FACTORS INFLUENCING CIGARETTES SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM

AMONG YOUTH IN BARANGAY KAPAYA BAGUMBAYAN

SULTAN KUDARAT

JAZZEN RAY D. TUGADO

ROCO G. PAMPAG

JAY EM P. FACA

REGIE I. SAMALBORO

KENNETH LLOYD D. PALAGANAS

LORENCE B. BALAOGAN

JONATHAN BADAYOS

KAMAGONG 12

2022 – 2023
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Alcohol and Tobacco are among the top causes of preventable deaths.

Moreover, these substances often are used together. People who smoke are

much more likely to drink, and people who drink are much more likely to smoke.

Dependence on alcohol and tobacco also is correlated. People who are

dependent on alcohol are three times more likely than those in the general

population to be smokers, and people who are dependent on tobacco are four

times more likely than the general population to be dependent on alcohol. The

link between alcohol and tobacco has important implications for those in the

alcohol treatment field. Many alcoholics smoke, putting them at high risks for

tobacco- related complications, including multiple cancers. Alcohol and tobacco

use may lead to major health risks when used alone and together (Taylor, 2020).

Understanding just how alcohol and tobacco interact is challenging.

Because co-use is so common, and because both substances work on similar

mechanisms in the brain, it’s proving difficult to tease apart individual and

combined effects of these drugs. According to Husten (2020), interactions

between these two substances, including the prevalence of co-occurring tobacco

and alcohol use disorders, some of the health consequences of combined use,

biological mechanisms and genetic vulnerabilities to co-use and dependence.

Alcohol and tobacco use may lead to major health risks when used alone and

together. In addition to contributing to traumatic death and injury.

According to Breslau and Peterson (2019) individuals who smoke early in

life are less likely to quit as adults. Likewise, alcohol use typically begins in

adolescence, and early initiation of alcohol use is a strong predictor of

subsequent problems and dependence (De 2019). Cigarette’s smoking is of

special interest because cigarettes were legally available to minors until recently

and are still readily available to minors from the Internet and non-commercial

sources (Castrucci 2020). This approach was used by Chen and Kandel (2017)

to examine the relationship between substance use and dependence for the

cases of nicotine and cocaine. In the present study, they take analogous

approach to address whether smoking might predict differential susceptibility to

alcohol abuse and dependence, also known as alcohol use disorder.In addition

to contributing to traumatic death and injury. Alcohol and smoking are associated

with physical health (Oxford University Press 2018).

The main objectives of this study is to identify the factors influencing

cigarettes smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the health of the youths, and

open new ideas for everyone’s information, not just for the youth, but also for the

people who are dependent to alcohol and cigarettes, because consumption to

alcohol and cigarettes is currently one of society’s major issues. The purpose of

this is to become aware in our physical, mental, and social aspects.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the factors influencing cigarettes smoking

and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

1.1 age;

1.2 gender?

2. What is the extent of factors influencing cigarettes smoking and

alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan

Kudarat in terms of;

2.1 ignorance and curiosity;

2.2 peer pressure; and

2.3 rebellious phase.

3. What is the effects of cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to the youths

in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat in terms of;

3.1 physical aspect;

3.2 mental aspect ; and

3.3 social aspect .

Is there a significant relationship between the factors influencing cigarettes

smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in Barangay Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat?

 Conceptual framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

FACTORS OF CIGARETTES
SMOKING AND ALCOHOLISM EFFECTS OF THE
AMONG YOUTHS CIGARETTES SMOKING AND
ALCOHOLISM TO THEYOUTHS
 Ignorance and Curiosity
 Physical Aspect
 Peer Pressure
 Mental Aspect
 Rebellious Phase  Social Aspect

Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study

The diagram shows the factors influencing cigarettes smoking and

alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

As shown in the figure 1, the independent variable are factors of

cigarettes smoking and alcoholism among youths. The dependent variables are

effects of the cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to the health of the youths. This

study leans on the factors influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism among

youth.

Hyphothesis

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the factors

influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant relationship between the

factors influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.
Significance of the Study

The study focus on determining the factors influencing cigarettes smoking

and alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

To the Community, the community will put more attention to handle this

kind of case.

To the Parents, the parents are directly concerned with the health of their

children will be able to know how to handle and discipline their child.

To the Barangay Officials, this study can provide more knowledge to be

aware to health of the youth to undergo such treatment and help them to solve

the problem that they encountered.

To the Youth, the respondents will have an awareness on the factors

influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism to their health. With this study, it

will be an eye opener that health can be more important than any other issues.

To the Future Researchers, this study will provide baseline data needed

for future researchers and studies related to this one.

To the Researcher, this will broaden their understanding on the factors

influencing cigarettes smoking and alcoholism among youth in Barangay Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

 This study focuses on the factors influencing cigarettes smoking and

alcoholism among youths in Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat. The

data collection will be conducted to 200 random youths in Barangay Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat who will represent the population. Each respondent

is given the same questionnaire to answer. The result of this study will be

applicable to the community of Brgy Kapaya. The main source of data will be the

questionnaire, which is prepared by researcher.

This study will be conducted during first and second semester of the

School Year 2022-20223.

Definition of Terms

The researcher defined some important words based on its use in the

study for clarification and to be understood by the readers.

Alcoholism refers to excessive and repetitive drinking of

alcoholic beverages of the youth of Barangay

Kapaya to the extent that it is drinker

repeatedly harmed or harm others. The harm

may be physical, mental and social.

Cigarettes Smoking refers to the substances that the youth used

to calm their selves and it gives them sense

of belongingness in their social aspect.

Curiosity refers to a strong desire to know or learn

something.

Ignorance refers to a lack of knowledge or information.

Mental Aspect refers to the emotional, psychological, and

social well-being. It affects how we think, feel

and act.

Peer Pressure refers to a feeling of the youths that one must

do the same things as other people of one’s

age and social group to be liked or respected

by them.

Physical Aspect refers to the youths body as distinguished

 from the mind and spirit.

Rebellious Phase refers to the expression of defiant behavior

and disregard for the existing parenting rules.

Social Aspect refers to the commonalities among people

within a specific culture.

Youth refers to the time of life being a child and an

adult. The age is ranging 13 years old to 25

years old.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies both local and

foreign sources after the thorough and in-depth search done by the researcher. it

includes ideas, finished thesis, generalization, conclusions, and methodologies.

Cigarettes Smoking

It’s difficult to stop once you get started. Because tobacco includes the highly

addictive chemical nicotine, smoking is a difficult habit to stop. The body and

mind soon become used to the nicotine in cigarettes, much as they do to cocaine

or other addictive drugs. It becomes necessary for a person to have it to feel

normal. People begin smoking for a variety of reasons. Some people believe it’s

cool. Others begin because a member of their family or a close acquaintance

smoke. Almost all adult tobacco users began before they turned 18. Most people

never anticipated to develop an addiction. That’s why it’s so much easier to avoid

starting to smoke in the first place (Kuper, 2016)

According to Milenkovic (2019) Cigarette smoking remains one of the most

significant preventable causes of disease and premature death in the western

world and is a leading cause of cancer and death from cancer. Caporaso (2017)

Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality

in developed countries. Dramatic changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking

in the second half of this century in the United States (i.e., a reduction among

men and an increase among women) have reduced current smoking levels to
approximately one quarter of the adult population and have reduced differences

in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable diseases between the sexes.

Current smoking in the United States is positively associated with younger age,

lower income, reduced educational achievement, and disadvantaged

neighborhood environment. Daily smokers smoke cigarettes to maintain nicotine

levels in the brain, primarily to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal,

but also to modulate mood.

Regular smokers exhibit higher and lower levels of stress and arousal,

respectively, than nonsmokers, as well as higher impulsivity and neuroticism trait

values. Nicotine dependence is the single most common psychiatric diagnosis in

the United States, and substance abuse, major depression, and anxiety

disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric comorbid conditions associated with

nicotine dependence. Studies in twins have implicated genetic factors that

explain most of the variability in vulnerability to smoking and in persistence of the

smoking phenotype. Future research into the causes of smoking must consider

these associated demographics, social factors, comorbid psychiatric conditions,

and genetic factors to understand this complex human behavior (Bosetti, 2018)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) said that every day,

almost 2,500 children under 18 years of age try their first cigarette, and more

than 400 of them will become new, regular daily smokers. Half of them will

ultimately die from their habit. People who start smoking at an early age are more

likely to develop a severe addiction to nicotine than those who start at a later age

of adolescents who have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, most of
them report that they would like to quit but are not able to do so. Furthermore, if

current tobacco uses patterns persist, an estimated 5.6 million of today’s youth

under age 18 eventually will die prematurely from a smoking-related disease

(National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016).

According to National Center for Health Statistics (2015) 9.3% of high school

students reported smoking cigarettes in the last 30 days, down 74% from 36.4%

in 1997 when rates peaked after increasing throughout the first half of the 1990s.

In 2015, 2.3% of middle school students smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016) Rates of

overall tobacco use remain high, however. In 2015, 25.3% of high school

students and 7.4% of middle school students used a tobacco product. Among

high school students in 2015, the most prevalent forms of tobacco used were

electronic cigarettes (16%), cigarettes (9.3%), cigars (8.6%) and hookah (7.2%).

In 2015, about half of middle and high school students reported using two or

more tobacco products in the past 30 days. Menthol cigarette use is more

common among younger and newer teen smokers. 10 This is due to young

smokers perceiving menthol cigarettes as less harsh and easier to smoke. One

study found that teens exposed to the greatest amount of smoking in movies

were 2.6 times more likely to start smoking themselves compared with teens who

watched the least amount of smoking in movies.

 Alcoholism

Alcohol is a depressant that affects driving abilities, decreases reaction time,

and causes people to make unsafe decisions they would not ordinarily make.

Alcoholism can kill you in a variety of ways. Regular drinkers are more likely to

die from injuries, violence, and variety of cancers. Earlier someone starts drinking

heavily, the more likely they are to acquire major illnesses later. Any benefit from

moderate alcohol use appears to be limited to those over 60 who are at risk for

heart disease. Adults who drink moderately have a lower mortality rate than their

non-drinking counterparts, but their chance of dying prematurely rises as they

drink more heavily. Yet drinking continues to be widespread among adolescents,

as shown by nationwide surveys as well as studies in smaller populations.

According to data from the 2015 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, an

annual survey of U.S. youth, three-fourths of 12 th graders, more than two-thirds of

10th graders, and about two in every five 8 th graders have consumed alcohol. And

when youth drink they tend to drink intensively, often consuming four to five

drinks at one time. MTF data show that 11 percent of 8 th graders, 22 percent of

10th graders, and 29 percent of 12 th graders had engaged in heavy episodic

drinking within the past two weeks. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and

Alcoholism [NIAAA] defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking alcohol that

brings blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 grams percent or above. For the

typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming five or more drinks in men or

four or more drinks in women in about 2 hours. Research also shows that many

adolescents start to drink at very young ages. In 2018, the average age of first
use of alcohol was about 14, compared to about 17 ½ in 2017. People who

reported starting to drink before the age of 15 were four times more likely to also

report meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence at some point in their lives.

In fact, new research shows that the serious drinking problems (including

what is called alcoholism) typically associated with middle age actually begin to

appear much earlier, during young adulthood and even adolescence. Other

research shows that the younger children and adolescents are when they start to

drink, the more likely they will be to engage in behaviors that harm themselves

and others.In accordance with O’Connor (2015) as children move from

adolescence to young adulthood, they encounter dramatic physical, emotional,

and lifestyle changes. Developmental transitions, such as puberty and increasing

independence, have been associated with alcohol use. So, in a sense, just being

an adolescent may be a key risk factor not only for starting to drink but also for

drinking dangerously.

Research shows the brain keeps developing well into the twenties, during

which time it continues to establish important communication connections and

further refines its function. Scientists believe that this lengthy developmental

period may help explain some of the behavior which is characteristic of

adolescence such as their propensity to seek out new and potentially dangerous

situations. For some teens, thrill-seeking might include experimenting with

alcohol. Developmental changes also offer a possible physiological explanation

for why teens act so impulsively, often not recognizing that their actions such as

drinking have consequence (Bagnardi, 2017)

 In accord with Knowler (2017) people view alcohol and its effects also

influences their drinking behavior, including whether they begin to drink and how

much. An adolescent who expects drinking to be a pleasurable experience is

more likely to drink than one who does not. An important area of alcohol research

is focusing on how expectancy influences drinking patterns from childhood

through adolescence and into young adulthood. Beliefs about alcohol are

established very early in life, even before the child begins elementary school.

Before age 9, children generally view alcohol negatively and see drinking as bad,

with adverse effects. By about age 13, however, their expectancies shift,

becoming more positive. As would be expected, adolescents who drink the most

also place the greatest emphasis on the positive and arousing effects of alcohol.

As claimed by Williamson (2017) Children who begin to drink at a very early

age (before age 12) often share similar personality characteristics that may make

them more likely to start drinking. Young people who are disruptive, hyperactive,

and aggressive often referred to as having conduct problems or being antisocial

as well as those who are depressed, withdrawn, or anxious, may be at greatest

risk for alcohol problems. Other behavior problems associated with alcohol use

include rebelliousness, difficulty avoiding harm or harmful situations, and a host

of other traits seen in young people who act out without regard for rules or the

feelings of others.

Based on Komro (2019) some of the behavioral and physiological factors that

converge to increase or decrease a person’s risk for alcohol problems, including

tolerance to alcohol’s effects, may be directly linked to genetics. For example,

being a child of an alcoholic or having several alcoholic family members places a

person at greater risk for alcohol problems. Children of alcoholics (COAs) are

between 4 and 10 times more likely to become alcoholics themselves than are

children who have no close relatives with alcoholism. COAs also are more likely

to begin drinking at a young age and to progress to drinking problems more

quickly.

Most young people are introduced to alcohol by their parents and most young

people have had an alcoholic drink before the age of 16. Drinking at home under

parental supervision often began in childhood. Coleman and Carter (2017)

reported that the first experiences of drinking alcohol usually occurred between

the ages of 8 and 12 years old. However, one review reported that a third of 3–4-

year-old children could able to tell the difference between alcoholic and non-

alcoholic drinks. Also, it has been reported that children as young as 6 or 7 years

old have already developed attitudes about alcohol and have some knowledge

about its use. Drinking in a parentally supervised environment tends to peak

around the age 13 or 14. Whilst boys often experienced their first drink younger

than girls but these gender differences even out by age 13 or 14.

Several reviews reported that age of first use of alcohol is highly predictive of

both continued use and frequency of use. Harolyn (2015) reported that the

younger a child initiates alcohol and drug abuse, the higher the risk of serious

health consequences and adult substance abuse. More specifically, it has been

reported that children who are introduced to alcohol before the age of 6 years are

more than twice as likely to report frequent, heavy, or problematic drinking at age
15 compared to children who were not exposed before the age of 13 years.

However, two reviews found that the age of the first drink neither predicted

alcohol use by age 20 nor the consequences from alcohol abuse by age 30 and

that early drinking was only a modest predictor of heavy regular drinking in later

life.

The effect of the age at which young people first consumed alcohol was

explored in relation to later drinking behaviors in US college students. Saltz and

Elandt (2015) reported that the older an individual was at the time of their first

drink, the lower the college student’s current alcohol consumption was likely to

be. College students who had their first drink in elementary school drank more

heavily and at a higher frequency and experienced more negative consequences

because of their drinking than students with a later initiation to alcohol. However

early onset of drinking does not always suggest higher long-term risk. For

instance, subsequent epidemiological data suggest that early puberty in girls is

associated with early drinking but not adult alcoholism.

Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a

much easier target for disease. Chronic drinkers are more liable to contract

diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too

much. Zeigler (2015) reported the number of young people aged 12-17 years

from the USA who had used alcohol increased from 2.2 to 3.1 million between

2010 and 2011. In this review, most youths had their first drink around 12 years

of age and the prevalence of alcohol use increased with age. They also found

that individuals who first used alcohol in the age range of 11-14 years had a
much greater risk of subsequently developing alcohol abuse or alcohol

dependence than children who started drinking later; it was estimated that 40%

of children who start drinking before the age of 15 years would develop alcohol

abuse or dependence. Lastly, they report that delaying the time of a young

person’s first drink may significantly reduce the risk of harmful drinking.

Vingilis (2021) investigated the location of early drinking behavior and

reported that 20% of adolescent ‘delinquents’ (students who had been in trouble

with the law) had had their first drink in the home environment compared to 75%

of law-abiding students. Thus, the location of the drinking initiation may be

important for future outcomes, however the data in this study related to 1967.

Donovan (2014) reviewed research on parental norms and the onset of drinking

and via survival analyses showed that higher levels of parental alcohol and drug

use and more permissive parental attitudes about teen drinking were linked to

earlier alcohol initiation in children.

Lieberman (2016) reported that children who learned from their parents that

alcohol use led to positive outcomes had a greater risk of alcohol related

problems than those who learned more negative expectancies. Lastly, whilst

York (2017) stated that early alcohol use was linked to later alcohol misuse and /

or problems, they cautioned that but that the exact biological and social

mechanisms were disputed and that a causal relationship had not been

demonstrated. To summarize, early to alcohol may be associated with increased

risk of alcohol-related problems. However, the literature is unclear as to whether

early alcohol exposure leads to harmful consequences or if early drinking is more

likely to occur in children who are at risk due to other personal, familial, or social

factors. It is possible that different outcomes may result from early alcohol

exposure with peers or with parents, although parental drinking practices or

attitudes to alcohol may influence higher or lower risk drinking.

Factors influencing Cigarettes Smoking and Alcoholism

Ignorance and Curiosity

Many adolescents and youth are likely to adopt behaviors that are very

common among adults sometime during their transition to full adulthood, even

when they are aware of the undesirable health consequences of these behaviors.

For example, the primary socialization theory contends that individuals learn

social norms and behaviors from primary sources which include the family. There

is evidence that young people whose parents smoke are more likely to smoke

(Conrad 2010). Some of the reasons given are the availability of cigarettes at

home, parents being model of smoking and drinking behavior and consequently

parents lack the credibility as advocates for non-smoking or non-drinking.

According to a report by American Cancer Society, 75% of men age 20+ and

18% of women age 20+ were smokers in the Philippines in 2011 (Corraro, 2017).

Drinking and smoking is very common in the Philippines especially among adult

males. Therefore, in the process of transition to adulthood, most male

adolescents are likely to begin drinking and smoking. It is likely that the initiation

of drinking and smoking is closely related to some markers of transition to

adulthood such as reaching socially and legally recognized age of adulthood,

completion of education, leaving parental home, and beginning of full-time

employment. Once controlled for these transition indicators, other individual and

family characteristics may have small effects.

Portnoy (2018) despite decreasing use of tobacco products, youth remain

curious about them. Curiosity is associated with various forms of tobacco

advertising. These findings suggest the importance of measuring curiosity as an

early warning signal for potential future tobacco use and evaluating continued

efforts to limit exposure to tobacco marketing among youth. According to Ohman

(2016) Cigarettes were used to increase the boys' social status among their

friends. If they smoked a ‘good’, expensive, and popular cigarette brand, they felt

more confident, more mature, and richer than their peers. To them, smoking and

tobacco advertisements were signs of several positive connotations, such as ‘a

steady life’, ‘pleasure’, ‘good taste’, ‘feel so rich’, ‘impressive’, ‘good appearance’

and ‘attractive’.

Curiosity is widely recognized as a motivational force that moves people to

experiment with many new behaviors (Opdal, 2016). Building curiosity is a focus

for many educational endeavors (Simon, 2017), as well as the target for

marketers promoting experimentation with their consumer behavior (Smith &

Swinyard 2017). As such, multiple studies have reported that most smokers,

when asked to reflect on why they started to smoke, cite curiosity about smoking

(Guo, 2013). In this study, as in previous studies, pre-teens who were receptive

to tobacco industry marketing messages that are known to encourage smoking,

were also likely to develop curiosity cognitions.

 Peer Influences

According to Schulz (2017) showed that having friends who smoke or drink

and having peers who offer tobacco or alcohol were significantly associated with

ever smoking and drinking among the adolescents. Previous studies have

indicated that peer influences on adolescents’ smoking and drinking behaviors

were stronger, compared to those of their parents and siblings, while longitudinal

studies indicated that friends’ smoking and drinking behaviors had a larger

magnitude of association with those of adolescents compared with their parents’

or siblings’ behaviors. The findings of the present study are in line with these

studies, meaning that significant peer influences on the adolescents’ smoking

and drinking behaviors were found.

Branstetter (2017) also examined peer influences on adolescents’ risk

behaviors. According to one study on risk-taking and risky decision-making

among adolescents and adults, adolescents were more prone to risk when in

peer groups compared to adults. Liang (2016) investigated the relationship

between peer pressure and the risk behaviors of students aged 13–15 showed

that having friends who were involved in the same risk behaviors was the

dominant factor influencing risky behaviors. In addition, one study indicated that

more than 60% of students obtained their first cigarette from their peers (63%),

while one systematic review on the predictors of smoking onset in adolescents

showed a positive correlation between friends’ smoking and smoking onset in 26

out of 28 studies. Altogether, these findings indicated that peer influences were

among the most dominant factors in smoking and drinking among early
adolescents. It is important to note that many of the studies that indicated the

significant effect of peer influences were conducted in upper-middle- and high-

income countries. The results provide vital evidence regarding the effect of peer

influences on smoking and drinking among early adolescents in the country.

Morris (2020) Peer pressure to drink alcohol and smoking may influence

excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption, which can have adverse impacts on

health and wellbeing. While peer pressure to smoke and drink alcohol is

extensively studied among youth, less examination exists among adults. Peer

pressure to use cigarettes and drink alcohol is a complex and multifaceted

phenomenon experienced across adulthood requiring better understanding to

support initiatives to decrease the impact of pressure-inducing environments and

develop strategies to deal with perceived pressure conditions.

Jacob (2014) Peer pressure can be defined as ‘any attempt by one or more

peers to compel an individual to follow in the decisions or behaviors favored by

the pressuring individual or group’. Perceived peer pressure has been shown to

increase engagement in risky drinking practices and smoking, such as drinking

and smoking games. Alcohol consumption and cigarettes use frequently occurs

in contexts where social influence through others may operate and is embedded

within many social rituals. For some non-drinkers and smoker and moderate

drinkers, strategically selecting peers with similar drinking habits and cigarettes

use or mixing with peers with a diverse range of consumption levels, was seen

as a helpful strategy in avoiding unwanted peer pressure. The importance of

supportive peers who understood and respected their decision not to drink and

use smoke were highlighted (Emslie, 2019).

Graber (2015) describe how careful selection of a peer group can reduce

drinking smoking-related peer pressure. ‘(One participant) related finding an

accepting friendship group who ranged from moderate drinkers to abstainers.

Knowing other non-drinkers and smokers and having peers who know other non-

drinkers made her teetotal status less salient.’ This finding is also echoed by

Piacentini & Banister (2015) ‘Light non-drinkers and smokers tended to draw on

the ‘seeking social support’ strategy, deliberately seeking the company of other

light or nondrinking friends. (One participant) explained how initially she had

considered socializing with her university flat mates but decided against this

when she realized the extent of their alcohol and cigarettes consumption.

Rebellious Phase

Different rebellious teens choose different substances to use based on their

personalities. Alcohol is the drug of choice for the angry teenager because it

frees them to behave aggressively. Some teens abuse prescription medicine to

party and get high. Hallucinogens (ex. Mushrooms, LSD) are also escape drugs,

often used by young people who feel misunderstood and may long to escape to a

more idealistic, kind world. Smoking cigarettes can be a form of rebellion to flaunt

their independence and make their parents angry. The reasons for teenage drug-

use are as complex as teenagers themselves.

 According to Rusby (2018) some studies have indicated that although

parental influences were less influential, compared to peer influences, they were

significantly linked with adolescents’ smoking and drinking behaviors. Related

studies have also indicated that parental monitoring, parental styles, and parent–

adolescent communication predicted the substance use of adolescents. Loke

(2013) the lack of parental influences neighborhood/community cohesion had a

limited direct effect on adolescent delinquency and alcohol use while protective

neighborhood/community factors were correlated with low alcohol, tobacco, and

drug use.

Park (2015) Adolescence is the transitional period from infancy to

adulthood, in which a person experiences rapid physical growth, along with

mental and social growth and development. During the early period of

adolescence, the ability for abstract thinking, distinguished from concrete

thinking, begins to increase gradually when solving problems or making

decisions. In the middle stage of adolescence, the person reaches the peak of

puberty, beginning to keep a distance from parents and trying to be independent

to attain autonomy; friends play a central role in this process. Once the late

period of adolescence is reached, abilities in abstract thinking develop fully, and

as a result, the person thinks about his/her future roles and plans.

Davis (2015) while undergoing these processes, adolescents achieve

physical, mental, and social growth, and along with physical changes, experience

rapid sociocultural changes. Over the course of adolescence, individuals

establish their value systems and secure a social status associated with being an
adult. Choung (2016) most people experience these processes and changes

without much trouble; however, some fail to adjust to a rapidly changing social

life and associate with friends, becoming easily exposed to cigarettes or alcohol.

This can potentially lead to drug addiction or other delinquencies. With the recent

opening and westernization of our society, smoking and alcohol use in

adolescents has increased and has become more common. Many adolescents

start smoking and use alcohol at a young age, out of curiosity and a spirit of

adventure, only to become addicted to it. Nevertheless, it is not easy to grasp

trends in adolescent smoking and alcohol in Korea because few systematic

surveys and studies have been performed.

According to surveys in (2014 and 2022), the overall smoking rate and

drinking alcohol of adolescents in Korea changed from 21.2 to 27.9%. By gender,

the rate increased from 30.5 to 33.3% in males, and from 12.2 to 21.7% in

females. Although the overall increase was not large, the smoking rate and

alcohol use among female adolescents showed a relatively large increase.

Effects of Cigarettes Smoking and Alcoholism to the Youths

Physical Aspect

Smoking and alcohol consumption are two practices that are considered high-

risk lifestyle factors. Both are incredibly damaging to one’s health. If you name an

illness, you can bet that alcohol and smoking are contributing causes. The two

behaviors have received a lot of bad feedback from the health sector, and this is

just for the sake of people’s well-being. They can create major health problems if

done on a frequent basis. Smoking and alcoholism can cause Erectile

dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects men. Males require a continuous flow

of blood through the penis to achieve erection.

Erectile dysfunction is caused by a blockage in blood flow. Erectile

dysfunction can be caused by excessive alcohol use and regular smoking. Also,

Emphysema is a disorder in which a person's lungs lose their flexibility, making

breathing more difficult. Lungs are pliable, and in order to breathe effectively, the

body need them to be elastic and flexible. The harm induced by regular smoking,

on the other hand, is such that it compromises the suppleness of the lungs and

causes emphysema. Even light activity can cause heavy breathing in this

situation. According to studies, smoking causes many emphysema cases.

Furthermore, Excessive drinking and smoking might increase the chance of

developing high blood pressure. High blood pressure raises the chance of

developing heart disease. If high blood pressure is not managed, it can lead to
cognitive heart failure, kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, and eyesight loss,

according to the American Heart Association.

According to Lee YO (2017) Cigarette smoking during childhood and

adolescence causes significant health problems among young people, including

an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, decreased

physical fitness and potential effects on lung growth and function. Most

importantly, this is when an addiction to smoking takes hold, often lasting into

and sometimes throughout adulthood. Among adults who have ever smoked

daily, 87% had tried their first cigarette by the time they were 18 years of age,

and 95% had by age 21.

As stated by Hingson (2015) Alcohol is the drug of choice among youth. Many

young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too

early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in

this country. Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21

die because of underage drinking; this includes about 1,900 deaths from motor

vehicle crashes, 1,600 because of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as

hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings.

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Some of these harmful and

negative effects are immediate. According to Department of Health and Human

Services Nicotine from cigarettes is as addictive as heroin. Nicotine addiction is

hard to beat because it changes your brain. The brain develops extra nicotine

receptors to accommodate the large doses of nicotine from tobacco. When the
brain stops getting the nicotine it’s used to, the result is nicotine withdrawal. You

may feel anxious, irritable, and have strong cravings for nicotine. According to

Fuller (2014) drinking alcohol is associated with both short-term and long-term

health consequences. While short-term issues may last a few hours or days,

long-term health consequences may never go away. The more frequently and

longer duration an individual consumes alcohol, the greater the likelihood of

developing an alcohol-related disease. Since alcohol misuse can have many

negative health effects, it is important to understand how alcohol affects the

body, how much is too much, and when alcohol becomes a serious problem.

Manwarren (2015) Alcohol abuse, also known as alcohol misuse, occurs

when a person consumes alcohol inappropriately or in ways that cause harm to

themselves and the people around them. For example, blacking out, binge

drinking, drinking too frequently, or using alcohol as a negative coping

mechanism are examples of alcohol misuse which can contribute to several

health-related issues. According to National Institutes of Health smoking causes

physical changes in the eyes that can threaten your eyesight. One of the effects

of nicotine from cigarettes restricts the production of a chemical necessary for

you to be able to see at night. Also, smoking increases your risk of developing

cataracts and macular degeneration (both can lead to blindness).

Mental Aspect

Alcohol and smoking affect your brain, making you feel relaxed in a small

amount of time. As you drink more, you become intoxicated and unsteady, and
you might do or say things you normally won’t. People with depression and

anxiety might use alcohol to help ease symptoms, but excessive alcohol use can

also worsen your mental health. (Marcus 2019). According to Brennan (2018)

people drink alcohol and smoke to help with the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and

depression. Alcohol changes the way your brain cells signal to each other, which

can make you feel relaxed. Other times people use alcohol to self-medicate.

While this can feel good for a short time, this effect doesn’t last for long. The

feelings of bliss wear off, and they can worsen your depression symptoms.

Ferreira et al. (2018) indicated a strong association of alcohol and tobacco

use with psychiatric disorders, but the relationship with depression and anxiety

symptoms is still uncertain. We investigated the association of psychological

distress and alcohol consumption; tobacco use and exposure to secondhand

smoke among adolescents in a developing country. Silva (2016) stated that

smoking (passively and actively) and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are

associated to psychological distress in the adolescent population. Avoiding

smoking and the use of alcohol may have beneficial effects on the mental health.

Our data reinforce the urgent necessity to prevent effectively underage access to

legal drugs in Brazil.

Zhang (2016) depression and anxiety are associated with cravings for alcohol

and nicotine. And long-term use of alcohol and nicotine can produce low levels of

the brain chemical serotonin, which might trigger or worsen depression (67).

Given the apparent link between drinking, smoking, and depression, Ait-Daoud

and colleagues suggest that clinicians must address both addictions and major
depression to treat these patients effectively. Boycle (2015) Medications and

psychotherapy can be useful in treating these patients. The researchers

conclude that combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy might be the best

mode of treatment.

Horn (2015) People with behavioral health conditions die about 5 years earlier

than those without these disorders. Many of these deaths are caused by smoking

cigarettes. Additionally, individuals with serious mental health disorders who

smoke die almost 15 years earlier than individuals without these disorders who

do not smoke. Zhao (2017) The most common causes of death among people

with behavioral health conditions are heart disease, cancer, and lung disease,

which can all be caused by smoking and alcohol.

Social Aspect

The real-world impact of alcohol and cigarettes abuse reaches far beyond the

financial costs. When a loved one has a problem with alcohol or smoking, it can

affect their marriage and their extended family. There’s also the larger impact on

the community, schools, the workplace, the healthcare system and on society.

Some people smoke when hanging out with friends or to feel comfortable in

social situations. Social smokers smoke occasionally and almost always in

groups often while drinking alcohol. For many people, drinking alcohol is a

trigger, or an activity they connect with smoking (Ladonna 2015). A study

conducted by The Scripps Research Institute in US showed that nicotine

exposure promotes alcohol dependence. This explains why smoking and drinking

tend to go hand-in-hand. In other words, it’s a vicious cycle smoking reinforces

drinking and vice versa. According to Innes (2014) some people smoke or drink

excessively to relieve stress or cope with problems. Studies have shown that

social norms play a part in shaping behavior. Often, people smoke or drink

among friends who do so, to be socially accepted. This is true especially for men.

George (2015) said that the problem with smoking is that it becomes behavior

that is part of your life, meaning that smoking becomes an auto-response, not a

conscious decision. Unfortunately, smoking and drinking tend to go together. By

engaging in such behavior among friends, one bad habit leads to two, multiplying

the negative effects to your body. According to Howard (2013) the use of alcohol

is associated with an increased risk of injuries and accidents. Even a single

episode of excessive drinking can lead to a negative outcome. Alcoholism and

chronic use of alcohol are associated with numerous medical, psychiatric, social,

and family problems. Family members, including children, exposed to a first-

degree relative's alcohol problem are at risk for problems. Children of parents

with alcohol addiction, for example, show higher rates of alcoholism than children

who do not have parents with an alcohol addiction. Watkin (2015) Alcohol abuse

and alcoholism within a family is a problem that can destroy a marriage or drive a

wedge between members. That means people who drink can blow through the

family budget, because fights, ignore children, and otherwise impair the health

and happiness of the people they love. In time, family members may even

develop symptoms of codependency, inadvertently keeping the addiction alive,

even though it harms them.

 Arcury (2016) Social effects of tobacco production include social disruption

for communities in which tobacco production is declining (unemployment,

economic loss), and for communities in which tobacco production is being

introduced (loss of local food production and local autonomy). Wiss (2010) said

the ill-effects of smoking on health not only concern the smoker but the entire

population living in the same society and sharing the economy. Smoking is

associated with a general increase of costs involved with increased morbidity,

lowering of the social product and excess mortality. The main problem in

weaning from smoking is related to the origin of smoking which is in large

measure unknown. Smoking habits should not be analyzed on an individual basis

only. It represents a “minor addiction” with the origin within the society. This is the

result of an analysis of motives leading to smoking and drinking alcohol. Social

habits, examples, deprivation of senses, dullness, anxiety, stress, and smoking

as a symbol of status play a major role (Akad, 2015). Black (2016) Smoking only

when you’re out with friends or in groups is known as social smoking and is often

triggered by alcohol – that is, drinking becomes psychologically connected with

smoking, making you crave a cigarette when alcohol is involved. But while a

couple of cigarettes on the weekend might seem less harmful than a pack-a-day

habit, even smoking occasionally is damaging your health .

 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter deal with the methods and procedures that show and present

the research design, research locale, respondents of the study, data gathering

instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study used a descriptive-correlational method. This type of research

enables the researcher to describe the record, analyze and interpret the present

condition that exist regarding the factors influencing cigarette smoking and

alcohol addiction among youth through survey questionnaire. The primary goal of

this research is to explain and help understand about the factors and effects of

alcoholism and cigarette smoking. This method is used in order to gather data

and evaluate it properly in the research area.

Quantitative in nature, the field study conducted in order to identify and

evaluate the youths that are dependent in alcohol and cigarettes. Correlational as

it determines the relationship between factors and its effect to the youth

dependent in cigarettes and alcohol.

Research Locale

The researcher conducted their study at Barangay Kapaya, Bagumbayan

Sultan Kudarat. Kapaya is a barangay in the municipality of Bagumbayan in the

province of Sultan Kudarat. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census

was 5,956. This presented 8.64% of the total population of Bagumbayan.

Figure 2. Map of Kapaya National High School

Respondents of the Study

From the 410 total population of the target respondents, the researcher

considered 200 youths using 5% margin of error in computing the sample size

from Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat with a random sampling

method use to gather data. These individuals came from various ages ranging

from 13 years old and 25 years old.

Qualified respondents are those knowledgeable enough to answer the

problems being presented in this study. It should answer the questions through

questionnaire given to them, to express themselves in the particular studies

respectively.

Data Gathering Instrument

A survey questionnaire was conceptualized to obtain the primary data

from the respondents. These questionnaires were distributed personally, and the

respondents were given sufficient time to answer the survey questions. In case of

the irregularities, follow up questions may be asked by the respondents.

The following scale was used by the respondents to reflect their

experiences.
Numerical Scale Descriptive Rating

5 Always

4 Often

3 Sometimes

2 Seldom

1 Never

To determine the factors influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism the

Likert Scale below describe the mean responses of the respondents patterned

from the work of Pimentel (2019).

Mean Interval Description

4.20-5.00 To a Very High Extent

3.40-4.19 To a High Extent

2.60-3.39 To a Moderate Extent

1.80-2.59 To a Less Extent

1.00-1.79 To a Least Extent

To describe the significant relationships between the extent factors

influencing cigarette smoking and alcoholism and its effect to the youths in

Barangay Kapaya Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat, the researcher referred to the

following description for the obtained Pearson correlation coefficient.

 r-computed value Adjectival Equivalent

1.0 No Correlation

(-+) 0.01 to (-+) 0.20 Very Low Correlation

(-+) 0.21 to (-+) 0.40 Slight Correlation

(-+) 0.41 to (-+) 0.70 Moderate Correlation

(-+) 0.71 to (-+) 0.90 Strong Correlation

(-+)0.91 to (-+) 0.99 Very Strong Correlation

(-+)1.00 Perfect Correlation

Data Gathering Procedure

The first step before going to the testing proper is to make a request letter.

The researcher should submit a letter to the Barangay Captain duly noted by the

adviser which sought permission to conduct a study within the area of Kapaya

Bagumbayan Sultan Kudarat, attached with the letter is the sample survey

questionnaire which served as a reference of Barangay Captain.

Upon the approval of the Barangay Captain, the researcher retrieves the

request letter. In this study, the researcher used a questionnaire. The

questionnaire was set and orderly arranged Questions were carefully prepared to

use answer by the respondents. The researcher respectively distributed

questionnaires to the respondents of the study.

During the survey, the researcher explains to the respondents the purpose

of the study and gave instruction on how to answer the questionnaire. The

vernacular language was used for better understanding of the questions. The

validity of the questionnaire was limited on S.Y 2021-2022.

Statistical Treatment

The researcher utilized the Percentage and Frequency Distribution,

Weighted Mean, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, as statistical tools to treat,

analyze and interpret the data of the present study. The following formulas were

mechanized.

Percentage- The demographic profile variables of the respondents were

analyzed using simple percentage with the following formula.

Weighted Mean-This statistical tool was used to compute for the weight of

the responses in the questionnaire designed by the respondents during the

actual data gathering procedure. The formula for the weighted mean is as

follows.

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation- This was used to determine the

significance on the relationship between the factors influencing cigarette smoking

and alcoholism and its effect to the youths.