PART B

Relative Density
 Relative density or specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the density of the
substance to the density of water at 4 °C.

𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝛒𝐬 )

R.D of a substance =
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝟒 𝐨 𝐂 (𝛒𝐰 )

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

=
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝟒 𝐨 𝐂

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝒎𝐬 )

=
𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝟒 𝐨 𝐂 (𝒎𝒘 )

 Since relative density is a ratio of two densities, it has no unit.

 If a substance's relative density is less than one then it is less dense
than water (at 4 °C).

 If a substance's relative density is more than one then it is denser than

water (at 4 °C).

 If a substance's relative density is exactly one then it’s density is equal

to the density of water (at 4 °C).
Variation in Density due to Temperature Difference:

 We know that,

𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐦)

Density of a substance(𝝆)=
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐕)

 Almost all substances expand on heating and contract on cooling but the mass of
the substance remains unchanged.

Thus, for a given mass of a substance,

𝟏
𝝆∝ and V ∝ T
𝑽
 Therefore, with increase in temperature, volume of a substance increases, so
its density decreases and vice-versa.
[Volume of a substance is directly proportional to its temperature and its density
is inversely proportional to its volume]
 Anomalous Expansion of Water

 Liquids expand on heating and

contract on cooling at moderate
temperatures. But water exhibits an
exceptional behavior.

 Consider 1 kg of water at 0 ºC. When

it is heated from 0 ºC, it actually
contracts rather than expanding, up
to 4 ºC. At 4 ºC, the volume of water is
minimum, and, therefore, its density is
maximum. Beyond 4 ºC, water starts
expanding. This behavior of water
between 0 ºC and 4 ºC is called
anomalous expansion of water.
 Relationship between Density and Relative Density of a
Substance:
 In C.G.S system, density of water at 4 ℃ being 1 g/cm3, the relative density

𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠/𝐜𝐦𝟑 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐠/𝐜𝐦𝟑

R.D = =
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐠/𝐜𝐦𝟑 𝐚𝐭 𝟒 𝐨 𝐂 𝟏 𝐠/𝐜𝐦𝟑

∴ Density in g/cm3 = R.D

 In S.I system, density of water at 4 ℃ being 1000 kg/m3, the relative density

𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

R.D = =
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑 𝐚𝐭 𝟒 𝐨 𝐂 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

∴ Density in kg/m3 = 1000 × R.D

Variation in Density of Solids, Liquids and Gases
due to Temperature Change:

 In case of solids, the change in volume with rise in

temperature is very small. Therefore, the density of a solid
hardly changes.

 In case of liquids and gases, the change in volume with the

change in temperature is very large. Hence, their density
changes considerably. With the rise in temperature,
density decreases and on cooling, density increases.
 Comparison of Density of Solids, Liquids and
Gases:

SOLIDS

 In solids the molecules are tightly packed.

 The intermolecular force of attraction is very large
and intermolecular space is minimum compared to
liquids and gases.
 So, the mass per unit volume is large i.e. the
density is more.
 Comparison of Density of Solids, Liquids and
Gases:

LIQUIDS

 In liquids the molecules are more free as they are less

tightly bound.
 The intermolecular space is more than that of solids but
less than that of gases.
 So, for the same substance, the mass per unit volume
i.e. the density is less than that of solids but more
than that of gases.
 Comparison of Density of Solids, Liquids and
Gases:

GASES

 In gases the molecules move around randomly at a very

high speed.
 The intermolecular space is very large and intermolecular
force of attraction is negligible.
 So, for the same substance, the mass per unit volume i.e.
the density of gases is the least among the three
states of matter.