2 Part of
Under- Under- Standalone
overground overground another
ground ground building
storeys storeys building
2 2 2 2 2
FPC I 2000 m 1000 m 2000 m 1000 m 500 m 200 m2
3000 m2 1500 m2 3000 m2 1500 m2 1000 m2 400 m2
FPC II 6000 m2 3000 m2 6000 m2 3000 m2 2000 m2 1000 m2
6000 m2 3000 m2 6000 m2 3000 m2 2000 m2 1000 m2
FPC III 12 000 m2 8000 m2
6000 m2 6000 m2 6000 m2 3000 m2
Case Case
10 000 m2 10 000 m2 6000 m2 3000 m2
special special
For parking houses fire load <600MJ/m2 is applied.

All parking houses with more than 2 storeys belong to fire resistance class 1. Thus both
over- and underground load-bearing structures must withstand 60min and must be of
non-combustible materials.
Parking houses up to 2 storeys belonging to fire resistance class 2 - overground load-
bearing structures must withstand 30min and underground structures 60min.
Underground structures must be of non-combustible materials.
Parking houses up to 2 storeys belonging to fire resistance class 3 – overground
structures are not regulated. Underground structures must be of non-combustible
materials and withstand 60 min (including basement ceiling).
7. PRE-CAST SYSTEMS
7.1. General points
The dimensions of parking spaces depend on the angle at which parking is arranged. This is in
turn linked to the required width of drive-ways. As currently the common dimensions of one
parking space are 5,0x2,5m, the most economical column grid in parking houses is either
5,0x17m or 7,5x17m (Picture 7.1).
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.1 – Economical column grids
There are three basic types of precast floor solutions – hollow-core slabs, floor planks or TT-
slabs. Floor plank and TT-slabs should be preferred to HCE.
7.2. Floor plank solution
A typical floor plank solution comprises of long (i.e. spanning longer direction ~17m) square
prestressed concrete beams, 5m or 7,5m long prestressed solid slabs (floor planks) and a cast-
in-situ composite topping. At first floor planks act as formwork for the cast-in-situ concrete
finish and afterwards together they form a composite floor structure.
Picture 7.2.1 - Casting of concrete topping Picture 7.2.2 – Finished floor plank solution
10.2008 KLU
A common slab thickness used in parking houses is 100mm together with a 100mm thick
concrete finish. For concurrence of the slab and the composite concrete topping, slabs need to
be either with a corrugated surface or supplied with steel loops (Pictures 7.2.3, 7.2.4 and
7.2.5).
Picture 7.2.3 – Floor plank cross-sections for slab thickness 100mm; left side with corrugated
surface and right side with steel loops [9]
Picture 7.2.4 – Floor plank with corrugated Picture 7.2.5 – Floor plank with steel
surface loops
Maximum fire-resistance for 100mm thick slab is 90min. If 120min is required 120mm slab
thickness must be used.
Maximum span depends on the thickness of the slab and the in-situ concrete finish. For
100mm slab + 100mm concrete finish, the limit is 8,5m but it is recommended not to exceed
7,5m [9]. Temporary supports may be needed during casting (see Table 7.1) depending on the
span of the slab and the thickness of the finish. It is also a point to consider during price
calculation as supports during assembly can enable to have less strands slabs which may
result in a lower overall cost.
10.2008 KLU
Table 7.1 – Temporary supports for 100mm slabs in case of 100mm concrete finish [9]
Slab length Supports
≤5,0m Temporary supports not needed
5,0-7,5m One support in the span
7,5-8,5m Two supports in the span
Table 7.2 - Typical dimensions for the floor structure [10]

Loading class F (qk, traffic = 2,5kN/m2) Loading class G (qk, traffic = 5,0kN/m2)
Loading width HSlab Hstructure Hstructure HSlab Hstructure
1)
of beam W [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
[mm] N2) L3)
5000 200 750 580 200 850
6250 200 850 630 220 970
7500 220 870 700 220 970
1)
Measures in the table are for beams cast with C60/70 concrete.
2)
“N” is a normal-height beam
3)
“L” is a special low-height beam
Prior to casting the in-situ-topping, temporary supports must be place under beams at one-
and two-third of the span (Pictures 7.2.6 and 7.2.7). If slabs require supports, this must also
be done before casting. Supports of the lower floor must not be moved until the upper floor
has also been cast (Picture 7.2.6). Supports will be removed when the in-situ concrete has
reached adequate strength (at least 50% of its design value; it is recommended to keep
supports until cast-in-situ concrete has gained 70% of its design value). After removing the
supports of both beams and slabs, the floor structure becomes compressed due to its
selfweight. This helps avoid cracks and creates a watertight surface.
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.2.6 – Removing of temporary supports
Picture 7.2.7 – Temporary supports for slabs and beams
It is very important to cast the elements at the right time because if they have to stay in the
stock for months, pre-camber can reach values more than designed thus pushing all the height
levels out of place and it is difficult to bring the camber down on site.
10.2008 KLU
In case of the floor plank system the column grid can be rather flexible. Flexibility comes from
slabs spanning in the longitudinal direction, beams in the transverse direction and also the
possibility to cut slab ends at angle with relative ease. Thus it is easy to use it in buildings with
continuous rise and to adapt to circular layouts (Pictures 7.2.8 – 7.2.12).
Picture 7.2.8 – Tekla structures 3D model for the P3 parking

house at Helsinki-Vantaa airport
Picture 7.2.9 - Tekla structures 3D model for the P3 parking

house at Helsinki-Vantaa airport
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.2.10 – P3 parking house at an early Picture 7.2.11 – P3 beams arranged radially
assembly stage
Picture 7.2.12 – the floor planks in P3 are

trapetzoid shape
Floor planks can also be used in a composite structure with steel beams (Pictures 7.2.13 and
7.2.14).
Picture 7.2.13 – Floor planks and a Picture 7.2.14 – Floor planks and a
composite composite beam beam (Stockman, Tallinn)
10.2008 KLU
Pros and cons
+ ceiling has a smooth and even lower - Beams require high grade concrete
surface
+ small selfweight (~5kN/m2 i.e. - Floor structure needs temporary supports
100mm slab and 100mm topping)
+ easy to use in all shapes and types of - Floor structure must always have a composite
parking houses concrete topping (weather protection when
casting in the winter!)
+ lower risk of freeze-thaw damage
+ good resistance to cracking
+ no need for separate waterproofing
measures
7.3. TT-slab solution
In case of a typical parking house layout TT-slab spans 17m and it is recommended to use
either height 600mm with leg width at least 165mm or height 700mm with leg width 120mm.
As a common parking space width is 2,5m it is possible to use a 2,5m wide TT-slab that will
exactly fit the module of a 900 angle layout. Although in some cases TT-slab floors have been
designed without any topping or as factory pre-topped, it is still advisable to design a concrete
finish and to make it cast-in-situ. The concrete finish should be designed as a composite
structure and the minimum thickness of the finish is 50-60mm.
When designing the connection of TT-slab and spandrel beam, torsion should be avoided. Thus
a common one-sided ledged beam is of no good in a parking house. It is recommended to use
either a rectangle beam (needs an border element to cover the end of the TT-slab!) or a high
L-shaped beam (centering the point of support as mush as possible). Some of the typical TT-
slab and beam connections are shown in Picture 7.3.1 and in more detail in Annex C
Drawings D200 – D208.
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.3.1 – Basic types of TT-slab and beam connections
It is important in the design phase to take into account the precamber of TT-slabs and beams
especially when determining height levels, at places where a change occurs in TT-slab length
(Picture 7.3.2) and when designing RC border connections. Heavy precast borders should not
be supported on TT-slab flanges. Instead it is better to have shorter column spacing and to
support RC borders on the concrete corbel of a column (Annex C Drawing D215).
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.3.2 – Design mistake - difference of TT-slab precamber at change of slab length
Intermediate floors in a TT-slab solution do not need extra waterproofing. The amount of water
is small and risk of freeze-thaw damage low but attention must be paid to selecting the correct
concrete grade and to the quality of works because unlike the floor plank solution the topping
of a TT-slab floor is not compressed and cracks can easily form.
If it is acceptable by the client, it is possible in warmer countries e.g. in Netherlands, to use

TT-slabs without a concrete topping and only elastic sealant is used to finish the joints
between slabs (Pictures 7.3.3, 7.3.4 and 7.3.5). The surface of the slab is roughened with
brushing. Client must be made aware of the possibility of water leakages when using this kind
of solution!
10.2008 KLU
Picture 7.3.3 – Elastic jointing of TT-slab to Picture 7.3.4 – TT-slabs without a concrete
column connection topping
Picture 7.3.5 – The surface of TT-slabs is

roughened with brushing if a concrete topping
is not used.
Pros and cons

+ smaller selfweight than hollow-core slab - Ceiling has an uneven lower surface
solution (approx <6kN/m2)
+ lower risk of freeze-thaw damage - possible differences in precamber
+ no need for temporary supports - possible damages during transportation
+ due to the large area of slabs there are
less lifts during assembly
+ possible to use also without a concrete
topping (in mild climates)
10.2008 KLU
7.4. Hollow-core slab solution
Spans in parking houses are commonly long so as to minimize the number of columns in
parking area. Thus hollow-core slabs should span longer and beams shorter direction. If
parking is arranged at 900 angle, the span of one aisle is approximately 17m and thus slab
thickness 400mm is used. The maximum span and load-bearing capacity of HCE depends on
the solution of cast-in-place floor finishing - whether it has been designed as a composite
structure or not.
For distributed vehicular load value qk = 2,5kN/m2, the following guidelines apply [10]:
HCE400 + 60mm non composite cast-in-situ finishing Lmax = 17,0m
HCE400 + 50mm composite cast-in-situ finishing Lmax = 18,0m
HCE400 + 80mm composite cast-in-situ finishing Lmax = 17,4m
Connection details used in parking houses are rather common to those used in other types of
frame buildings. Hollow-core slabs are supported on precast ledged concrete beams. Beams
can be connected to columns either by concrete corbels or hidden steel corbels (hot dip zinc
coated). Notched slabs need to be supported at the columns and concrete corbels should be
preferred to steel supports.
Concrete grade for the cast-in-situ topping should not be lower than C35/45 (with frost-
resistant aggregate). Topping is normally reinforced with meshes but also fiber-reinforcement
can be used.
With hollow-core slabs there is always the problem and possibility of water gathering in the
cores, water drainage holes getting congested and freezing-thawing causing damage to the
elements. For this reason water drainage holes Ø≥20mm must be drilled to the bottom surface
of each core and at both ends of the slab and they will not be closed afterwards.
Pros and cons

+ smooth and even lower surface - considerably large selfweight (~6,7kN/m2)
+ easier to use ledged beams - greater risk of freeze-thaw damage
- need of longitudinal and peripheral
reinforcement and joint casting
10.2008 KLU
7.5. Waffle slab solution
The waffle slab solution can be used in countries with mild climate because the typical solution
does not have a concrete topping and the joints are finished with elastic sealant. No special
membranes or layers are used for waterproofing the floor structure.
In the waffle slab solution the floor structure comprises of two types of elements – the TTP-
slabs (see Annex E Drawing G-4-5) and the VPP-slab (the so called waffle slab; see Annex E
Drawing G-4-4). The TTP-slabs span 16,4m with a width of approx 2,5m. The TTP-slabs are
commonly supported on wall-panels that have pockets for the slab ribs (“legs”). The VPP-slabs
(length approx 8,2m and width 2,5m) are supported on TTP-slab edges.
Pictures 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 – Typical waffle slab parking house structure
Picture 7.4.2 – Two VPP-slabs are supported

between TTP-slabs
10.2008 KLU
The structure is stiffened with walls in both direction. The floor structure does not have in-
plane stiffness. Thus in the longitudinal direction staircase walls and corner walls (on which
first TTP-slabs are supported) are used for stability and in the transverse direction staircase
walls and ramp-walls. For this reason the height of the building is commonly also limited to 4
floors.
The cross-bay drainage is achieved with the double sloped of the TTP-slabs. As in this solution
the elements do not have a concrete topping nor any other covering layers the counter falls
must thus be made in the elements themselves (see Annex E Drawings G-4-2, G-4-4 and
G-4-5).
The joints between floor-slabs are finished with elastic sealant but the possibility of water
leakage remains. As the slab connections are flexible they also enable movement so there are
no special expansion joints in the longitudinal direction.
Pros and cons

+ Small selfweight (~3,6kN/m2) - Large number of expensive steel connections
(stainless steel or hot dip galvanized)
+ Fast assembly time - Use limited only to mild climates
- Limited flexibility of element layout
- Floor-slabs have complicated cross-section
10.2008 KLU
8. OTHER DETAILS
8.1. Cast-in-situ concrete finish
The following instructions in chapters 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 are according to [9].
8.1.1. Casting
Before casting the in-situ topping the surface of slabs must be cleaned by using brushes,
pressurized air or water. When water is used, cleaning must be done well in time for the
redundant water to dry out. Great care must be paid to removing any fine particles (dust) from
the surface. Absorbed dirt (e.g. oils) and solid substances (concrete splashes) must be
removed mechanically. If corrugated floor planks are used, the grooves need special
inspection.
It is recommended to moisten the surface but it should be done not later than at least
48 hours before in-situ casting. The surface of slabs should be dry or damp but not wet.
The in-situ concrete in parking houses should be C35/45 with frost-resistant aggregate
(wearing surface). To minimize shrinkage and risk of cracks maximum possible grain-size and
low-slump mix is recommended.
Concrete should be spread out in an as even course as possible because uneven layers cause
differences in deflections, toothing of slabs and in worst case might lead to exceeding bearing
capacity. Concrete must be compacted systematically and carefully to secure a good bond
between slab and in-situ concrete. Good compacting is especially important near edges, holes,
openings and casting joints. Spud vibrator must not be dragged in horizontal direction because
of risk of separation in concrete. Regardless of camber the upper surface of in-situ concrete is
levelled horizontal unless otherwise specified in project documentation. (Picture 8.1).
Picture 8.1 – Casting the topping of a floor plank floor
10.2008 KLU
Lower surface of slab joints should be cleaned (brushed or washed) after casting while
concrete is still fresh.
8.1.2. Curing
Curing of cast-in-situ concrete must commence directly after casting and it must be done with
great care!
The purpose of concrete curing is to ensure development of strength and to prevent a fast dry
out. Shrinkage of concrete is nearly independent of length of curing period. When curing is
stopped, shrinkage still occurs in concrete due to the evaporation of water. However, a long
curing time will help concrete better resist these tensions. Curing must commence directly
after casting. Curing time must be at least three days (a week in cold winter conditions).
Concrete is cured either by watering, plastic covers or using special substances.
Watering is a good method for securing the growth of concrete strength but cannot be used to
prevent plastic shrinkage as watering can be started only after the water no longer washes
away cement and smaller aggregates from the surface. Another disadvantage of this method is
its need for workforce and its inappropriateness in cold winter conditions.
Covering of concrete surface is a good method since it requires no additional water and can
prevent plastic shrinkage as long as covers are applied directly after casting and all
connections are properly taped. This can be used in winter and also when it is necessary to
protect the surface from rain.
8.2. Façade elements and barriers
Whether there is a need to calculate for impact or not depends on the designer - is the
element border the only border thus needing to perform the task of barrier or not. There is
also the question of deformation to take into account - does it need to be stiff or can it lend to
some deformation, are additional steel barriers used (Pictures 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.8) or stoppers
attached to the floor (Picture 8.2) etc. Precast concrete barriers should be kept as low as
possible so as to fulfill the minimum requirement of open wall area set for open parking
houses. Designer must always check this matter with the architect when proposing a solution
for the concrete border. This is why it is recommended (especially in case of a TT-slab
10.2008 KLU
solution) to keep the height of facade elements reaching just 100mm over the in-situ topping
only as to enable casting of in-situ topping (Pictures 8.3, 8.7, 8.8).
Below some examples are given on different materials and solutions. If concrete barriers are
used in façade, it is further more advisable to have an additional metal rail between columns
so that the concrete barrier need not be calculated for impact load. Thus it is possible to keep
the element weight low and use lighter and easier connections. Long and heavy concrete
panels should be supported on steel or concrete corbels (Annex C Drawing D215). In most
cases (recommended) concrete in facade should only be used for screening floor structure!
Picture 8.2 - steel profile (stopper) Picture 8.3 – concrete border in combination
attached to the floor with a metal railing
Picture 8.4 – steel borders
10.2008 KLU
Picture 8.5 – steel borders and an open Picture 8.6 - concrete border water
drainage system elements
Picture 8.7 - steel borders Picture 8.8- steel borders
10.2008 KLU
USED LITERATURE
1 Betonirakenteiden käyttösuunnitteluohje, Parma Betonila, 2005 (Design Instructions for

Working Life of Concrete Structures)
2 BY 51 “ Betonirakenteiden käyttöikäsuunnittelu”, 2007 (Design of Working Life of
Concrete Structures)
3 Eesti projekteerimisnormid. Ehitise tuleohutus. Osa 3. Garaažid, Eesti Ehitusteave,
1998 (Estonian Design Specifications. Fire Safety of Buildings. Part 3. Garages)
4 EN 206-1:2007, Concrete. Part 1: Specification, performance, production and
conformity
5 EN 1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions –
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
6 EN 1992-1-1:2007, Concrete structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for design of
buildings
7 EN 1992-1-2:2006, Concrete structures. Part 1-2: Fire resistance
8 Parking Structures: Planning, Design, Construction, Maintenance and Repair. Anthony
P. Chrest, Mary S. Smith, Sam Bhuyan, Mohammad Igbal, Donald R. Monahan, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Third printing, 2004
9 Parel liitolaattojen suunniteluohjeet, Parma Betonila, 1999 (Design Practice
Recommendations for ”Parel” Composite Slabs)
10 ParmaTempo – pysäköintitalot (kootut ohjeet), Parma Betonila (”ParmaTempo” Parking
Houses Manual)
11 Strängbetongs systemhandböcker, P-HUS, 2007 (Strängbetong Handbook, Parking
Houses)
12 Suomen rakentamismääräyskokoelma. Autosuojien paloturvallisuus. Ohjeet, 2005
(Collection of Finnish Building Regulations. Fire Safety of Parking Sturctures.
Regulations)
13 http://www.flowcrete.com/products/Car_Park_Decking/
14 http://www.livingsteel.org/corrosion-3
15 http://www.livingsteel.org/corrosion-4
16 http://www.na.graceconstruction.com/prodline.cfm?did=11
17 http://wbacorp.com/Products/ProductResults.aspx?FamilyID=3#6

ANNEX A 10.2008 KLU
Comparison of pre-cast floor solutions
Floor plank TT-slab Hollow core slab Waffle slab

Layout direction Slabs – longitudinal Slabs – transverse Slabs – transverse TTP-slabs transverse
direction direction direction direction; VPP-slabs
Beams – transverse Beams –longitudinal Beams –longitudinal longitudinal direction.
direction direction direction Walls –longitudinal direction
Flexibility of column grid Flexible by varying slab 2,5m width slab module More flexible than Building restricted to
length. Easy to use in makes flexibility more TT-slabs due to smaller rectangular layout. Fixed
buildings with continuous complicated. Possibility width and possibility of aisle width 16,4m.
rise and easiest (of the to cast slabs without cutting narrower panels.
three solutions described flanges if narrower Possible problems with
here) to adapt to circular elements are needed or precamber if differences
layouts use slabs with one rib. in slab length.
Need of temporary supports Beams – yes
during assembly Slabs – depending on No No No
slab length
Need of joint reinforcement
No No Yes No
and casting
Need of composite topping Yes/No Possible with and
Topping is common in without.
colder regions; in
Yes No
warmer countries
practiced also without a
concrete topping
Watertightness of upper most Concrete structure is Requires separate Requires separate Used without waterproofing;
deck waterproof waterproofing waterproofing possibility of leakages
Lower surface of ceiling Even Ribbed Even Ribbed
Assembly (beam, slabs,
~200m2/day ~240m2/day ~170m2/day
joints, topping)
Selfweight of floor structure
~5,0kN/m2 ~6,0kN/m2 ~6,7kN/m2 ~3,6kN/m2
(slabs and topping)
Risk of freeze-thaw damage Low Low Great N/A

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PARKING HOUSE CONCEPT Page 1/48

STRUCTURAL DESIGN Date: -

STRUCTURAL DESIGN Date: -

STRUCTURAL DESIGN Date: -

8.1. Cast-in-situ concrete finish ............................................................................. 44

Annex A Comparison of precast floor solutions in parking houses

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1.1. Vertical loads

Table 1.1 – Vertical loads in parking houses according to EN 1991-1-1

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1.2. Horizontal loads

1.2.1. Geometric imperfections

Wind loads can be calculated according to EN 1991-1-4. In calculations a simplified method

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Picture 1.1 – simplification of applying wind load on an open parking house

Accidental actions must be calculated according to Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-7). Accidental

Impact on supporting structures is calculated according to EN 1991-1-7 4.3.1.

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2. DURABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

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mix consistence depending on environmental class Table F1

Paints and varnishes. Corrosion protection of steel EN ISO 12944-2

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C50/60 for 25mm rebar

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Table 2.3 – Environments in corrosion categories of metals and alloys [14]

Corrosivity category Environment

C1 very low Indoor spaces with occasional condensation

C2 low Dry indoor spaces

C4 high Indoor spaces: chemical industry, swimming pools, seaside

C5-I very high Outdoor air: very humid industrial atmosphere

C5-M very high Outdoor air: saline seaside atmosphere

Corrosivity category Rate of corrosion in the first year

ISO 9223 and EN ISO 12944-2 EN ISO 14713

Carbon steel Zinc

C1 very low <= 1,3 <= 0,1

C2 low 1,3 - 25 0,1 - 0,7

C3 medium 25 - 50 0,7 - 2,1

C4 high 50 - 80 2,1 - 4,2

C5-I very high 80 - 200 4,2 - 8,4

C5-M very high 80 - 200 4,2 - 8,4

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3.2. Shear walls

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Picture 3.1 – Examples of shear wall arrangement [8]

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Picture 3.2 – TT-slab supported directly Picture 3.3 – TT-slab supported on a

3.3. Cantilever columns

Cantilever columns with a cross-section of 500x500mm provide sufficient stability in low-rise

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Picture 3.8 – Positioning of wide cross-section columns on the centre line

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Picture 3.9 – RC brace between columns Picture 3.10 – RC brace connection to

Picture 3.11 – RC braces in the parking house

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3.5. Steel braces

Picture 3.14 – steel braces stiffening the

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4. ROOF SOLUTIONS, WATERTIGHTNESS AND WATER DRAINAGE

Picture 4.1 – Damages to concrete topping Picture 4.2 – Meshes exposed in

Picture 4.3 - Damages to column due to

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