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س ِط َوالَش َه َداء بِا ْلقِ ْ ين هّلِل ِ ُ .2يَا َأ ُّي َها الَّ ِذ َ
ين آ َمنُو ْا ُكونُو ْا قَ َّوا ِم َ
آن قَ ْو ٍم َعلَى َأالَّ تَ ْع ِدلُوا ا ْع ِدلُو ْا ُه َو َأ ْق َر ُ
ب يَ ْج ِر َمنَّ ُك ْم َ
شنَ ُ
لِلتَّ ْق َوى {المائدة}8/
اے ایمان والو! انصاف کے ساتھ گواہی دیتے ہوئے ہللا کے حکم پر خوب قائم
ہوجاؤ اور تمہیں کسی قوم کی عداوت اس پر نہ اُبھارے کہ تم انصاف نہ کرو
(بلکہ) انصاف کرو ،یہ پرہیزگاری کے زیادہ قریب ہے
O ye who believe! stand out firmly for Allah, as witnesses to fair dealing, and
let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from
justice. Be just: that is next to piety:
.3الَ ِإ ْك َراهَ فِي الد ِ
ِّين ……{..البقرة}256/
دین میں کوئی زبردستی نہیں ،
There is no compulsion in Deen
And when We said unto the angels: Fall down prostrate before
Adam and they fell prostrate all save Iblis
By the fig and the olive. And Mount Sinai. And this secure land.
َو َح َم ْلنَا ُه ْم فِي ا ْلبَ ِّر َوا ْلبَ ْح ِر َ .4ولَقَ ْد َك َّر ْمنَا بَنِي آ َد َم
ض ْلنَا ُه ْžم َعلَى َكثِي ٍر ِم َّمنْ َخلَ ْقنَا َو َر َز ْقنَا ُه ْم ِم َن الطَّيِّبَا ِ
ت َوفَ َّ
إسراء 70 تَ ْف ِ
ضياًل
اور بیشک ہم نے اوال ِد آدم کو عزت دی اور انہیں خشکی اور تری میں سوار کیا
اور ان کو ستھری چیزوں سے رزق دیا اور انہیں اپنی بہت سی مخلوق پر بہت
سی برتری دی۔
We have honored the children of Adam and carried them on both land and
sea. We have provided them with good things and greatly preferred them
above much of Our creation.
ض الظَّنِّ اِ ْث ٌم َّو اجتَنِبُ ْوا َكثِ ْی ًرا ِّم َن الظَّنِّ -اِنَّ بَ ْع َ ٰۤ .6یا َ ُّی َها الَّ ِذ ْی َن ٰا َمنُوا ْ
ضاؕ-اَیُ ِح ُّب اَ َح ُد ُك ْم اَنْ یَّاْ ُك َل لَ ْح َم س ْوا َو اَل یَ ْغت َْب بَّ ْع ُ
ض ُك ْم بَ ْع ً س ُ اَل ت ََج َّ
اَ ِخ ْی ِه َم ْیتًا فَ َك ِر ْهتُ ُم ْوهُ…
اے ایمان والو! بہت زیادہ گمان کرنے سے بچو بیشک کوئی گمان گناہ
ہوجاتا ہے اور (پوشیدہ باتوں کی) جستجو نہ کرو اور ایک دوسرے کی
غیبت نہ کرو کیا تم میں کوئی پسند کرے گا کہ اپنے مرے ہوئے بھائی کا
گوشت کھائے تو یہ تمہیں ناپسند ہوگا
O ye who believe! Avoid suspicion as much (as possible): for suspicion in some
cases is a sin: And spy not on each other behind their backs. Would any of you
like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? Nay, ye would abhor it.
SOME EASY ARABIC TEST FROM THE LAST SERMON
It was delivered in 632 A.D. /10 A.H. at the last Hajj of the holy
Prophet (PBUH). The last sermon of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)
teaches the importance of equality and fair treatment, and laid the
outline for the First Human Rights declaration, many hundreds of
years before the Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and UN Human Rights
codes.
BACKGROUND
ROME AND GREEK
MAGNA CARTA………1215… UK..
PROTECTION OF LIFE, LIBERTY , LAND 1355..PARLIAMENT
1639 BILL OF RIGHTS (UK)
1791 US … TEN CLAUSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS …
1789 FRANCE… REVOLUTION… ALL HUMANS ARE BORN
FREE AND EQUAL.
EVOLUATION PROCESS
JOHN J ROUSSEAU,S SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762
10TH DEC 1948….UDHR
INTERNATIONAL CHARTER ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL
RIGHTS ..23 MARCH 1979 (APPLICABLE)
From the fact that human rights in Islam are permanent and unchangeable
rightsgranted by Allah, following consequences follow:
(1) These rights in Islam are Divine bounties that Allah bestowed on His
creatures.Therefore, they are not gifts donated from a creature to another creature
like him, which can be donated or deprived according to human will. But instead,
they are rights established by Allah the Almighty for humanity.
(2) These rights are not absolute but restricted to conformity with the
objectives of the Islamic Shari’a. Examples of regulations are:
a. Restrictions and regulations on freedom of expression in Islam.
b. Regulations on religious freedom in Islam.
(3) These rights enjoy a sufficient degree of prestige, respect, and sanctity and
constitute a guarantee for their protection against the rulers. This is because the
ruler loses the legal base for confiscation of these rights, as the same would be
considered as rebelling against the legislation of Allah.
(4) The qualification of these rights as a “Divine Gift” elevates it to a status that
the human beings willingly respect it from within the soul based on faith in Allah.
This guarantees adherence and prevents violation of these rights.
(5) Since human rights are described as a “Divine Gift”, they are not susceptible
to repeal or abrogation.
(6) As these rights are conferred by Allah, they are free from excess and neglect;
i.e., excess in rights of individuals at the expense of welfare of community, or
neglect of their rights for the benefit of the authorities.
THE SOURCES OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM
The sources of human rights in Islam are the sources of the Islamic Shari’a. There
are the following four primary sources
1) The Quran
2) The Sunnah
3) Consensus
4) Juristic Reasoning
“O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your
women, but they also have rights over you. Remember that you have
taken them as your wives only under Allah’s trust and with His
permission. If they abide by your right then to them belongs the right
to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be
kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it
is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you
do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste.” -Muhammad (SAW)
............ فاتقوا هللا في النساء.1
Pillars Of Islam
He focused on following and establishing the five pillars of Islam.
“O People, listen to me in earnest, worship ALLAH, say your five
daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give
your wealth in Zakat. Perform Hajj if you can afford it.” -Muhammad
(SAW)
Accountability Of Deeds
He explained that every deed is to be accountable for, so we must be
careful in whatever we do in this world.
“Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer your
deeds. So beware, do not stray from the path of righteousness after I
am gone.” -Muhammad (SAW)
Muhammad (SAW); The Last Prophet & Islam;
The Last Religion
“O People, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith
will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand words
which I convey to you.” -Muhammad (SAW)
RIGHTS OF SLAVES
As part of this sermon, the prophet recited to them a revelation from Allah, which
he had just received, and which completed the Quran, for it was the last passage to
be revealed:
خطبہ حجة الوداع کواسالم میں بڑی اہمیت حاصل ہے ۔خطبہ} حجة
الوداع بالشبہ انسانی حقوق کاا ّولین اورمثالی منشور ہے۔اس
قومی مفادکسی قسم کی،منشورمیں کسی گروہ کی حمایت کوئی نسلی
ہجری۱۰ ذاتی غرض وغیرہ کا کوئی شائبہ تک نظرنہیں} آتا۔ ذی قعدہ
میں آقاصلی ہللا علیہ والہ وسلم نے حج کاارادہ کیایہ حضور کا
}“پہالاورآخری حج تھا۔ اسی حوالے سے اسے ”حجة الوداع
کہاجاتاہے ۔یہ ابالغ اسالم کی بناءپر”حج االسالم“اور”حج البالغ“کے
پرسرکارمدینہ نے جو
ِ نام سے بھی موسوم ہے۔ اس حج کے موقع
ذی الحجہ۸ خطبہ ارشادفرمایا اسے خطبہ حجة الوداع کہتے ہیں ۔
منی تشریف لے گئے وہاں ۹ذی الحج} (یوم عرفہ)
ترویہ کے دن آپ ٰ
کی صبح تک قیام فرمایا۔ ظہر،عصر ،مغرب،عشائ،فجرکی نمازیں
وہی پڑھیںپھراتنی دیروہاں توقف فرمایاکہ سورج طلوع ہوگیااس کے
منی سے عرفات تشریف الئے(عرفات میں قیام حج کارکن بعد آپ ٰ
اعظم ہے اگریہاں قیام نہ ہوگاتوحج ادانہیں ہوگا)وہاں وادی نمرہ میں
آپ کے لئے قُبہ لگاہواتھاآپ اسی میں استراحت فرماہوئے جب سورج
ڈھل گیاتوآپ کے حکم سے قصوا اونٹنی پرکجاواکساگیااورآپ
قصواءاونٹنی پرسوار ہوکر”وادی عرنہ“یعنی بطن وادی میں تشریف
لے گئے اسوقت آپ کے گردایک الکھ الکھ چوالیس} ہزارانسانوں
کاسمندر ٹھاٹھیں ماررہاتھاآپ نے انکے سامنے ایک جامع خطبہ
ارشادفرمایا ۔
٭امانت کی ادائیگی
Key Points
1.Equality of Human Rights:
“All mankind is from Adam and Eve, and Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab
nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has not superiority
over black nor, a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good
action.”
2. Obedience of Rights.
3. Right of life: “O people just as you regard this month, this day, this city as
sacred.”
4. Eradication of Ethnicism.
5. Right to property: “Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful
owners your capital, however is yours to keep.”
6. Right of society members: “O people, every Muslim are the brother of the
other Muslim, and all the Muslims form one brotherhood.”
7. Right of workers and servants: “And your slaves I see that you feed them
with such food as you eat your selves, and clothe them with the same clothes that
you, your selves wear.”
8. Eradication of lawlessness: “Behold! All practices of the days of ignorance
are now under my feet. The blood revenges of the days of ignorance are remitted.”
9. Economic Rights: “All interests and usurious dues accruing from time to
time of ignorance stand wiped out.”
10. Right of inheritance: “O people, Allah, the mighty and Exalted has ordained to
everyone his due share (of inheritance). Hence there is no need of special testament
for and heir (departing from the rules laid down by shariah).
11. Newborns Right of Ancestral Sanctity: “The child belongs to the
marriage – bed and violator of wed lock shall be stoned and reckoning of their
deeds rests with Allah.”
12. Right of Social Identity: “He who attributes this ancestry to other than his
father claims his client ship to other them his master, the curse of Allah is upon
him.
13. Rights to receive the debt: “All debts must be repaid, all borrowed
property must be returned, gifts should be reciprocated and a surety must make
good the loss to the assured.”
14. Right of ownership: “He who (amongst you) has any trust with him, he
must return it to the owner.”
15. Women’s Right want of husbands and wives : “O people, it is true
that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights
over you, remember that you have taken them as your wives only under Allah’s
trust and with his permission. If they abide by your rights then to them belongs the
right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be kind to
them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it is your right that
they do not allow anyone to enter your house whom you do not approve of as well
as never to be unchaste.”
16. Constitutional Rights : “Verify I have left amongst you that which will
never head you astray, the book of Allah and my example, the sunnah and if you
follow these you will never go astray.”
17. Rights of State : “Behold! Worship you lord; and obey your rulers, and you
will be admitted to the paradise of your lord.”
18. Right of law observance.
19. Rights of justice: “Beware, no one committing a crime a responsible for it
but him, neither the child is responsible for the crime of his father’s nor the father
is responsible for the crime of his child.”
20. Right of Awareness for future generations: “Let him that who is
present, convey it unto him who is absent, for many people to whom the message
is conveyed may be more mindful of it than the audience.”
ANALYSIS
The Farewell address is equally notable for the universal message it has for
mankind as a whole.
1. There is the great stress on the priceless worth of human life without
taking of human life cannot be tolerated and must be punishable by death.
Even of the life is taken by mistake. The Diyah” (blood ransom or
compensation) must be paid to the relatives of the killed person.
Islam has accorded such a high value to human life that it declared that
whoever kills one man deliberately, it is as if he has killed all of mankind.
2. The farewell address stressed the need and concern that women be treated
kindly and compassionately. Divorce, while permissible as a last resort in
Islam, must be avoided if at all possible of all the permitted acts. It is the
most hated by Allah.
In this way, the Human Rights of the last sermon are more ancient than the
UDHR by 1309 years. So the last sermon of the holy Prophet (PBUH) is the
first universal character of Human Rights in the world. According to the
Islamic teachings and Muslim Scholars point of view the last sermon of the
Prophet (PBUH) is a complete code of Human Rights forever. As Dr. Sultan
said in his book; After these facts, we can say that the last sermon of the
Prophet (PBUH) is a comprehensive and complete charter of Human
Rights.”
Comparison of the farewell address with the UN-UDHR, 1948
On the 10th of December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations
unanimously adopted some values as universal human rights worthy of recognition
and respect by all manners of persons and governments across the globe. The
values have come to be known as Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The
Declaration is widely revered as one of the international human rights bills.
Whenever the human rights experts or human rights activists are narrating the
history of the development of the human rights, the year 1948 is always referred to
as the milestone period and the declaration as the landmark human rights
pronouncements. Except in few
places, however, the declaration is almost a repetition of all the human rights
declared in the farewell address of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). Thus, to the
objective modern human rights specialists, the address deserves designation as the
first code of human rights declaration. There is no doubt that the human rights
values declared in the farewell address are richer in contents and concretion than
the UN Human Rights Declaration.
PUNISHMENT
Blood MONEY..100 CAMELS ديت
CHARTER OF MADINA
CHRISTIANS OF ELIA ( HAZRAT UMER RA)
INCIDENT OF HAZRAT USAMA RA
ETHICS OF WAR IN ISLAM
2.RIGHT TO PROPERTY
MAIDA….THEFT…. ROBBERS
MALE >>> FEMALE
من قتل دون ماله فهو شهيد
He who is killed while protecting his property is a martyr
1.RIGHT TO INHERITANCE
FUNERAL EXPENDITURES
DEBTS
WILL….1/3
INHERITANCE
1.DAUGHTER… 3 CASES…
½……..ALONE
2/3…… MORE THAN 1
SON : DAUGHTER
o 2: 1
2.WIFE…. 2 CASES
DECEASED PERSON ….. KIDS….1/8
NO KIDS…. ¼
3.MOTHER….. 2 CASES
1/6…. KIDS
1/3….. NO KIDS
4.SISTER….NO DAUGHTER….
……………………………24…………….ALI………..
WIFE MOTHER FATHER DAUGHTER
SISTER
1/8 1/6 1/6 ½ X
3 4 4+1 12
2.RIGHT TO MAINTENANCE.
النساء 19 وعاشروهن بالمعروف
اور ان کے ساتھ اچھی طرح سے رہو سہو۔
live with them on a footing of kindness and equity.
3.RIGHT OF PROPERTY.
ضلُوهُنّ ين آ َمنُوا اَل يَ ِح ُّل لَ ُك ْم َأنْ تَ ِرثُوا النِّ َ
سا َء َك ْر ًها ۖ َواَل تَ ْع ُ يَا َأيُّ َها الَّ ِذ َ
النساء 19
)مومنو! تم کو جائز نہیں کہ زبردستی عورتوں کے وارث بن جاؤ اور (دیکھنا
اس نیت سے کہ جو کچھ تم نے ان کو دیا ہے اس میں سے کچھ لے لو انہیں
(گھروں میں) مت روک رکھنا۔
O ye who believe! Ye are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should ye treat
them with harshness,
4.RIGHT TO EDUCATION
.......HAZRAT AYESHA ……2210
8.RIGHT TO KHULA
َ َد هَّللا ِ فَاَل ُجنžَ فَِإنْ ِخ ْفتُ ْم َأاَّل يُقِي َما ُحدُو
اح َعلَ ْي ِه َما فِي َما ا ْفتَ َدتْ بِ ِه
…….SURAH BAQRAH 229
پھر اگر تمہیں خوف ہو کہ دونوں ہللا کی حدیں قائم نہیں رکھ سکیں گے تو ان
،دونوں پر اس میں کوئی گناہ نہیں کہ عورت معاوضہ دے کر پیچھا چھڑا لے
If ye (judges) do indeed fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allah, there is
no blame on either of them if she give something for her freedom.
9.RIGHT TO WITNESS
3TYPES
DEALINGS AND CRIMES
SPECIAL ISSUES OF WOMEN( WAITNG
PERIOD, NEW BORN BABY, DISEASED)
GENERAL ISSUES
Hazrat Ayesha 2210
WOMEN AS WIFE
AS DAUGHTER
AS SISTER
MOTHER
CHALLENGES FACED ….
VOILENCE
MARRIAGE WITH QURAN
HONOR KILLING
INJUSTICE
INHERITANCE
GENDER DICRIMINATION
EXPLOIATION
COMPARITVE STUDY
GREEK, ROAM, (BRITONICA …SLAVE…
BONE OF CONTENTION….KILL …
CHRISTAINITY AND JUDAISM (BIBLE…
MISTAKE OF HAWA …NO INHERITANCE…
HINDU (NIZAM E SALTANAT…NAJEEB
ABADI..
PRE ISLAMIC ERA
Women in Different Religions
مختلف مذاہب میں عورت کا مقام
• In Christianity ------- responsible for all sins
• In Hinduism -------- Mother of all evils
• In Judaism ----------- deprived of right of
inheritance, inferior,
widow could not marriage
Confucianism in china
• Confucianism in china instills the concept of
male superiority over women
• Placed women in in a subservient and
undedicated position
• Traditional culture requires obedience to the
father and then to a husband and sons
• In India
subjection, deprived of rights,had to die with
the dead body of her husband
• In Persia
two types of wives, issue of inheritance
• In Rome
subject and property of man, treated as property,
completely dependent, cannot own property
• In Europe ------ only son was considered
heir, right of vote was granted in 20th century
• In Arabia ------- polyandry
• In Greece -------- subject and property of
men
• In Egypt ---------- adultery and were sold in
markets like commodities
• At present ------- symbol of liberalism