1. It is necessary to calculate the emission factor for NH3 emissions from diesel-powered buses.

Unfortunately, the specialized emission parameters used by WebFIRE do not apply to NH3
emissions from diesel buses. However, According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), light-duty diesel trucks emit approximately 0.14 grams of NH3 per mile (0.087 grams of
NH3 per km) traveled.( https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei10/ammonia/durbin.pdf )

Given:
Total distance travelled by the buses: 3028144 km
Number of busses: 54

Total NH3 emissions = NH3 emission rate (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)
Total NH3 emissions = 0.087 × 3028144 = 26.34 ×10 4 grams

1) E = N×EF × T
N =54 diesel run buses
EF = 0.95lb/1000gal. = 0.11384g/litre (where lb/gal -119.83g/litre)
T = 3,024,144km
km. g
E = 54 x 3,028,144 x 0.11384 ( )
l
57litre = 100km (from the St John’s Metro-Bus data)
1litre = 1.75 km
Substitute litre for 1.75km above
km. g
E = 54 x 3,028,144 x 0.11384 ( )
1.75 km

E = 10,637,195.03g

EMISSION = 11.725tons of NH3

2. To estimate the emissions of particulate matter (PM), CO2, CO, SO2, SOx, NO2, and NOx from
the Metrobus fleet, we can use emission factors provided by the EPA. Please note that these
emission factors are general estimates and may not reflect the specific characteristics of the
Metrobus fleet. Additionally, emission factors can vary depending on factors such as vehicle age,
maintenance, and driving conditions.

Particulate Matter (PM):

Average Emission: 0.001 grams/km ( https://www.bts.gov/content/estimated-national-average-

vehicle-emissions-rates-vehicle-vehicle-type-using-gasoline-and )

PM emissions = PM emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)

= 0.001 x 3028144 = 3.028 ×103 grams

Carbon Dioxide (CO2):

Emission Factor: 216 grams/km ( https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/fotw-1223-

january-31-2022-average-carbon-dioxide-emissions-2021-model-year#:~:text=The%20average
%20production%2Dweighted%20carbon,%E2%80%92%20a%20decrease%20of%2049%25. )

CO2 emissions = CO2 emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)
= 216 x 3028144 =654.07 ×10 6 grams

Carbon Monoxide (CO):

Emission Factor: 1.149 grams/km ( https://www.bts.gov/content/estimated-national-average-

vehicle-emissions-rates-vehicle-vehicle-type-using-gasoline-and )

CO emissions = CO emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)

= 1.148 x 3028144 = 347.63 ×104 grams

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfur Oxides (SOx):

Emission Factors:
SO2: 0.00385 grams/km (Assumption)
SOx: 0.01 grams/km (Assumption)

SO2 emissions = SO2 emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)
= 0.00385 x 3028144 = 11.65 ×103 grams

SOx emissions = SOx emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)
= 0.01 x 3028144 = 3.028 ×102 grams

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):

Emission Factors:
NO2: 0.0528 grams/km
NOx: 1.422 grams/km (
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Congestion_Mitigation_Air
%20_Quality_Improvement_Program_emission_factor_tables_sept2019.pdf )
 NO2 emissions = NO2 emission factor (grams/km) × Total distance traveled (km)
= 0.0528 x 3028144 = 160 ×103 grams

NOx emissions = NOx emission factor (grams/mile) × Total distance traveled (miles)
= 1.422 x 3028144 = 430.6 × 104 grams

3. Top 10 Air-Polluted Cities

1. Lahore, Pakistan (1)
2. Hotan, China (2)
3. Bhiwadi, India (3)
4. Delhi (NTC), India (4)
5. Peshawar, Pakistan (5)
6. Darbhanga, India (6)
7. Asopur, India (7)
8. N’Djamena (8)
9. New Delhi, India (9)
10. Patna, India (10)

Top 10 Air-Cleanest Cities

1. Arch Cape, USA (7323)

2. Kuta, Indonesia (7322)
3. Roanoke Rapids, USA (7321)
4. Wilson, USA (7320)
5. Castroville, USA (7319)
6. Oudtshoorn, South Africa (7318)
7. Piedmont, USA (7317)
8. Sereno del Mar, USA ( 7316)
9. Tarakeswar, India (7315)
10. Teryville, USA (7314)

St Johns is ranked 5750