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Techniques
We are listing some of the very common topics based on different situations in RTR Transmission.
It’s nearly impossible to cover all the situations but discussing some of the common topics.
In case, if question comes out of the topics discussed below. It is recommended for a candidate
to attend the question in examination by using standard phrases and standard
transmission technique. There are also few small situations which are discussed in
between of the topics listed below.
Disclaimer: The topic covered below is for RTR Transmission exams and
most of the situations are very different from the Real life transmission on-board an
aircraft. These notes are just to set a format in your mind and for standard practice for
RTR transmission examinations. In any case Author is not Responsible for any such
details given in this blog if quoted with any authority. And also it will not serve as a legal
document. Non of the charts, maps and other drawings given in this blog is for practical
purpose.All drawings, charts, maps are given as a sample for understanding.
However, these notes are prepared after the self-study done by author from different
government and non-government documents, books and other reading materials.
In any case readers are recommended to read content at there own risk.
Example-
Transmission Format
Example-
figure 1.2 -by ICA
Transmission-
kings way control on 118.1
Air India 131
POSITION
ANR 1100
FL 330
Est. Blue Whale 1115
BWN Next
Example-
* Use word " ABEAM" when aircraft has Nav-Aid at 090 degrees
to its RIGHT or LEFT side.
* If aircraft is overhead of any FIX (VOR, DR etc...).
Use only " Name of FIX" and give " PRESENT TIME" over
that fix, it`s better not to use word " OVERHEAD" in such case.
Example-
2. RVSM
(Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums)
Separation in RVSM
Situation (a)
Aircraft becomes Non-compliant to RVSM, due any of the mandatory
equipment failure. In contact with ATC
Example-
Transmission -
[ chennai control VT-RGT, Unable RVSM due equipment.
POSITION, 60 DME Distance from MMV P628 FL310
Required FL270 ]
Transmission -
Situation (b.)
Aircraft Unable to continue RVSM, Lost Contact with ATC.
Example-
Transmission-
Pilot- pan-pan pan-pan pan-pan
All aircraft All aircraft
In the vicinity of P628 VT-RGT AIRBUS,
Unable RVSM due EQUIPMENT
50 DME Distance from MMV
P628 FL310 Turning Right by 90 degrees
for 15 nm, will fly FL315 on Deviated Track.
All Exterior Lights Switched ON
Keep a Look Out
Situation (c.)
Aircraft on Deviated track, an ATC contact Re-established.
Transmissiion
Pilot- Chennai control VT-RGT when 50 DME
distance from MMV P628*. Lost contact with you,
were unable RVSM due equipment.
Present position 15 nm deviated track
crossing radial 140, 80 DME from MMV FL315
Request to Resume Normal Navigation (RNN) AND
FL 270
Situation (d.)
Non RVSM approved aircraft for RVSM level
Transmission-
Pilot- Mumbai control VT-RJP, FL270
required FL310. Negative RVSM
Situation (e.)
Aircraft becomes non-compliant to RVSM, due severe turbulence. Fails
to get ATC clearance.
Transmission-
Pilot- pan-pan pan-pan pan-pan
all aircraft all aircraft
In the vicinity of P628
VT-RGT Airbus P628 FL310
Turning right by 90 degrees for 15 nm
due weather/ thunderstorm
will fly FL315 on deviated track
all exterior lights switched ON
keep a look-out
(* keep broadcasting on each and every reporting point, give full compliance
until examiner asks you to attend next question)
Transmission Format
1. Station called
2. Station calling
3. Type of aircraft
4. Weather conditions (IMC or VMC)
5. Position, level
6. Est. of joining point
7. Level of joining point
8. Route
9. Landing aerodrome after joining
10. T.A.S.
11. Request joining clearance or Crossing clearance
Example-
Transmission-
Pilot- DELHI CONTROL VT-RJP ATR
IMC POSITION R085 60DME DISTANCE
FROM JJO FL210 EST. UKBAB 1215
FL210 W13N LANDING DELHI
TAS 310 KNOTS
REQUEST JOINING CLEARANCE
5. Airprox
Word "AIRPROX" derived from Aircraft Proximity.
The situation classified by the level of Risks:
1. Risk of Collision - when there is a serious risk of collision has existed.
2. Safety not assured- when the safety of aircraft have been compromised.
3. No risk of collision- when there is no risk of collision has existed.
4. Risk not determined- when there is insufficient information available to determine
the risk involved, or in conclusion or conflicting evidence
precluded such determination.
figure 2.0 -by ICA
Transmission Format
Example-
Given: Aircraft Registration: VT-PXQ Type of Aircraft: AIRBUS
Route: VABP-VEJS, A791
Flight Level: 350 Refer Chart No. 2 (download charts from link given above)
Situation: You reached JAJB at 1815. An IAF Fighter aircraft crosses your flight
path from Left to Right in climbing phase approx. 3NM ahead. Transmit your
message
7. Weather deviation
Format of Transmission-
Pilot: NAGPUR CONTROL VT-LMC
AIRBUS "WEATHER DEVIATION REQUIRED"
TO RIGHT BY 15 NM DUE BAD WEATHER
DURATION 10 MINUTES.
3. if flying wasterly direction - While Turning right, fly off the ATS assigned
route and descend by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to descend
if you are taking diversion within 10nm.
4. if flying wasterly direction - While Turning left, fly off the ATS assigned
route and climb by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to climb
if you are taking diversion within 10nm.
Example-1
Pilot: Delhi Twr VT-RJH
windshear report
time: 0915 Intensity Moderate
Height 700 Feet
In approach path
*Wind shear warning given by ATC to other aircraft:
Delhi Twr: VT-RJO wind shear warning
reported by arriving Boeing at time 0915
intensity moderate in approach path
runway 27 height 700 feet
9. Vehicle on Taxiway
-Over DOTIP, you decided to change your route from APANO and proceed
to delhi via indore.
Transmission-
Pilot: MUMBAI CONTROL VT-LMC
POSITION DOTIP 1115
FL300, WILL ALTER COURSE FROM
APANO AND PROCEED VIA W10 FL310
IID W10, BPL W20N FL300
ESTIMATE APANO 1130
BODAR 1145 IID 1200
Golden Words: In this above given transmission. we changed our
Flight Level from FL300 to FL310 and again changed from FL310
to FL300. It is because we are changing our direction at those points
so applied changes according to the " semi-circular" Rule. please read
semi-circular rule for more details.
11. Urgency
The situation which do not require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as " a condition
concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight which do not
require immediate assistance"
These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severity
of situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.
If there is an Urgency Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " PAN-PAN" call, Repeated Three
Time
Transmission Format
Pan-Pan Pan-Pan Pan-Pan
Station called -
Station calling (on frequency)
Type of aircraft-
Nature of emergency-
Position-
Intention-
Useful information- (Total person on board= passenger on board +
crew+yourself,
-Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)
12. Distress
The situation which require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as " a condition of
being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance "
These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severity
of situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.
If there is a Distress Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " MAY-DAY" call, Repeated Three
Time
Transmission Format
May-Day May-Day May-Day
Station called -
Station calling (on frequency)
Type of aircraft-
Nature of emergency-
Position-
Intention-
Useful information- (Total person on board= passenger on board +
crew+yourself,
-Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)
Important : In case of distress/urgency, transmit your message on the frequency
which is in use instead of emergency freq. 121.5mhz. switch to 121.5mhz only if
asked by Station.
Example-
Transmission-
Pilot- MUMBAI TOWER VT-LMC ON 118.1
AIRBUS FL50 FROM MUMBAI RWY IN SIGHT
REQUEST VISUAL APPROACH
Bonus situation: while taxing on taxiway you experienced hot Tyre indication, take action.
Transmission-
Pilot- DELHI TWR AI-131 GETTING HOT TYRE INDICATION POSITION TAXIWAY
MIKE STOPPING AIRCRAFT SLOWLY REQUEST FIRE TRUCK SERVICES FOR
VISUAL CHECK.
chart-1
SID 1.1 VIDP DELHI RWY27/28 (sample copy)
Example- Route: ALI 1E RWY 28 (refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)
Transmission-
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.1
5 DME DISTANCE (DPN) TURNING LEFT TRACK 175
GOLDEN WORDS: Do not Read-back the transmission from the chart or the given
clearance, use standard phraseology after reading the instructions from charts.
As you can see in above transmission, the transmission is
in standard form.
you will surly wont get any marks if it is a read back from the chart or clearance.
Dont forget to transmit if you intercept any Radial and after you established on
that Radial.
Instructions will be given on chart or if not given, it will be given by examiner
after you
Request for ATC clearance.
Don`t change your frequency from tower/in use freq. to next facility until asked
by
tower/in use freq. no matter in what control area you are flying. But you can
request
to switch freq. to next facility if control area is indicated as per given chart, else
continue with same freq. in use to give further compliance.
Example- Route: PUMOT 1A RWY28 (Refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)
Transmission-
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.1 5DME DISTANCE (DPN)
TURNING LEFT TRACK 175 TO SOMAX
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC 61.5 DME DISTANCE ALI TURNING TO ESTABLISH
R260 SSB
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ESTABLISH ON R260 (SSB) 112.4 DME DISTANCE
TO SSB FOR PUMOT
chart-
STAR 1.2 VOMM CHENNAI VOR RUNWAY 07 (sample copy)
Example- Position: W20 R-342 IAF 14D
(Refer chart given above for route- STAR 1.2)
Transmission-
Pilot- CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC R342 W20 14DME MMV LEAVING
FL50 FOR 4000 TURNING RIGHT FOR 12 DME ARC ILS APPROACH
RWY07
holding instructions may be given by ATC or if not given by ATC it should be followed by instructions
given in charts or AIP etc.
Holding clearance if given by ATC contains following elements-
1. Name of fix
2. Directions of inbound leg from the fix.
3. Radials / bearings that define the inbound leg.
4. Turn direction (if non-standard)
5. Leg length ( if non-standard. if not given; fly standard-each leg for one minute with standard rate of
turn )
6. Expect further clearance time (EFC)
7. Any applicable notes
1. Direct
2. Parallel
3. Tear Drop
Begin slowing your airspeed not less than 3 minutes before holding fix.
MHS:
200: KIAS MHA-6000 ft msl
230: KIAS 6001-14000 ft msl
265: KIAS 14001- msl and Above
The 5 T`s Pilot should remember
1. Turn
2. Time
3. Twist (OBS)
4. Throttle
5. Talk (Radio Communication)
Report Format:
1. Station calling
2. is Established
3. Holding altitude
4. Time (ex: 1340Z )
Required Reports:
1. Time and altitude when reaching a fix
2. Time leaving a holding fix
*Holding can be done OVER the fix or at some DME w.r.t. FIX
*Holding instruction may be given on chart or it might be asked by ATC to hold at any point
with complete instructions.
CHART 1.3 HOLDING PATTERN
ATC holding Instructions and Transmission for Holding at POINT (a.) given in chart
Example- Position: RWY 07 while commencing miss-approach when
- Aircraft fails to land. Read the miss approach procedure and follow the instructions.
Transmit according to instructions.
[ Refer chart-STAR 1.3 point (a.) ]
Transmission-
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC UNABLE TO
LAND (give reason: why unable to land) RWY 07
COMMENCING MISS-APPROACH
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING
[ REPORT WHILE TURNING TO ESTABLISH OR AFTER ESTABLISHED
ON INBOUND LEG ]
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
ATC holding Instructions and Transmission for Holding at POINT (b.) given in chart
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT IAF 20D MMV FOR VOR HOLDING
R091 AT FL60 1350Z
ohm`s law: ohm`s law states that the current flowing through an electrical circuit is directly
proportional to the EMF and inversely proportional to its resistance at a constant
temperature.
I=E/R
where, I = current (unit -ampere), E = EMF(unit- Volt) and R = resistance (unit- ohm)
W=I×E
Battery: connecting a *primary cells (1.5 v) in series or parallel combination forms battery.
*primary cells cannot be recharged
Volt: The S.I.* unit of EMF. The Difference of potential that would carry one ampere of current
against one ohm resistance.
Ampere: It is a unit of current. one ampere of current represents one coulomb of electric charge
moving past a specific point in one second.
EMF: The rate at which energy is drawn from the source when unit current flows
through the circuit measured in unit, Volts.
" e.m.f is not a force in classic physics sense because it is measured in Volts & not in Newton "
* For aircraft requiring a battery of 12v, 6 cells are connected in series. When the cells are connected in
parallel, the voltage of the battery remains the same as the single cell. however, the amount of current
that can be drawn from the battery will multiply depending upon number of cells in parallel.
Resistance: The force that oppose the flow of electron current in a conductor.
unit of resistance is ohm.
When resistance are connected in series, the total resistance of the circuit is equal to
Total Resistance, Rt = r1 + r2 + r3
When more than one resistance are connected in parallel (in circuit ), the total resistance
of the circuit is equal to :
Total Resistance: 1/R = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3
C = Q/V
Eddy Current: An electric current induced within the body of a conductor when conductor
either moves through a non-uniform magnetic magnetic field or in the region
where there is a change in magnetic flux. It is sometimes called Foucault current.
Eddy current cause heat and electromagnetic force in current.
Eddy current is superficial phenomenon.
"In cell, The EMF is close circuit & voltage at the terminal of cell that is
neither charging nor discharging is called the open circuit voltage and equals
the emf of the cell"
Kirchhoff`s law
Kirchhoff`s first law: The algebraic sum of current in network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.
(figure 1.)
Kirchhoff`s second law: The directed sum of the electronic potential differences
(voltage) around any close circuit is zero.
(figure 2.)
where,
H.P. - horse power
T= torque
N= speed (RPM)
Transformers
Transformers is a device used in A.C. circuit either to step up or step down the voltage. It works on the principle of
mutual induction.
facts:
* A.C. supply is 50 to 60 times per second and is called 50 hz/ 60 hz A.C.
*In order to reduce the size of transformers/chokes etc in an aircraft. the A.C. supply is 400hz.
Generators/motors
"a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called Generators whereas,
a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called Motors"
A.C. GENERATOR - a generator designed to produce A.C. current is called A.C. generators or an alternator
D.C.GENERATOR - a generator producing D.C. energy is called D.C. generators. Both type (A.C. & D.C.) of
generators operated by inducing an A.C. voltage with the help of commutator the A.C. energy can be converted in to
D.C.
CHOKE
A choke is a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, used as a passive inductor which blocks higher
frequency A.C. in an electric circuit while allowing to pass low frequency and direct current by having an impedance
largely determined by reactance.
Uses: Chokes are used in Radio Circuits are divided into two class -
1. Designed to use with power and audio frequency.
2. For Radio frequency.