‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫دا�ه آزاد اﺳﻼ�ﯽ وا�ﺪ �ﻢ‬

‫ﻤل�‬ ‫�ق‬
‫�‬
‫ﻮق �ای � ا ﻞ‬
‫ﮐﺎر�ﻨﺎ�ﯽ ار�ﺪ‬

‫� �� �� ا�� ��‬
‫ا ﺘﺎد‪ :‬د ﺮ ﻤﺪ ا� ﻢ ﺲ ��ی‬

‫�‬ ‫��‬
‫ﯽ ‪٩١-٩٠‬‬ ‫ﯿ�‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫��‬ ‫�‬ ‫� ��‬ ‫��‬

‫ﻢ ا� ا � ﻦ ا � ﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺭﺱ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ "ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺩﻳﻬﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‪1384 ،‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﻲ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻼﺱ )ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ(‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ(‪2000‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻳﺪﺍ ‪) 2003‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﺪﺍﻱ ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ(ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ )ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪-5‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ ‪ 1988‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ 1998.‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ‪2002‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﭙﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺁﻥ ﻻﻫﻪ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪1339‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ‪5 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ‪5 .................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪6 .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‪7 .........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ‪7 ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ‪7 ...............................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ‪8 .................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪9 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪10.............................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ‪11.....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ‪11................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ‪11.............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‪12............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ‪13...........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ‪15...................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪16.........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪16........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪17.................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ‪17.........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪19...............................................................................................................................................‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪23.................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪23......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪24....................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ‪24..........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ‪25...........................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ ‪29........................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪29.............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪30...........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪30..........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪30.............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪31...........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ‪31...........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪33..............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪35..............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪36............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪38..............................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪40............................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ‪41..................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪41...............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ‪42...............................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‪44.................................................................................................................................................‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‬

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‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻧ‪‬ﺪﻳﻮ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﺑﺮ ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪F0‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬

‫)ﻣﺜﻼً ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﻃﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟(‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ)ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ )ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ!(‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻣﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .1 :‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ‪ .2‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

‫‪-2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫‪. Henri Donnedieu de Vabres‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﻴﻮ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﺑﺮ )‪ (1952-1880‬ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﺮگ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ (.‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Donnedieu_de_Vabres :‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪-3‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﻮﺯﻳﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻫﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﻛﺸﻲ )‪(Genocide‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ )‪(Crimes Against Humanity‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ )‪(War Crimes‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ )(‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻼً ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻭ )‪ (ad hoc‬ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻨﻲﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ( ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ(‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ)ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ(‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ(‬

‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ)ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪-‬ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺍﻗﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪ -‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؟‬

‫‪ -‬ﭼﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺖ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻡﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪).‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ(‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﻞ ﻛﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺯﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )‪ (More Serious Offences‬ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺍً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻻﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻜﻤﺮﺍﻧﺎﻥ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﺥ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪).‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ!( ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 9‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﮔﺴﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﻧﺒﺮگ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺮﺍﻟﺌﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺤﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ( ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻜﻞ ﻫﺎ‪،‬ﻋﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺣﺴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ‬
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‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 21‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‬
‫‪F1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ - 21‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ؛‬
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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ(‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻗﺖ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻳﺤﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪،‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺎﻧﻪ؛‬
‫ﺝ( ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،7‬ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 3‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﺮﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ )ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻱ( ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ)ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺧﻮﻧﺪﻱ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻴﺮ؟ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻋﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎً ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎً ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺤﺎﻕ ﺁﻝ ﺣﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ »ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ«‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻜﻤﻲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺒﺲ ‪ 3‬ﺗﺎ‬
‫‪ 10‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ »ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻦ«‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻦ )‪ :(Transportation of Convicted‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬

‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ؛ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﺶ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺁﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﺁﻳﺸﻤﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻝ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫‪F2‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭژﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﺭژﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺁﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﺍﺗﻮ ﺁﻳﺸﻤﺎﻥ )ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ (Adolf Otto Eichmann :‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ »ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ« ﺩﺭ »ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺭﺍﻳﺶ« ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻧﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ »ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺩﻡﺳﻮﺯﻱ« ﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢﺭﺍﻩ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭژﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﺎﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﻤﺎﻧﺪﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺑﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺭﺷﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ‪ 15‬ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ »ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ«‪» ،‬ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ« ﻭ »ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺯﻱ« ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1962‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ »ﺍﻋﺪﺍﻡ« ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫)ﻛﺘﺎﺏ »ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺁﺩﻭﻟﻒ ﺁﻳﺸﻤﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻭﺭﺷﻠﻴﻢ«‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﻲ ﺻﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺟﺎ(‬

‫ﺩﺭ ‪ 1960‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺭژﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺭژﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺩﻭﻟﻒ_ﺁﻳﺸﻤﺎﻥ‪http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫‪...‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﭼﻬﺮﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ( ﻭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺤﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺘﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪)...‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ(‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫• ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻋﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫• ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﻔﻲ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ)ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺘﺎﻡ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﮔﺮﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﮔﺮﺍ )ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻫﮕﻞ(‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﮔﺮﺍ )ﺑﻜﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﻡ(‬

‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﺿﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻜﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺘﺶ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺘﺶ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺗﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪» :.‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪«.‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ »ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ« ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ »ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ« ﺣﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻳﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪1982‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ‪72/1/31‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪ 1958‬ژﻧﻮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺧﺪﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﮕﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺻﻼ" ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺟﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‪.‬ﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ!‬

‫* ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﺩ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﻣﻼﻙ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫»‪ -1‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺛﺒﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺛﺒﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪﻧﺰﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪«.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 4‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ )‪ 5‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺷﺪﻩ(‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺭﻳﮕﻲ(‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﻧﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪).‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ(‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 31‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪» :1328‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺤﻪ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺨﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻨﻲﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ‪ -‬ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻓﺮﻭﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪«.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ )ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ )ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺘﻠﻲ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺪﻩ ‪ 17‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺯﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ( ﺯﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺵ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺗﻲ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﻭﺭﺗﮕﺎ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺷﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﺎﺭﺍﮔﻮﺋﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ‪ /‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮگ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 22‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻞ ‪ 1961‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ (1967) 1343‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪» :‬ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﻖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ؟‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻩ ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪ 1359/3/28‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ‪ ........‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺠﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻓﻮﺭﺍً ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.......‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 22‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 29‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 31‬ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﻱ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺕ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ )ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ( ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻑ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ 1973‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ 1357‬ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ؟ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪.1‬ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻲ؟ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺠﻮﺍﻥ( ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺧﺮﻣﺸﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ( ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﺁَﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ )‪(The principle of personal jurisdiction‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﺶ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺰﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺰﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﺰﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻛﻼﻫﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻳﺰﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺻﻞ )ﻗﺒﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ( ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻓﻌﺎﻝ)ﻣﺜﺒﺖ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﻫﻜﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ)ﻣﻨﻔﻲ(‪:‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ .1 :‬ژﺍﻥ ژﺍﻙ ﺭﻭﺳﻮ‪ :‬ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .2 .‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻧﺌﻮﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻗﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺴﻮﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﺎ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﺰﺍﻛﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺸﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻳﺸﻤﻦ‬

‫ﭘﺮﺳﺶ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﺭﻳﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﻮ )ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ (4‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻢ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﭙﺮﻫﻴﺰﻧﺪ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻭﻻً ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﻧﻈﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﭘﻲﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ‪ 1992‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺤﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻋﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭگ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺣﺼﺎء ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺯﻭﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 7‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ )ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﻬﻴﻢ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ژﺍﭘﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ژﺍﭘﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﭘﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺩﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 20‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ‪ 4‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫‪F3‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺠﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ - 20‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪ (1‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،7 ،6‬ﻭ ‪ 8‬ﻫﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺫﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻄﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﻳﺎ ﺑﻲﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺫﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼً ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪ 14‬ﺳﺎﻟﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 6‬ﻭ ‪ 7‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 6‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 7‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ‪ 5‬ﺷﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺰﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ!‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪).‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺒﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻨﻘﱠﺢ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ )‪ (principle of clarity of law‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 7‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ 91/1/21‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺑﻼﻍ ﺷﺪ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺗﻮﺑﻮﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺮگ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺎء ﺩﻡ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ! ﺍﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﺑﻪ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﺩﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 7‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ‪ 1‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ : 7‬ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ‪ 2‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ : 7‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ)ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮﻱ(‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ : 7‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)‪(The passive personality principle‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﻳﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺩﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺰﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺯﻫﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ )‪(protective principle‬‬

‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 61‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪) 1370‬ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (62‬ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 155‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ 4 ،‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺎﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺁﻭﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻱ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺿﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻳﺰﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﻨﺤﻪ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1992‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 10-113‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .1 :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ‪ .2‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ!‬

‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻁ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ )ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ(‬
‫ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺍﻟﺰﻏﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .1 :‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ‪ .2‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ )ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ( ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺍﻭﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ!‬

‫ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻈﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻁ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ »ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ! ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ »ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ« ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ!‬
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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﷲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﻀﺮﺭ‬

‫ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ )ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻻ ﻏﻴﺮ! ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﻪ ‪ 5‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬

‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ »ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ« ﻳﺎ »ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡ«‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 6‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ )ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ(ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺫﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪) ...‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )‪( universality principle / universal jurisdietion‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪).‬ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ( ﻣﺜﻼً ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﺭﺑﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺯﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺰﺟﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺤﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﮔﺮﻳﺨﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﻜﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺪﺷﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ؛ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﺳﻴﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻗﺖ( ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ( ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺘﺶ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﻴﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪(..‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺸﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺠﻦ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﻞ ﻛﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ)ﻭﻟﺘﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐﺷﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻱ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻠﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻠﺢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺒﻬﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖﻫﺎ)ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻗﭽﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻮﻡ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎﺗﻲ)ﺻﻮﺭﻱ( ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ‬
‫)ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﺍﺻﻞ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ(ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼً ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺣﺸﮕﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺯﻧﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ!‬

‫ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ)ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ( ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺟﺰﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻗﭽﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺒﺲ ﺍﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺒﺲ ‪ 20‬ﺳﺎﻝ )ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺌﻮ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼً ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ‪ 300‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻛﻮﻛﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ)ﻣﺜﻼ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ( ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ)ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﻡ( ﺑﻪ ‪ 15‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺒﺲ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ؟‬

‫ﺟﻬﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﻬﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .1 :‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺩ؛ ‪ .2‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺩ )ﺍﻣﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺧﻼﻑ )ﺟﻬﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ( ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺪﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻼﻳﻢﺗﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺳﺮﻗﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭽﻜﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ؟ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪ 1339‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 9‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺭﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ)ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ(‬

‫‪-1‬ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪-2‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪-3‬ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪-4‬ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻱ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭼﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﺮﺡﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫‪F4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪1339/2/14‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﻞ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﻨﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻀﺎء ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ »ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﺋﻮ« ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1962‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﻡ ‪ 16‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪-1 :‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻨﻲ؛ ‪ -2‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ‪ -3‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬

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‫‪. Extradition of offenders‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﺴ‪‬ﺮ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 76‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 78‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 88‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺯﺑﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 80‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪(.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪8‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻣﺒﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ‪ 23‬ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻼً ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻗﻮﺍ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎﺗﺶ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻗﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ )ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪8‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ‪/‬ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 4‬ﻭ‪ 5‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 5‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 4‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻛﻢ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 2‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 4‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 8‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺮﻳﺤﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺯﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ – ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ–‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ«‪.‬‬

‫»ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯ(«‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﻮﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﺪﻭﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻫﺒﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ‪boss‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪coptain‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻀﻮ ‪member‬‬

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 ‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﮋﺍﻙ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺮﻡﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ)ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ )ﺟﺰﻳﺮﻩ( ﺳﻴﺴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﭘﻮﻟﺸﻮﻳﻲ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ )ﺭﺷﻮﻩ‪(..‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ )ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ( ﺭﺍ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﭼﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪.‬ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 1239‬ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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