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PDF Makalah Tersedak - Compress
PDF Makalah Tersedak - Compress
(GHNK^K\LKVXVK\KE XIXI)
Ljkjugke uetug ihiheudj skakd sktu tunks Iktk Guajkd ghnkwktlkrurktke uiui
yken lj kipu bahd?
GH]HDK\KE
Ikgkakd jej ljfukt lkrj fhfhrkpk fketuke lkrj fhrfknkj pjdkg uetug
ihifketu iheyhahskjgke ikgkakd jej. Bahd gkrhek jtu skyk ihenumkpgke
thrjik gksjd yken shfhskr-fhskreyk ghpklk shiuk pjdkg yken
thakd ihifketu gkij iheyhahskjgke tunks ikgkakd jej.
Pheyusue
;
LKC\KV J]J
FKF J PHELKDXAXKE.................................................................................=
K. Aktkr Fhakgken................................................................................................ =
F. Vuiuske Ikskakd ...............................................................................................=
M. \ujuke ................................................................................................................... <
6
FKF J
PHELKDXAXKE
K. Aktkr Fhakgken
\hrshlkg ihrupkgke suktu ghnkwktlkrurktke yken skenkt
fhrfkdkyk, gkrhek lkaki fhfhrkpk ihejt skjk kgke
thrjklj ghgurkenke bgsjnhe shmkrk nhehrka ktku iheyhaurud
shdjennk dkeyk lkaki djtuenke ihejt pksjhe kgke ghdjakenke
rhcahgs ekcks, lheyut
jketuen, lke ghiktjke shmkrk phrikehe lkrj fktken btkg,
lkaki Fkdksk akje ghiktjke lkrj jeljvjlu thrshfut.
Lkrj shiuk gksus thrshlkg yken thrjklj pklk kekg-kekg shphrtjnkeyk
thrjklj ljskaurke ekpks. Ajik puaud ajik phrshe lkrj gksus fhelk
ksjen ljskaurke ekpks thrjklj pklk kekg-kekg uiur gurken lkrj <
tkdue. Pklk tkdue ;:>8 kekg ljfkwkd uiur < tkdue
jesjlhe ghiktjke ihelklkg kgjfkt kspjrksj ktku thrthake fhelk
ksjen ahfjd tjennj. Fkyj lj fkwkd uiur ; tkdue nkwkt ekpks
gkrhek kspjrksj
fhelk ksjen ihrupkgke pheyhfkf utkik ghiktjke (Ektjbeka
]kcty Mbuemja, ;:4;).
\hrshlkg klk luk jhejs yken phrtkik thrshlkg pkrtjka/ijal krtjeyk
fhelk ksjen yken iksug dkeyk iheyuifkt shfknjke lkrj jkake
ekpks lke iksjd klk shljgjt mhakd uetug iksug eyk ulkrk.
]hlkengke thrshlkg tbtka fabmgknh/shvhrh ykjtu lj ikek fhelk
ksjen yken iksug iheutup shiuk fknjke jkake ekpks, shdjennk
ihifukt jktud lke tjlkg sklkrgke ljrj.
F. Vuiuske Ikskakd
Fhrlkskrgke phikpkrke aktkr fhakgken lj ktks, ikgk gkij
ihenkifja fhfhrkpk ruiuske ikskakd ljketkrkeyk ?
;. Kpk yken ljikgsul thrshlkg2
6. Kpk pheyhfkf thrjkljeyk thrshlkg2
=. Fknkjikek ihgkejsih thrjkljeyk thrshlkg2
<. Fknkjikek ljknebsjs pklk thrshlkg2
8. Fknkjikek phekenkeke lke phektkakgskekke thrdklkp thrshlkg2
=
M. \ujuke
Klkpue tujuke yken lkpkt ljphrbahd lkrj ikgkakd jej ykjtu ?
;.Ihenhtkduj phenhrtjke thrshlkg
6.Ihenhtkduj pheyhfkf thrjkljeyk thrshlkg
=.Ihenhtkduj ihgkejsih lkrj thrshlkg
<.Ihenhtkduj ljknebsjs pklk thrshlkg
8.Ihenhtkduj phekenkeke lke phektkakgskekke thrdklkp thrshlkg
<
FKF JJ
PHIFKDK]KE
K. Phenhrtjke \hrshlkg
Phenhrtjke thrshlkg iheurut (shkttah mdjalrhe‚s ,60;4) ykjtu
ihrupkgke ghnkwktlkrurktke yken dkrus ihiphrbahd phekenkeke
shnhrk lke thrshlkg thrjklj kgjfkt fhelk ghmj, ikjeke, ktku shpbtben
ikgkeke yken ihendkakenj jkake ekpks. Fkyj lke kekg-kekg ghmja
ihijajgj skaurke ulkrk shdjennk ihifukt ahfjd iulkd
uetug thrshlkg. Fhelk ksjen fjkskeyk thrsengut pklk frbegus
(pkajen shrjen pklk pkru fknjke gkeke) lke lkpkt
ihenkgjfktgke gbakps
pklk fknjke ljstka abgksj pheyuifktke (^DB 600:)
\hrshlkg (mdbgjen) ihrupkgke suktu ghklkke iksugeyk
fhelk ksjen (ikgkeke, ikjeke,laa) gh lkaki jkake ekpks
ktks shdjennk ihejifuagke nkwkt ekpks. Ojgk dka jej tjlkg
ljtkenkej shnhrk ikgk gbrfke kgke ihejennka. Pklk lkskreyk gjtk
ihenheka 6
jhejs thrshlkg
Fhrjgut mkrk ihifhlkgke ketkrk thrshlkg yken ijal ktku
rjenke lke shvhrh ktku yken fhrkt/tbtka ?
;. \hrshlkg yken rjenke
k) Iksjd klk phrtugkrke ulkrk
f) Gbrfke iksjd sklkr lke lkpkt fktug shghrks- ghrkseyk
6. \hrshlkg yken fhrkt
k) Furugeyk phrtugkrke ulkrk thrdklkp sj gbrfke
f) Iksjd fjsk fktug, tkpj ahikd ktku tjlkg lkpkt fktug
skik shgkaj
m) Ekpks fhrtkifkd mhpkt
l) \jlkg lkpkt fhrfjmkrk
h) Ihihnken ahdhr (tkelk uejvhrska lkrj thrshlkg)
c) \jlkg lkpkt ihiksuggke ulkrk/ihekrjg ekpks lhenke fkjg.
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F. Htjbabnj
Ckmtbr yken ihiphriulkd thrjkljeyk kspjrksj fhelk ksjen gh
lkaki skaurke ekpks ketkrk akje ?
;. Ckmtbr phrsbeka shphrtj
k. uiur,phghrjkke, gbeljsj sbmjka
f. Ghnknkake ihgkejsih prbthgsj ebrika (tjlur,
ghsklkrke iheururue, kagbdbajsih lke hpjahpsy)
6. Ckmtbr cjsjg ykjtu
k. Ghakjeke lke pheykgjt ehurbabnjm
f. Prbshs ihehake yken fhaui shipurek pklk kekg
=. Ckmtbr lhetka, ihljmka lke surnjmka
k. \jelkgke fhlkd
f. Hgstrkgsj njnj
m. Fhaui tuifud eyk njnj ibakr pklk kekg yken fhruiur 1
< tkdue
<. Ckmtbr ghjjwkke
k. Hibsj
f. Nkennuke psjgjs
8. Ckmtbr ghmhrbfbdke
k. Ihahtkggke fhelk ksjen ljiuaut
f. Phrsjkpke ikgkeke yken gurken fkjg
m. Ikgke ktku ijeui yken thrnhsk- nhsk
l. Ikgke skifja fhrikje (fjkskeyk pklk kekg-kekg)
h. Ihifhrjgke ikgkeke shphrtj gkmken lke phrihe
ghpklk kekg yken njnj ibakr eyk fhaui tuifud.
L. Ihgkejsih thrjkljeyk thrshlkg
Iheurut Lr. ]rj Vusiketj, I.ghs, lbgthr Vuikd
]kgjt Xiui Jsaki (V]XJ) gustktj ]urkgkrtk, tufud ihenkakij
thrshlkg gkrhek thrdkakeneyk jkaur phrekpkske fknjke ktks kgjfkt
ikgkeke ktku fhelk ksjen akjeeyk. \hrshlkg fjsk iheyhfkfgke
shshbrken ihenkakij fktug-fktug. \htkpj jjgk skaurke
phrekpkske thrshfut thrdkaken mugup fkeykg, ikgk fjsk
iheyhfkfgke shshbrken
3
ihejennka luejk. -Bgsjnhe yken iksug lkaki tufud
fhrnuek shfknkj suifhr fkdke fkgkr. ]kkt shshbrken
thrshlkg, jkaur
phrekpkske thrdkifkt shdjennk tjlkg klk bgsjnhe yken iksug
gh lkaki pkru-pkru.’
]hmkrk ahfjd rjemj Lr. ]rj Vusiketj, I.Ghs ihejhaksgke
fkdwk pklk ghrbengbenke thrlkpkt luk skaurke ykgej skaurke ekpks
uetug iksugeyk ulkrk gh pkru-pkru, lke skaurke phemhrekke uetug
iksugeyk ikgkeke iheuju usus. Ghluk skaurke jej skik-
skik
fhrdufuenke lhenke aufken djluen ikupue iuaut. Knkr
tjlkg thrjklj skakd iksug, ikgk ljketkrk ghrbengbenke lke
thennbrbgke thrlkpkt shfukd gktup (hpjnabtjs). Gktup jej
fhrnhrkg shmkrk
fhrnketjke iheutup thennbrbgke lke ghrbengbenke shphrtj dkaeyk
lkue pjetu. ]kkt fhrekpks, gktup iheutup ghrbengbenke knkr ulkrk
iheuju thennbrbgke, shlkengke skkt ihehake ikgkeke
gktup iheutup thennbrbgke knkr ikgkeke ahwkt ghrbengbenke. \
hrshlkg lkpkt thrjklj kpkfjak ikgkeke yken
shdkruseyk iheuju ghrbengbenke, ikakd iheuju
thennbrbgke gkrhek fhrfknkj shfkf. Fkeykg ckgtbr yken
iheyhfkfgke shshbrken ihenkakij thrshlkg ljketkrkeyk ikgke
thrfuru-furu, thrtkwk ktku fhrfjmkrk skkt ikgke,
prbshs ihehake yken fhaui shipurek, ktku klkeyk ghakjeke fkwkke
shjkg akdjr.
H. Nhjkak lke tkelk
Nhjkak suifktke fhelk ksjen lj lkaki skaurke
ekpks thrnketuen pklk abgksj fhelk ksjen, lhrkjkt suifktke
(tbtka ktku shfknjke) , sjckt, fhetug, lke ugurke fhelk ksjen .
]hshbrken yken ihenkakij kspjrksj fhelk ksjen kgke ihenkakij =
stkljui ykjtu ?
;. ]tkljui phriuakke ykjtu fktug dhfkt shmkrk tjfk- tjfk (vjbahet
pkrbxysi bc mbundjen), rksk thrmhgjg (mdbgjen), rksk
thrsuifkt lj thennbrbgke (nknnjen), fjmkrk nknkp
>
(sputthrjen), lke bfstrugsj jkake ekpks thrjklj shnhrk.
>
6. ]tkljui gh luk ihrupkgke nhjkak stkljui phriuakke
ljjgutj bahd jethrvka ksjitbiktjg. Dka jej gkrhek fhelk ksjen
thrshfut thrskengut, rhcahgs-rhcahgs kgke ihahikd lke nhjkak
rkenskenke kgut ihendjaken . stkljui jej fhrfkdkyk , shrjen
iheyhfkfgke ghthrakifktke ljknebsjs gkrhek nhjkak fhaui
jhaks.
=. ]tkljui ghtjnk , thakd thrjklj nhjkak gbipajgksj lhenke
bfstrugsj, hrbsj ktku jechgsj shfknkj kgjfkt rhkgsj thrdklkp
fhelk ksjen , shdjennk tjifua fktug-fktug, dhibptjsjs
pehuibejk, lke kfshs
pkru.
C. Ljknebsjs
Ljknebsjs gajejs thrshlkg ljthnkggke fhrlkskrgke kekiehsjs
klkeyk rjwkykt iksugeyk fhelk ksjen gh lkaki skaurke ekpks, tjfk-
tjfk tjifua mdbgjen (rksk thrmhgjg), nhjkak, tkelk, phihrjgskke cjsjg
lhenke kusguatksj, pkapksj lke phihrjgskke rkljbabnj
shfknkj
phihrjgskke pheuejken . ljknebsjs pkstj fhelk ksjen lj skaurke
ekpks ljthnnkggke shthakd ljakgugke helbsgbpj ktks
jeljgksj ljknebstjm lke thrkpj.
Kekiehsjs yken mhrikt phrau ljthnkggke, gkrhek
gksus kspjrksj fhelk ksjen shrjen tjlkg shnhrk ljfkwk gh lbgthr
pklk skkt ghjkljke. Phrau ljghtkduj ikmki fhelk ktku fkdke yken
thrkspjrksj lke thakd fhrkpk akik thrshlkg fhelk ksjen thrshfut.
N. Phektkakgskekke
Phektkakgskekke yken ljakgugke pklk brken lhwksk yken
thrshlkg ykjtu ?
;. Fhrljrj lj fhakgken brken thrshfut, lke ajengkrgke
ghluk tkenke Kelk lj shgjtkr pjennkeneyk shphrtj pbsjsj
ihihaug. Ojgk brken thrshfut lkaki pbsjsj fhrljrj,
thipktgke skakd sktu gkgj Kelk lj ketkrk ghluk
gkgjeyk knkr Kelk lkpkt iheykennk brken thrshfut jjgk
jk pjenske.
4
6. Ghpkagke skakd sktu tkenke Kelk, pkstjgke jfu jkrj
Kelk iksug gh lkaki ghpkake. Ahtkggke ghpkake Kelk
shljgjt lj ktks puskr brken thrshfut ekiue lj fkwkd
tuaken lklk. Pbsjsjgke sjsj aukr lkrj jfu jkrj
ihendklkp phrut brken thrshfut. Nhennki ghpkake
Kelk lhenke rkpkt lhenke
:
ihakgugkeeyk fhruaken gkaj lke tjlkg thrjklj kpk-kpk, shnhrk
pkennja fketuke ihljs.
:
Mkrk ihakgugke Dhjiajmd ikehuvhr pklk brken yken shlken
fhrfkrjen pue skik. Dkeyk skjk pklk kwkaeyk pbsjsjgke
tufud Kelk fhrautut ihenkengken lj ktks tufudeyk. Fukt
ghpkake yken skik lke lbrben ghpkake Kelk gh lkaki phruteyk
lke ihenkrkd gh ktks, shphrtj akengkd lj ktks. Kpkfjak jk
ghdjakenke ghsklkrke,
fkrjengke brken thrshfut lke mbfkakd uetug
ihifhfksgke skaurke phrekpkskeeyk lhenke jkrj Kelk
lhenke nhrkgke iheykpu. Kpkfjak Kelk tjlkg lkpkt
ihahpksgke bfjhg, akgugke MPV. Kpkfjak bfjhg pheyhfkf
thrshlkgeyk sulkd ghaukr tkpj brken thrshfut ghdjakenke
ghsklkrke, shakejuteyk akgugke ekpks
fuktke ahwkt MPV..
;
;
=. Nhelben fkyj lhenke pbsjsj wkjkd gh fkwkd
thauengup lj ktks pkenguke kelk. Fukt ghpkak fkyj ahfjd
rhelkd lkrj gkgjeyk, skennk ghpkak lke
rkdken fkwkd fkyj
ihennuekgke tkenke kelk (dktj-dktj uetug
tjlkg ihehgke ahdhr fkyj gkrhek
jej kgke iheyhfkfgke thrsuifkteyk skaurke ekcks.
<. Fhrjgke 8 gkaj thpugke lj puennuen (thpugakd lj
puennuen, ketkrk 6 tuaken fhajgkt fkyj, jkenke ihepug lj
thengug).nuekgke pkengka thakpkg kelk ghtjgk ihifhrj
thpuggke.
8. ]hthakd ihifhrj 8 gkaj thpuggke puennuen,
skennkakd ahdhr fhakgken fkyj kelk lhenke tkenke
lke fkajggke tufud fkyj shdjennk lkaki pbsjsj
thrahetken , fukt pbsjsj ghpkak fkyj ahfjd rhelkd lkrj
gkgjeyk.
3. Akgugke 8 gkaj phehgkeke lklk (abgksj phehgkeke
skik lhenke pbsjsj phehgkeke lklk pklk prbshs MPV
ykjtu lj thenkd-thenkd tuaken lklk /ljfkwkd nkrjs
jikjjehr ketkrk 6 puttjen susu fkyj). Dkeyk nuekgke 6
jkrj thenkd uetug ihakgugke mdhst tdrust.
>. Xakenj akengkd Eb.<,8,3 lj ktks skipkj fhelk
ksjen ghaukr lkrj iuaut fkyj ktku fkyj ihejklj tjlkg
sklkr.
Ojgk fhelk ksjen fhaui fjsk ghaukr lke fkyj ihejklj tjlkg
;
FKF JJJ
PHEX\XP
K. Ghsjipuake
\hrshlkg (mdbgjen) ihrupkgke suktu ghklkke iksugeyk
fhelk ksjen (ikgkeke, ikjeke,laa) gh lkaki jkake ekpks
ktks shdjennk ihejifuagke nkwkt ekpks. Ojgk dka jej tjlkg
ljtkenkej shnhrk ikgk gbrfke kgke ihejennka
Fkyj lke kekg-kekg ghmja ihijajgj skaurke ulkrk shdjennk
ihifukt ahfjd iulkd uetug thrshlkg. Fhelk ksjen
fjkskeyk thrsengut pklk frbegus (pkajen shrjen pklk pkru fknjke
gkeke) lke lkpkt ihenkgjfktgke gbakps pklk fknjke ljstka abgksj
pheyuifktke (^DB 600:).
F. ]krke
Ljfutudgke phenhtkduke lke ghthrkipjake yken fkjg ihenhekj
phenhtkduke thetken phektkakgskekke thrshlkg gdususeyk fknj
theknk ghshdktke.
;
LKC\KV PX]\KGK
;
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