T CH NM CHOANG TI CH NM VIT Nhn c qua cun T in ch Choang c " "1 chng ti pht hin mt s ch th v.

v. Nh ch nhn ging nh ch Nm "gi" nhng vit o ngc (+, cch vit ny cng thng thy trong ch Nm, xem hnh di, gia ct bn phi):

T in Choang ch ngha ch l (che trm), (ngn gi) , hai ngha ny hon ton chng c lin quan g n b phn ch ngha l ch Lo tc l "gi c" ca ch ny.

, t trng t bin tp T Vnh Cn , Qung Ty Dn tc Xut bn x. 1989.

C l ch c mt cch gii thch: ngi Choang mn ch "gi " trong kho ch Nm Vit ghi m ting ni ca h, phn phin m t in ny ghi [ja2] cng ph hp vi cch c "gi" ca ngi Vit. Ch : phn biu m ca ch Nm gi dng ch Tr l v trong ting Vit c th gi c l "tra": "tra lo"="gi lo", "tru tra"="tru gi" ... cch c "tra" hin vn cn s dng mt s a phng min Trung. C th thm mt v d khc:

Ch i songz ca ngi Choang c ch ngha l (thp xung, m, ci m ) tt c cc ngha u chng n nhp g vi phn b th biu ngha l b trng , trong khi n l ch rng ca ngi Vit, m c c c lin quan ti sng nc, cng nh ch Hn giang c biu m l ch cng vn c ngun gc phng Nam: krng, sng (ch Nm vit ). Chc ngi Choang mn ch Nm ny v gn vi m c ca h hn ch long ca ngi Hn. Ch i ny Vit Nam ng k vi t chc Unicode l ch Nm Vit c m s U+273F5, v m c rng. V d th 3:

Ch den k m [te:n1] ngha l tin trong ting Choang, phn biu ngha l ch danh tc l tn trong ting Vit, li chng c g lin quan ti ngha tin, tin n c, chc chn ngi Choang ch mn m c ca ch Nm Vit. Ch ny Vit Nam ng k vi t chc Unicode l ch Nm Vit c m s U+20E1C, v m c tn.

Ch maed [mat3] . Ting Choang ngha l th ch, nim ch, mn ch Nm Mt ghi m (phn ch ngha l danh t din chng c lin h g vi ng t nim ch)

ng t l ( ) trong ch Nm Vit du nhp hon ton vo ngn ng Choang (c m, c ngha, c cch vit Nm). V cu hi ai mn ca ai ch ny th c th tr li chc chn l Choang mn ca Vit, v chng ti tra t in Thi v Ty l hai ngn ng cng h Tai-Kadai vi Choang th khng thy m v ngha laz ny. Chnh trong cun t in Choang cng rt him gp laz, trong khi ting Vit th l l ng t cc k thng dng, khng khc g ng t to be ca ting Anh. Ch ny Vit Nam va ng k b sung vo Unicode Extension-C vi m s U+2A700.

Ch Nm mun (mt vn) c l ch Choang mn ch ng tin. V tra phn gii ngha th khng thy lin quan g ti vn, ngi Choang chc kh c th gii thch v sao li c ch vn bn trong b mn, nu gii thch l ly ph m ca ch mn ghp vi phn vn ca ch vn th c v gng, khng ph hp vi cc php to ch trong lc th.

Ch Nm ba c ngi Choang mn ghi ngha (nc vt ra, hot bt), ngi Choang chc khng th gii thch ni v sao li c ch tam bn ch ba.

Ch nm b (thc t, t dng kh phc tp) c ngi Choang dng ghi mt ng kh t (h t), ti sao khng th dng ngay ch ba Hn t dng n gin hn ?

Ch mun (phin mun) c mn m [mu:n3] ghi ngha trn th ca ting Choang, chc l mn m ca Vit ch khng mn thng t ch Hn, v m pinyin ca n men4 c v xa hn m Vit ?

Ch Nm mt (thc t) c dng ghi mt thnh t ph gia sau hnh dung t trong ting Choang, nu khng bit l mn Nm Vit th ngi Choang lm sao gii thch vic c ch mc v tr b th ?

Ch Nm nghe , ngi Choang dng ghi ting tru ku ngh , nu gii thch ngi Choang t to t b nh vi ch nghi th s khng st m c, v m Pinyin ca nghi l yi.

Ch Nim (vi ngha tng kinh) ca ting Vit cng c trong ting Choang, cha r ai mn ca ai?

Ch Nm nem c Choang dng ghi ngha u (tr con). Nhng xt m c th c l n l nm, cng l mt mn n ca ngi Vit, thng ch c rau, nhng i khi cng trn tht thi nh.

Ch Nm Xung ch Choang cng ng ngha l h kh. Cha bit ai mn ca ai, v Choang cng c th gii thch l lung (ch m nung) + h (xung)

Ch Nm ra (c ch xut ch ngha) c mn ghi ngha n nnh (bn ly). Ngi Choang s khng hiu v sao li c ch xut y nu khng bit gc l ch Nm Vit. Nu chu kh tm thm chng ti ngh l cn mt s ch Choang c th mn t ch Nm Vit nh vy. C th t ra vi cu hi kh th v: - Ti sao ngi Choang khng dng ch "gi" ca ting Hn ghi ch yaz ca h, m li i mn ch "gi " ca ngi anh em cng gc Lc Vit, trong khi ngha ch Hn cng kh khp vi ngha trong ting Choang? - Cc ch "gi ", rng i , tn du nhp vo vn t Choang t khi no? V t khi Vit Nam ginh c c lp khng cn cc mi lin h "ng cnh b Bc thuc" vi ngi Choang Qung Ty, thm ch nh L cn phi hp vi nh Tng nh dp cuc ni dy ca Nng Tr Cao ( ; ch Choang: Nungz Cigaoh, 1025-1055, xem thm: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao ). - Vn t Choang c v ch Nm Vit loi no c trc, v quan h gia 2 loi ra sao ? C thuyt cho S Nhip ( , 137-226), vn ngi t Thng Ng, Qung Ty, cn c theo th ch "Nm" ca ngi Choang vng ny m t ra ch Nm cho ngi Vit (Xem "T in ch Nm Ty", Hong Triu n ch bin, NXB KHXH, H Ni 2003). Xem xt cu to ch trong "T in ch Choang c" qu thc c nhiu im kh gn gi vi ch Nm Vit nh (cha thng k y ): - Cng mt m mt ngha c th c nhiu cch vit (nhiu ch tng ng), c khi n hng chc ch. - C s dng du nhy c sau ch bo hiu phi c khc ch Hn. - Hay vit o cc b phn tri-phi nh ch gi trn, trong khi Hn t thng t b phn ch ngha bn tri, ch m bn phi - Cc ch t to nu c b th thng vit b y ch khng vit vi ch "ti gy" - Cc ch Nm c t dng c bit nh (tri) (lm), (trn) , (di) u c trong ch Choang, nhng m c v ngha c th ging m cng c th khc ting Vit. Nh ch Nm lm vit v c ng nh ting Vit "lm" nhng ngha l " " (ci gi); ch Nm tri c nh "cn" ngha l pha trn, mt trn, cn vit l ; ch Nm di c nh "l", ngha l " di", ng nh ngha Nm Vit, chng t y l cch vit biu .v.v.

- l cha k ti cc trng hp mn hn ch ca nhau nh cc ch gi, rng, tn trn. Chiu mn ngc li (Nm Vit mn t Nm Choang) chng ti cha c th gi tm hiu k, chng hn cc ch Nm tri , trn , di cha dm khng nh vn gc vn t no. Vo trang nghin cu Choang t: http://baike.baidu.com/view/118983.htm Th thy vit rng t thi Hn vn t ghi chp nhng ch l (sch ca Dng Hng thi Ty Hn), v d (+ ) ghi m Vaiz l con tru trong ting Choang2 . V c nhiu ch ngi xa vit ra khng ai hiu (trong ), v sau c cc chuyn gia thi hin i nghin cu k lng v xc nh l cc ch k m ting Choang. Trang WEB cn vit v ch Choang c:
Lc dch: Giai on thnh hnh: Qua thi gian di nghin cu, kho bnh, phn ln cc nh ngn ng hc u tha nhn loi ch khi vung Choang hnh thnh vo i ng (nhng cn khng t tranh lun) 3.

Chnh ch (con tru, c trong c Phng ngn ca Dng Hng v Khang Hy t in) c cc nh nghin cu ngi Trung Quc tha nhn l ch ghi ting Choang, khoan bn vic ngi Choang t to ra ch hay ngi Hn to ra ghi m ting a phng, th vn c th coi n l mt chng tch s khi ca vn t Choang c t thi Hn. Nh vy vic cun t in ch Nm Ch Nam Ngc m vit rng Ch Nam phm vng (c th hiu l phin bn khi thy ca Ch Nam Ngc m ?) do S Nhip son t thi Hn (xin tham kho ph lc), rt c th l thng tin chnh xc, v ch Choang cn phi mn li mt s ch Nm Vit nh trn dn m ? Hn na so snh cc iu kin khch quan nh dn s ng hn, a bn c tr tp trung hn, truyn thng vn ha cng nhnh hn (cc d liu, chng tch kho c cho thy a bn phn b trng ng ng Sn c tm im l lu vc sng Hng), m thi im tip xc vi ch Hn li gn nh cng mt lc th phi ngh ti kh nng ch Nm Vit t ra cng xut hin ng thi vi ch Choang ch khng th mun hn.
2

Ting Thi Vit Nam cng h ngn ng Tai-Kadai vi ting Choang gi con tru l Qui, Qui,

nu chuyn t t ch Thi gc Sanskrit sang k m La tinh th l kvai, cng gn ging vaiz. Trong HNH BNG CH NM VIT TRONG CH VUNG CHOANG ca GS NGUYN QUANG HNG, c vit v kin ca Gio s L Lc Ngh bn v ch Nm: "Gio s L Lc Ngh cn c vo s ghi chp ca Phm Thnh i trong tc phm Qu Hi ngu hnh ch (1175) v ca Chu Kh Phi trong tc phm Lnh ngoi i p (1178) v mt s ch tc t m ngy nay i trng vi ch Choang, xc nh nin i ra i ca ch Choang khng mun hn th k XII
3

Ngoi ra, nu cc chng minh ca GS Nguyn Ti Cn, rng bn Nm gc ban u ca Pht thuyt i bo ph mu n trng kinh (PT) c t thi L, th c l l ch Nm phi c t trc thi L kh xa, v cu c v quy cch vit ch Nm trong PT rt hon chnh, chuyn ti kh trn vn nguyn tc ch Hn, ch c mt s t c, v cc kiu vit ch kp (th hin cch c a m tit) l kh c. PH LC: Thng tin t Ch Nam ngc m gii ngha: Nguyn vn trong bi ta sch Ch Nam Ngc m vit: " S Vng chi th, di xa tu quc, t thp d nin i hnh gio ha, gii ngha Nam tc, d thng chng c, tp thnh quc ng thi ca, d thc hiu cc vn tc "Ch Nam phm vng, thng h nh quyn...." Tc l cun Ch Nam Ngc m nguyn l Ch Nam phm vng c t thi S Nhip ( 137-226, l thi th cai tr t Giao Ch t nm 187 n nm 226). Xem hnh di, c t phi qua tri, ch th thy on vn trch c i ch S Vng ln cao.

V thi im ra i ca Ch Nam ngc m gii ngha, theo mt s ngun th khong th k 17, ring GS Ng c Th da vo nghin cu ch hy li cho nin i bn in hin cn lu truyn l nm Tn T 1401, i H Hn Thng, u th k 15, cung cch vit ch Nm cng nh th thc trnh by (th lc bt khng nghim chun, ln vi vn xui) cng ph hp vi

khong TK 15-17, nhng c th l mt sch qua nhiu ln bin tp li nhiu i cch xa nhau ch nin i khng ph nhn kh nng bn s khi Ch Nam phm vng l ca S Nhip.
Ti liu tham kho:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ch Nm v ting Vit qua bn gii m Pht thuyt i bo ph mu n trng kinh. Hong Th Ng. NXB KHXH , H Ni 1999. C Trng t t in , t trng t bin tp T Vnh Cn , Qung Ty Dn tc Xut bn x. 1989. Bn in t (PDF). Ch nam Ngc m Gii ngha. Bn scan ca Alexandre Le gi t Php v. Ch nam Ngc m Gii ngha. Bn phin ch quc ng ca Trn Xun Ngc Lan, NXB KHXH, 1985. Trang WEB nghin cu ch Choang : http://baike.baidu.com/view/118983.htm T in Thi Vit. Hong Trn Nghch, Tng Kim n, NXB KHXH, H Ni 1990 T in ch Nm Ty, Hong Triu n ch bin, NXB KHXH, H Ni 2003. "Ch Nm hin din vo thi k quc di ra Thng long", Nguyn Ti Cn, Vn ha Ngh An bn in t : Thng 6/2010, http://vanhoanghean.vn/tap-chi/nhung-goc-nhin-vanhoa/739-chu-nom-da-hien-dien-vao-thoi-ky-quoc-do-doi-ra-thang-long.html .

Lin h : Phan Anh Dng, Trung tm CNTT Tha Thin Hu, s 6 L Li - Hu, Email : fanzung@gmail.com