Short Suggestion for Semester Final Exam

★ Principle of Non-discrimination: MFN and NT, Features of NT, Exceptions to MFN

‰elg¨nxb bxwZ (Principle of Non-discrimination) t WTO AvB‡b ‰elg¨nxbZvi bxwZi GKwU g~j
aviYv Ges Gi `ywU cÖavb bxwZ i‡q‡Q: me©vwaK myweavcÖvß-RvwZ (MFN) AvPi‡Yi eva¨evaKZv Ges RvZxq
AvPi‡Yi eva¨evaKZv| mnR K_vq, MFN AvPiY eva¨evaKZv, GKwU ‡`k‡K Ab¨vb¨ ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ‰elg¨
Kiv ‡_‡K wbwl× K‡i; RvZxq AvPiYeva¨evaKZv GKwU ‡`k‡K Ab¨ ‡`‡ki cÖwZ ‰elg¨ Kiv ‡_‡K wbwl×
K‡i| ‰elg¨nxbZvi GB `ywU bxwZ cix¶v K‡i KviY Zviv c‡Y¨i evwYR¨ Ges cwi‡levi evwY‡R¨i ‡¶‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨|
‡gv÷ ‡dfviW ‡bkb (Most-favoured-nation (MFN) t WTO-i wZbwU g~j Pzw³‡ZB ‡gv÷ ‡dfviW
‡bkb (Most-favoured-nation (MFN) m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q (Article 1 of GATT, Article 2 of GATS
and Article 4 of TRIPS)| ‡gv÷ ‡dfviW ‡bkb (MFN) Gi A_© nj GKwU m`m¨ iv‡ó«i Øviv Ab¨‡`i
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ ‡hgb myweavRbK AvPiY Kiv nq ‡Zgwb GwU Zvi 'me‡P‡q cQ‡›`i' m`‡m¨i mv‡_ AvPiY
K‡i, A_©vr ‡h iv‡óªi mv‡_ Gi me‡P‡q fvj evwYR¨ m¤úK© Zvi mv‡_ †hgb AvPiY Ab¨‡`i mv‡_I GKB
iKg|
GK K_vq GwU nj GK AMÖvwaKvi, hv wZbwU Pyw³i Øviv Ave×| wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi Aaxb¯’ ‡`k¸wj mvaviYZ
Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK Askx`vi‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KvD‡K we‡kl myweav bv w`‡q mg¯Í m`m¨ ‡`k‡K
GKB KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GB bxwZ A_©vr ‡gv÷ ‡dfviW ‡bkb ms‡¶‡c MFN-Gi gva¨‡g ‡KvbI ‡`k‡K
we‡kl myweav ‡`Iqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| ‡mBg‡Zv evwYR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ïé I evwYR¨ (GATT) msµvšÍ mvaviY
Pyw³, MFN I ‡U«W Bb ‡Rbv‡ij GwMÖ‡g›U Ab ‡U«W A¨vÛ mvwf©‡mm (GATS) Ges eyw×e…wËK m¤úwËi AwaKv‡ii
evwYR¨ msµvšÍ w`K¸wji Pyw³ mv¶wiZ nq| GB wZbwU wgwjZ Pyw³i Dci we‡kl myweav ‡`Iqv nq|
b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g›U (National Treatment) t WTO-i wZbwU g~j Pzw³‡ZB b¨vkbvj wUªU‡g›U m¤ú‡K© ejv
n‡q‡Q (Article 3 of GATT, Article 17 of GATS and Article 3 of TRIPS)| b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g›U nj
AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi GKwU aviYv hv ‡NvlYv K‡i ‡h hw` ‡Kv‡bv ivó« Zvi wb‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i wKQy AwaKvi I
my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i, Z‡e eZ©gv‡b ‡`‡k _vKv we‡`wk‡`i mgZyj¨ AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb Kiv
DwPZ| b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g›U nj Ab¨‡K wb‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i g‡Zv GKB AvPiY ‡`Iqvi bxwZ|
Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨ evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi ci Zv‡`i ¯’vbxqfv‡e Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i g‡ZvB we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ,
we‡`kx Ges ‡`kxq cwi‡lev Ges we‡`kx Ges ¯’vbxq ‡U«WgvK©, KwcivBU Ges ‡c‡U‡›Ui ‡¶‡ÎI b¨vkbvj
wU«U‡g›U cÖ‡hvR¨|
b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g‡›Ui ˆewkó¨ (Features of National Treatment) t
(1) b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g›U nj Ab¨‡K wb‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i g‡Zv GKB AvPiY ‡`Iqvi bxwZ|
(2) Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨ evRv‡i c«‡ek Ki‡j, we‡`kx Ges ‡`kxq cwi‡lev Ges we‡`kx I ¯’vbxq
‡U«WgvK©, KwcivBU Ges ‡c‡U‡›Ui ‡¶‡ÎI b¨vkbvj wU«U‡g›U cÖ‡hvR¨|
 (3) WTO-i wZbwU g~j Pzw³‡ZB b¨vkbvj wUªU‡g›U m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q (Article 3 of GATT,
Article 17 of GATS and Article 3 of TRIPS)|

MFN Gi wKQy e¨wZµg Aby‡gvw`Z t

K) gy³ evwYR¨ Pyw³ (Free trade agreements (FTAs) – ïaygvÎ wb‡R‡`i †`‡ki g‡a¨ evwYR¨ Kiv cY¨¸wji
Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ wKš‘ evB‡ii cY¨¸wji mv‡_ ‰elg¨ K‡i Ggb ‡`k¸wj GKwU gy³ evwYR¨ Pyw³ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i
|
L) ‡Rbv‡ijvBRW wm‡÷g Ad wcÖdv‡iÝ (Generalised system of preference (GSP)- ‡h †Kvb ‡`k Dbœqbkxj
‡`k¸wj‡K Zv‡`i evRv‡i we‡kl A¨v‡·m w`‡Z cv‡i|
M) Ab¨vh¨ evwY‡R¨i weiæ‡× evav (Barriers against unfair trade)- ‡Kvb wbw`©ó †`‡ki c‡Y¨ A‰ea evwYR¨
g‡b n‡j GKwU ‡`k cY¨¸wji weiæ‡× evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
N) cwi‡lev¸wj‡Z ‰elg¨ (Discrimination in services)- cwi‡levi †ÿ‡Î ‡`k¸wj‡K mxwgZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ‰elg¨
Kivi AbygwZ †`Iqv nq|
O) e¨v‡jÝ Ad ‡c‡g›U (BoP) mgm¨v (Balance of Payment (BoP) problem)- GKRb GATT m`m¨ mvgwqK
wfwˇZ Zvi A_©c`Ö v‡bi mgm¨v KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ Avg`vwb I ißvwbi ‡ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨ eRvq ‡i‡L AMÖvwaKv‡ii
Avk«q wb‡Z cv‡ib (GATT-Gi aviv 12 - myi¶v e¨e¯’v)
P) ‡`kxq wk‡í ¸iæZi ÿwZ (Offsetting serious injury to domestic industries) - GKRb GATT m`m¨ ewa©Z
Avg`vwb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Øviv m…ó ‡`kxq wk‡íi ¸iæZi ¶wZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU myi¶v e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e Avg`vwb I
ißvwbi AMÖvwaKvig~jK AvPiY Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡ib (GATT-Gi aviv 19)|
wKš‘ Pyw³¸wj ïaygvÎ K‡Vvi k‡Z© GB e¨wZµg¸wji AbygwZ ‡`q|

★ Dumping: meaning, essential elements, margin, lesser duty rule, types of anti-
dumping action, prohibited dumping
Wvw¤ús (Dumping) t Wvw¤ús g~j¨ ‰el‡g¨i GKwU iƒc wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nq, GB kãwU AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨i
‡cÖ¶vc‡U e¨eüZ nq| GwU hLb GKwU ‡`k ev ‡Kv¤úvwb Ggb g~‡j¨ GKwU cY¨ ißvwb K‡i hv g~j ‡`‡ki
MÖvnK‡`i Øviv cÖ`Ë g~‡j¨i ‡P‡q we‡`kx Avg`vbxi evRv‡i g~j¨ Kg| Avg`vwbi evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
myweav cvIqvi j‡¶¨ B”QvK…Z fv‡e GwU Kiv nq| ‡h‡nZy Wvw¤ús-G mvaviYZ GKwU c‡Y¨i h‡_ó ißvwbi
cwigvY RwoZ _v‡K, GwU cÖvqkB Avg`vwbKviK ‡`‡k cY¨wUi cÖ¯‘ZKvix ‡`k ev ‡Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K
Kvh©KvwiZv‡K wecbœ K‡i|
GATT-Gi aviv 2 Abyhvqx ‡Kvb cb¨ Wvw¤ús n‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU jÿ¨Yxq welq:-
K) Drcv`bKvix †`‡ki ¯^vfvweK evRvi g~‡j¨i †P‡q Avg`vbxK…Z †`‡ki evRvi g~j¨ Kg n‡Z n‡e|
L) Z…Zxq †Kvb †`‡ki †P‡q g~j¨ Kg n‡Z n‡e|
M) Drcv`b Li‡Pi Zzjbvq g~j¨ Kg n‡Z n‡e|
Wvw¤ús Gi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb (Essensial elements of Dumping) t
K) Avg`vbxwU Aek¨B Wv¤úU n‡Z n‡e|
L) Avg`vbxi d‡j Amvgvb¨ ÿwZ ev ÿwZi m¤¢vebv _vK‡Z n‡e|
M) Avg`vbx e„w× Ges ißvbx n«vm nIqv|
N) Wvw¤ús Ges Amvgvb¨ ÿwZi g‡a¨ Kvh©KviY wjsK _vKv|
Margin: Wv¤úK…Z c‡Y¨i Actual price (A_vr Drcv`b LiP ev †`kxq evRvi g~j¨ ev Z…Zxq †Kvb iv‡óª
g~j¨) Ges Wv¤úK…Z c‡Y¨i Export price g‡a¨ †h e¨eavb, Zv‡K Margin ejv nq| †hgb aiæb, GKwU
c‡Y¨i †`kxq Af¨všÍixb g~j¨ 15 UvKv Ges Wv¤úK…Z †`‡k D³ c‡Y¨i g~j¨ 12 UvKv, G‡ÿ‡Î cY¨wUi Margin
n‡e 3 UvKv|
Kg ï‡éi wbqg (Lesser Duty Rule) t
K) Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi †P‡q Kg ¯Í‡i ïé Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e|
L) Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi †P‡q †ekx ¯Í‡i ïé Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e bv|
M) hw` Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi Kg ïé Av‡iv‡ci Kvi‡Y ÿwZc~iY bv nq Z‡e Wvw¤ús gvwR©b eivei ïé Av‡ivc
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi Dc‡i ïé Av‡ivc m¤ú~Y© †eAvBbx|
N) Gw›U Wvw¤ús ïé ÿwZc~iY K‡i wKbv Zv GKwU weZK©‡hvM¨ welq, KL‡bv GwU ÿwZc~i‡Y mÿg nq Avevi
KL‡bv KL‡bv GwUB ÿwZi KviY n‡q I‡V|
Type of Anti-dumping Actiont t Pzw³‡Z wZb ai‡Yi Gw›U Wvw¤ús e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q:-

K) A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v (Provisional measures) (Article 7)

i. GUv A¯’vqx n‡Z n‡e|
ii. Gw›U-Wvw¤ús ï‡éi cwigv‡bi mgvb bM` ev eÛ Øviv GKwU RvgvbZ n‡Z cv‡i|
iii. ‡hLv‡b Wvw¤ús-Gi cÖv_wgK cÖgvY (prima facie), Amvgvb¨ ÿwZ (material injury) Ges
cÖv_wgKfv‡e Kvh©KviY wjsK (causal link) cvIqv hvq, †mLv‡b GwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
L) g~j¨ wba©viY (Price undertakings) (Article 8)
i. g~j¨ wba©viY n‡jv Wv¤úK…Z c‡Y¨i g~j¨ ms‡kvab Kiv ev Wv¤ú Kiv `v‡g ißvbx eÜ Kiv|
ii. ‡hLv‡b Wvw¤ús, ÿwZ Ges Kvh©KviY wjs‡Ki m¤¢vebv _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î GwU cÖ‡hvR¨|
 iii. hw` KZ…©cÿ g‡b K‡i †h `v‡gi gva¨‡g ÿwZc~iY Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Ges GB ai‡Yi †ÿ‡Î, KZ©„cÿ Z`šÍ
eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i ev P~ovšÍ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Z`šÍ Pvjv‡Z cv‡i|
M) wbw`©ó Gw›U Wvw¤ús ïé (Definitive anti-dumping duties) (Article 9)
i. Gw›U-Wvw¤ús ïé Av‡ivc Ges msMÖn Kiv Avek¨K|
ii. Gw›U-Wvw¤ús ïé Avek¨B ˆelg¨nxbfv‡e Av‡ivc Ges msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
iii. Gw›U-Wvw¤ús ï‡éi cwigvb Z`‡šÍi mgq MbYv Kiv Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi †ekx n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
iv. Wvw¤ús gvwR©‡bi †ekx ïé A‰ea|
v. Avg`vbxKviK †`‡ki KZ…©c‡ÿi Zid †_‡K Gw›U-Wvw¤ús ïé Av‡ivc Hw”QK Ges we‡ePbvg~jK|
wbwl× Wvw¤ús (Prohibited Dumping) t WTO Pzw³ Abyhvqx Wvw¤ús †Kvb A‰ea evwYR¨ bq, KviY Wv¤ú
g~jZ †`kxq evRv‡i cY¨ wewµi ci AwZwi³ cY¨¸wj‡K Drcv`b LiP Ges jvf cybiæ×v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv
nq| Wvw¤ús‡qi D‡Ïk¨ hw` nvbxKi bvI nq ZeyI GUv Avg`vbxKviK †`‡ki Af¨všÍixb wkí‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i|
GUv GK ai‡Yi Unfair evwYR¨, KviY G‡Z e¨emvq ˆelg¨ m„wó K‡i, evRv‡i weK…wZ NUvq Ges †`‡ki ÿwZi
K‡i| Z‡e Wvw¤ús A‰ea bv n‡jI wb‡¤œv³ ai‡Yi Wvw¤ús‡K wbwl× †Nvlbv Kiv n‡q‡Qt-
K) hw` †Kvb Wvw¤ús Gi D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K Ab¨ †`‡ki gv‡K©U‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ Kiv| Ges
L) ‡h mKj Wvw¤ús c‡Y¨i Origin jyKv‡bv _v‡K|

★ Subsidies: meaning, types of subsidies, remedies against prohibited subsidies,

remedies against actionable subsidies, types of countervailing measures
fZ©ywK (Subsidy) t fZz©wK nj GK ai‡Yi myweav, hv ‡Kvb iv‡óªi miKvi KZ…©K bM`, Aby`vb ev U¨v· n«v‡mi
gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev e¨emvqxK cÖwZôvb‡K w`‡q _v‡K Ges hv wbw`©ó cY¨ I cwi‡levi mieivn‡K DbœZ K‡i|
fZ©ywKi gva¨‡g †fv³viv mn‡R cY¨ µq Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
g~jZ miKvi KZ©„K wbw`©ó wk‡í fZz©wK cÖ`vb Kiv nq hv‡Z cY¨ I cwi‡levi `vg Kg ivLv hvq| hv‡Z gvbyl
cY¨ µ‡q Zv‡`i mvg_©¨ eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i|
fZ©ywKi aiY (Type of Subsidy) t SCM Agreement G `yB ai‡Yi fZ©ywKi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vt
(1) †`kxq Drcv`b fZz©wK Ges
(2) ißvbx fZz©wK
†`kxq Drcv`b fZz©wK (Domestic Subsidy) t ‡`kxq Drcv`b fZ©ywK mvaviYZ `ywU cÖavb Kvi‡Y e¨eüZ
nq| cÖ_gZ, fZ©ywK GKwU wbw`©ó wk‡í Drcv`K‡`i Avq evov‡bvi GKwU Dcvq cÖ`vb K‡i| GB Kvi‡YB
A‡bK ‡`k K…wl c‡Y¨ Drcv`b fZ©ywK cÖ‡qvM K‡i: GwU K…lK‡`i Avq evOvq| Drcv`b fZ©ywK e¨envi Kivi
wØZxq KviY nj GKwU wbw`©ó c‡Y¨i AvDUcyU‡K DÏxwcZ Kiv| GwU Kiv n‡Z cv‡i KviY cY¨wU‡K RvZxq
wbivcËvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j a‡i ‡bIqv nq| GB hyw³ KLbI KLbI K…wl cY¨, ‡mBmv‡_ B¯úvZ, ‡gvUi
hvbevnb, gnvKvk wkí, Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cY¨ fZ©ywK b¨vh¨Zv Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| ‡`k¸wj wKQy wkí‡K
fZ©ywK w`‡ZI B”QyK n‡Z cv‡i hw` wek¦vm Kiv nq ‡h wkí¸wj A_©bxwZi e…wׇK DÏxwcZ Kivi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
GB Kvi‡YB A‡bK ‡Kv¤úvwb M‡elYv I Dbœqb fZ©ywK MÖnY K‡i| hw`I GB fZ©ywK K‡Vvifv‡e Drcv`b fZ©ywK
bq, ZviciI Zv GKB iKg cÖfve ‡dj‡Z cv‡i|
ißvbx fZz©wK (Export Subsidy) t ißvwb fZ©ywK ‡KejgvÎ ‡mB cwigvY ev g~‡j¨i Rb¨ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i hv
cÖK…Zc‡¶ ißvwb Kiv nq| ißvwb fZ©ywK GKwU evwYR¨ bxwZ wnmv‡e ‡k«Yxe× Kiv nq, ‡hLv‡b Drcv`b fZ©ywK
GKwU ‡`kxq bxwZ|
Pyw³‡Z fZ©ywKi `ywU wefvM msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q: wbwl× fZz©wK (Article 3) Ges Kvh©Kix fZz©wK (Article 5)|
GwU‡Z g~jZ GKwU Z…Zxq wefvM wQj: A-Kvh©‡hvM¨ fZ©ywK (Article 8)| GB wefvMwU cvuP eQ‡ii Rb¨ we`¨gvb
wQj, 31 wW‡m¤^i 1999-G ‡kl n‡qwQj Ges Avi evov‡bv nqwb| Pyw³wU K…wl c‡Y¨i cvkvcvwk wkí c‡Y¨i
‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, 2003 mv‡ji ‡k‡li w`‡K ‡gqv` ‡kl nIqvi Kvi‡Y K…wl Pyw³i "kvwšÍ aviv" Gi Aax‡b fZ©ywK
Qvo ‡`Iqv nq|
wbwl× fZ©ywK (Prohibited Subsidy) t GwU Ggb fZz©wK, hv wbw`©ó jÿ¨gvÎi ißvbx c~iY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq
ev Avg`vbxK…Z c‡Y¨i cwie‡Z© †`kxq cY¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| G¸wj wbwl× KviY G¸wj we‡klfv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK
evwYR¨‡K weK…Z Kivi Rb¨ wWRvBb Kiv nq hvi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki evwYR¨‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ Kivi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
WTO dispute settlement procedure Gi gva¨‡g P¨v‡jÄ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b Zv‡`i GKwU Z¡wiZ
mgqm~Pxi Aax‡b cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| hw` dispute settlement procedure wbwðZ K‡i †h, fZz©wK wbwl×
Z‡e Zv Awej‡¤^ cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Awf‡hvMKvix †`k cvëv e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i| fZz©wKhy³ cY¨
Avg`vbx‡Z †`kxq Drcv`bKvixiv ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡j, KvD›Uvi‡fwjs ïé Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| (Article 3)
Kvh©Kix fZ©ywK (Actionable Subsidy) t GB †kÖwY‡Z Awf‡hvMKvix †`k‡K †`Lv‡Z n‡e †h, fZz©wK Zvi
¯^v‡_©i Dci weiæc cÖfve †d‡j Ab¨_vq, fZz©wK Aby‡gvw`Z n‡e| Pzw³‡Z wZb ai‡Yi ÿwZi msÁv †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q hv Zviv NUv‡Z cv‡i| GKwU †`‡ki fZ©ywK, GKwU Avg`vbxKviK †`‡k, GKwU †`kxq wkí‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zviv Ab¨ †`‡ki cÖwZ`›`x ißvbxKviK‡`i ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i hLb Zviv Z…Zxq evRv‡i
cÖwZ‡hvMxZv K‡i Ges GKwU †`‡ki Af¨všÍixY fZz©wK, fZz©wK cÖ`vbKvix †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvMxZv
Kivi †Póv Kiv ißvbxKviK‡`i ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` dispute settlement ms¯’v wbY©q K‡i †h, fZz©wK‡Z
weiæc cÖfve co‡e, Zvn‡j fZz©wK cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e ev Gi weiƒc cÖfve Aek¨B `yi Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi
GB fZz©wKhy³ cY¨ Avg`vbx‡Z †`kxq Drcv`Kiv ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡j, KvD›Uvi‡fwjs ïé Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(Article 5)

wbwl× fZ©ywKi cÖwZKvi (Remedies for Prohibited Subsidy) t ißvwb fZ©ywK wbwl× Kivi m¤ú~Y© cÖfve
‡evSvi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi fZ©ywK e¨envi K‡i Ab¨ m`‡m¨i weiæ‡× GKRb WTO m`‡m¨i Kv‡Q cÖwZKvi cvIqv
cÖ‡qvRb| SCM Gi Aby‡”Q` 4 GB ai‡bi ‡¶‡Î ¶wZMÖ¯’ m`m¨‡K GKwU we‡iva DÌvcb Kivi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb
K‡i| ‡hLv‡b GKwU Awf‡hvM Kiv n‡e, ‡mLv‡b wWmcyU †m‡Uj‡g›U AvÛvi÷¨vwÛs (DSU) Gi m¤ú~Y© c×wZ¸wj
cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q civg‡k©i ch©vq¸wj, c¨v‡b‡ji Kvh©cYÖ vjx, Avwcj ch©v‡jvPbv, bRi`vwi Ges
Dchy³ ‡¶‡Î, cvëv e¨e¯’vi Aby‡gv`b| c¨v‡b‡ji Rb¨ we‡klÁ‡`i ¯’vqx MÖæ‡ci mnvqZv ‡bIqvi weavb
i‡q‡Q| ‡hwUi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvM †mwU GKwU wbwl× fZ©ywK wKbv Zv wb‡q MÖæ‡ci wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kvh©Kix fZ©ywKi cÖwZKvi (Remedies for Actionable Subsidy) t
1| G‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ civg‡k©i Aby‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| civg‡k©i Rb¨ fZz©wKi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev Mvn©¯’ wk‡í m„ó ÿwZ ev cÖwZeÜKZvi cÖgvY wee„wZ‡Z D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|

KvD›Uvi‡fwjs fZz©wKi cÖKvi‡f` (Export Subsidy) t

Subsidies and countervailing measures t GB Pyw³wU `ywU wRwbm K‡i: GwU fZ©ywK e¨envi‡K
k…•Ljve× K‡i Ges GwU fZ©ywKi cÖfve ‡gvKv‡ejvq ‡`k¸wj ‡h c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡i Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwU
e‡j‡Q ‡h GKwU ‡`k fZ©ywK cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z ev Gi cÖwZK~j cÖfve¸wj Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ WTO’s dispute
settlement procedure e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_ev ‡`kwU Zvi wbR¯^ Z`šÍ ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ‡kl
ch©šÍ fZ©ywKhy³ Avg`vwb‡Z AwZwi³ ïé ("KvD›Uvi‡fwjs ïé" bv‡g cwiwPZ) PvR© Ki‡Z cv‡i hv ‡`kxq
Drcv`K‡`i ¶wZ Ki‡Q e‡j ‡`Lv hvq|

★ SPS Agreement: Meaning and objectives of SPS Measures, 5 principles of

regulation for SPS measures (especially, harmonization, risk assessment,
transparency obligations), Risk assessment in light of Hormone Beef Case, Criticisms
against SPS Agreement
m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’v (SPS Measures) t m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’v nj
†Kvqv‡i›UvBb Ges ˆRe wbivcËv e¨e¯’v hv gvbe, cÖvYx ev Dw™¢‡`i Rxeb ev ¯^v¯’¨‡K KxU I †iv‡Mi cÖeZ©b,
cÖwZôv I we¯Ívi †_‡K m„ó SzwK Ges Lv`¨ I wd‡W ms‡hvwRZ `~wlZ Uw·b †_‡K m„ó SzwK †_‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| SPS Pzw³wU g~jZ WTO m`m¨‡`i m¨vwbUvwi (gvbe ev cÖvYxi Rxeb ev ¯^v¯’¨) Ges
dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi (Dw™¢‡`i Rxeb ev ¯^v¯’¨) e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb Ges cÖ‡qvM‡K MvBW Kivi Rb¨ wbq‡gi GKwU
KvVv‡gv cÖ`vb K‡i hv wek^ evwYR¨‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’vi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of SPS Measures) t gvbyl, cÖvYx Ges
Dw™¢‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿv, wbivcËv Ges my¯’¨ Rxebhvcb wbwðZ Ki‡Z WTO m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi
e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¯^xKvi K‡i| m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’vi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jvt
(1) m¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’vi jÿ¨ gvbyl Ges cï ¯^v¯’¨ I Rxe‡bi myiÿv|
(2) dvB‡Uv-m¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’vi jÿ¨ Dw™¢‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ Ges Rxe‡bi myiÿv|

m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’v wbqš¿‡Yi bxwZmg~n (SPS Measures) t m¨vwbUvwi Ges
dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi e¨e¯’v wbqš¿‡bi 5wU bxwZ wb¤œiƒct
1. mvgÄm¨ (Harmonization) t nvi‡gvbvB‡Rkb ej‡Z †evSvq cÖwZô, ¯^xK…wZ Ges mvaviY SPS
e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvM| Aby‡”Q` 3 G SPS e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qv‡M AwfbœZv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU m`m¨ iv‡óªi
SPS e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Y AvšÍR©vwZK gvb †g‡b Pjv Ges h‡_ó ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY ev b¨vh¨Zvi Dci wfwË Kiv
Avek¨K| Z‡e Aby‡”Q` 5 Gi weavb Abyhvqx AvBbMZfv‡e mvgćm¨i †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB, KviY
m`m¨iv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ SzwKi h_vh_ ¯Íi wbav©iY Ki‡Z Ges †mB ¯Í‡ii m‡_ mgÄm¨c~Y© SPS e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Ki‡Z ¯^vaxb|
2. gv‡bi mgZv Ges cvi®úwiK ¯^xK…wZ (Equivalence and Mutual Recognition of Methods)
t Aby‡”Q` 4 G GUv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h mvgÄm¨ Kiv SPS Pzw³i GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, wKš‘
eva¨Zvg~jK bq| GB Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx WTO m`m¨‡`i SPS e¨e¯’vi mgZzj¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e †hKv‡b Avg`vbxKvix Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨iv Zv‡`i h_vh_ ¯Í‡ii myiÿv AR©b K‡i| ißvbxKviK
m`m¨‡`i GUv `vwqZ¡ ‡h Zviv SPS e¨e¯’v¸wj e¯‘wbôfv‡e cÖ`k©b K‡i †hb Avg`vbxKviK m`m¨‡`i
mgZzj¨ nq|
3. SzwK g~j¨vqb (Risk Assessment) t Aby‡”Q` 5 SzwK g~j¨vqb c×wZi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, hv m¤¢veZv,
cwiYwZ Ges SzwKi wbðqZv Dci GKwU ˆeÁvwbK nvwZqvi Ges hv SzwKi c×wZMZ ˆewkó¨ Ges ¯^”Q
e¨e¯’vcbvi GKwU Dcvq cÖ`vb K‡i| SzwK cÖwZôvi Rb¨ ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY Aek¨B h‡_ó n‡e Z‡e SzwKi
m¤¢vebv cÖgvY bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j Pj‡e bv|
4. AvÂwjK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Awf‡hvRb (Adaptation to Regional Conditions) t Aby‡”Q` 6 Gi
weavb Abyhvqx hw` Ggb †Kvb AÂj‡K †Kvb †`k †ivMgy³ ev †cvKvgvKo gy³ g‡b K‡i Z‡e †mB
†`‡ki cY¨‡K †Kvb iKg kZ© QvovB †mB †`k Avg`vbx Ki‡Z cv‡i| SPS e¨e¯’v Abyhvqx GUv Aek¨B
weÁvb wfwËK n‡Z n‡e Ges GUv cÖgvY Kiv ißvwbKviK m`‡m¨i `vwqZ¡|
5. ¯^”QZvi eva¨evaKZv (Transparency Obligations) t Aby‡”Q` 7 Gi weavb Abyhvqx WTO
‡m‡µUvwi‡qU Gi gva¨‡g ißvbxKviK m`m¨‡K Zvi SPS m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡Y¨i
†j‡fwjs mg¯Í Z_¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| †h mKj Z_¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡e ‡m mKj Z_¨ ‡hb mwVK nq
Ges G‡Z cÖvwY, Dw™¢` Ges cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb ÿwZKi cÖfve _vK‡j Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|

ni‡gvb wed †K‡mi Av‡jv‡K SzwK g~j¨vqb (Risk assessment in light of Hormone Beef Case) t
NUbvt BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Miæi gvs‡mi ni‡gvb wb‡q we‡iva| gvwK©b jvj gvsm
wkí 1970 mvj †_‡K cï‡`i e„w× Ges †gvUvZvRvKi‡Yi nvi evov‡Z ni‡gvb e¨envi K‡i Avm‡Q| 1981
mvj †_‡K BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU Mvn©¯’¨ gvsm wkí Ges Avg`vbx gvsm wkí Dfq †ÿ‡Î ni‡gv‡bi e¨envi
mxgve× ‡i‡L‡Q| Ae‡k‡l 1989 mv‡ji 1Õjv Rvbyqvwi †_‡K ni‡gvb cÖ‡qvMK…Z Miæi gvsm wewµ Ges Avg`vbx
wbwl× K‡i|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi hyw³ †h Zviv cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e ˆeÁvwbK M‡elbvq cixÿv K‡i Miæi gvs‡m ni‡gvb cÖ‡qvM K‡i
hv gvbe kix‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb iKg SzwKi m¤¢vebv Ly‡R cvqwb|
BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwUi hyw³ †h ni‡gvbhy³ Miæi gvs‡mi `xN©‡gqv`x cÖfve m¤ú‡K© ˆeÁvwbK AwbðqZv
i‡q‡Q| ZvB cwi‡ekMZ we‡ePbvq Ges Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i SzwK m¤ú‡K© Zviv DwØMœ| GB ai‡Yi ˆeÁvwbK AwbðqZv
Gov‡Z mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v wb‡Z Zv‡`i AbygwZ †`Iqv nq|
WTO c¨v‡bj 1996 mv‡ji †g gv‡m GB KgwcøbwU ï‡b‡Q Ges 1997 mv‡ji 18 AvMó GKwU wi‡cvU© Rvwi
K‡i‡Q| c¨v‡bj BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwUi wb‡lavÁv‡K SPS Pzw³i eva¨eaKZvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© e‡j g‡b
K‡i‡Q| c¨v‡bj †`‡L‡Q †h BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwUi wb‡lavÁv ˆeÁvwbK cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ bq KviY
BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU Zvi cÖgvY †`Lv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q Zviv †Kej SzwK g~j¨vq‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i wm×všÍ
wb‡q‡Q| c¨v‡bj BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwUi mZK©Zvg~jK bxwZi AvnŸvb cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q †h‡nZz GUv GL‡bv
AvšÍRv©wZK AvB‡bi cÖ_vMZ bxwZi gh©v`v MÖnY K‡iwb|
Avcxj ewWi wm×všÍ t WTO i Avcxj ewW wKQz cwieZ©bmn e‡j‡Q †h- BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwUi wb‡lavÁv
WTO Gi mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©| SPS Pzw³i 5 avivi Aax‡b SzwK we‡kølY K‡i BD‡ivcxqvb KwgDwbwU Zvi
eva¨evaKZv c~i‡Yi ˆeÁvwbK cÖgvY w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q|
gvgjv Øviv cÖwZwôZ bxwZ t weÁvb ev ˆeÁvwbK gZvg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ bq eis e¨e¯’v¸wj g~javivi Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z
GKwU g~j¨vq‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡Z n‡e| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq hv we‡ePbv‡hvM¨ Zv n‡jvÑ ˆeÁvwbK c×wZi
¸bgvb KZUv Qwo‡q c‡o Zv bq cÖ‡qvRb cÖgv‡Yi hvi gva¨‡g djvdj AR©b Kiv nq| g~jZ SPS e¨e¯’vi
g‡a¨ SzwK Ges SzwK n«vmKvix Gi g‡a¨ GKwU Kvh©Kix wjsK _vK‡Z n‡e| SzwK g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj Aek¨B
SzwK‡Z _vKv, SPS Pzw³ GB e¨e¯’v¸wj‡K Aek¨B mg_©b Ki‡e|

m¨vwbUvwi Ges dvB‡Uvm¨vwbUvwi Pzw³i mgv‡jvPbv (Criticisms of SPS Measures) t

(1) `ywU †`‡ki g‡a¨ gv‡bi mgZv Ges cvi¯úwiK ¯^xK…wZ wb‡q cybivq cixÿv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
(2) Z‡e GB †ÿ‡Î, NAFTA WTO ‡_‡K Avjv`v ‡h wKbv c~‡e© Avg`vwbKviK m`m¨‡K ch©vß mgZzj¨
gvb ˆeÁvwbK wfwˇZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbav©iY Kivi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|
(3) DbœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Ges mgZv wb‡q Pjgvb GKwU mgm¨v Av‡Q|
GUv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ wgwjZ mgm¨v|
(4) A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mgvb ¯Í‡ii †`k¸wji g‡a¨ mgZvi ¯^xK…wZI GKwU mgm¨v ˆZix K‡i|
★ TBT Agreement: Meaning and types of TBT measures, Advantages and
disadvantages of TBT measures, Principle of non-discrimination and like products
(EC Asbestos Case), Legitimate objectives for TBT, meaning of necessity (Thailand
Cigarette case), Principle of harmonization in TBT measures
evwY‡R¨ cÖhyw³MZ evav (TBT) t evwY‡R¨ cÖhyw³MZ evav (TBT) Pzw³i jÿ¨ nj ‡h cÖhyw³MZ cÖweavb, gvb
Ges mvgÄm¨c~Y© g~j¨vqY c×wZ¸wj ˆelg¨nxb Ges evwY‡R¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq evav m„wó bv K‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
GKB mg‡q GwU gbe ¯^v¯’¨ I myiÿv ev cwi‡ek myiÿvi g‡Zv ˆea bxwZi D‡Ïk¨¸wj AR©‡bi Rb¨ c`‡ÿc¸wj
ev¯Íevq‡Yi Rb¨ WTO m`m¨‡`i AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q| TBT Pzw³ m`m¨‡`i evwYR¨ mnRZi Kivi Dcvq
wn‡m‡e AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i| Gi ¯^”QZv weav‡bi
gva¨‡g, GwU GKwU Abygvb‡hvM¨ evwYR¨ cwi‡ek ˆZix Kivi jÿ¨ iv‡L|
TBT e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qt

(1) TBT Pzw³‡Z wba©vwiZ D‡Ïk¨¸wji Rb¨ Avg`vwbi wb‡lavÁv

(2) Aewkóvsk Ges c`v‡_©i mxwgZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mnbkxjZvi mxgv
(3) ‡j‡ewjs, wPwýZKiY Ges c¨v‡KwRs Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
(4) Drcv`b ev ‡cvó ‡cÖvWvKk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
(5) cY¨ cwiP‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
(6) c‡Y¨i ¸bMZgvb ev Kg©ÿgZv cÖ‡qvRb
(7) TBT m¤úwK©Z mvgÄm¨ g~j¨vqb Ges
(8) TBT e¨e¯’v Ab¨ †Kv_vI wbw`©ó Kiv †bB|

wUwewU Gi ˆea D‡Ïk¨ (Legitimate objectives for TBT) t wUwewU Gi ˆea D‡Ïk¨ Article 2.2 D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡QÑ
(9) RvZxq wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
(10) gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËvi myiÿv
(11) cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡`i Rxeb I ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿv
(12) cwi‡e‡ki myiÿv
(13) cÖZviYvg~jK Af¨vm cÖwZ‡iva|
★ DSU: Criticism against GATT dispute settlement system, Principles of WTO
Dispute Settlement mechanism, About the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), Stages of
Dispute settlement under DSU (Briefly), Remedies for breaches, Critical analysis of
Dispute settlement under DSU (Banana Case)