BOOK 11

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

has now.
John had a red car last year.
has had for six month.
is today.
Roby was in New York Thursday..
has been since Monday..
CONTRACTIONS
I have I’ve
You have You’ve
He has He’s Has Hasn’t
She has She’s + not =
=
It has It’s Have Haven’t
We have We’ve
You have You’ve
They have They’ve

THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

is used to refer to actions or events that began in the past and continue
into the
present. It is the closer to the present than the present perfect is.
It stresses that an action or event is not finished. It also suggest that it
will
continue in to the future.
EXAPLE : They’ve been talking on the phone for an hour.
: They’re talking now and may talk for another hour.
: Keith has been studying since 4:30.
: Ann and Bob have been studying since 4:30.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Someone and somebody are used affirmative statements and questions.
EXAMPLES : Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
: Somebody forgot to put gas in the car.
: Can someone please take this book to the library?
: Has somebody been using my pen without asking me?
No one and nobody are used in affirmative statements.
EXAMLES : No one wants to leave before the general does.
: The weather was awful, nobody gat to work on time.
Anyone and anybody are usually used in negative statements and in
affirmative and
negative questions. They are sometimes used in affirmative statements.
EXAMLES: I didn’t know anyone at the party last night.
Can anyone give me a ride home after class? Doesn’t any one have a pencil?
Was anybody in the office when you got there? Anybody can learn another
language.

QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG

The phrase how long is used to introduce questions about length of time.
EXAMPLES : How long did you stay at the party?
: How long will they be on vacation?
: How long is the flight to New York?

BECOME AND GET

Become and get are used as linking verbs to show a change in
state or conditions.
SUBJECT LINKING VERB SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Most captains become majors. (noun)
become
The homework (or) get confusing. (adjective)
 ADJECTIV CLAUSES
An adjective clauses is group of words that describes a noun or
pronoun.
Adjective clauses begin with who, which or that.
Who refers to people. Which refers to things. That refers to both people and
things.
Mr. Steve is the one who teaches Spanish.
Roper’s is the store which sells tires.
This is the watch that broke last week.
Mr. Dial is the man that fix it for me.

TOO + PREDICATE ADJECTIVE + TO - INFINITIVE

One of the meanings of too is “more than enough”. Too followed by an adjective
and
a to – infinitive, means “more than necessary for a particular purpose”.
EXAMPLES : The test was too long for us to finish. (we couldn’t finish the test
because
it was longer than necessary).
: These shoes don’t fit well. They’re too tight. (these shoes are tighter
than
they should be in order to fit well).
TO+ADJECTIVE FOR+NOUN/PRONOUN INFINITIVE
Candy is too sweet to eat.
for me
Coffee is too bitter to drink.
Carol was too tired to drive.
It’ll be too early for the children to get up.
INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE
An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after a verb tells the reason for which
something is done.
EXAMPLES : Jim didn’t have any news. He just called to talk. (he only called
because
he wanted to talk).
: Beth stopped at store to buy some milk. (she stopped at the store
because she wanted to buy some milk).
INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE
Ray moved to save a little money.
Lt Lee want to talk to the supervisor.
Don’t use a pen to mark the answer sheet.
Roger called to invite us to his party.

THE SUFFIX – Y
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word.
When the suffix – y is added to a noun the noun becomes an adjective which
means
“like”, “full of”, or “characterized by” something. When the noun ends with “e”,
drop the “e” before adding “y”.
EXAMPLE : The weather was soapy. (the weather was full of soap)
cloud cloudy sun sunny
fun funny rain rainy
grease greasy salt salty
ice +y= icy snow +y= snowy
leak leaky soup soupy
noise noise storm stormy
oil oily water watery

COULD AS PAST ABILITY

COULD = WAS ABLE TO COULD + NOT = COULDN’T