F (x, y, y , y , . . .

, y(m) ) = 0
y = y(x)

y = y(x)
I⊂R F
G R × Rm+1
y(x) = (y1 (x), . . . , yn(x))T F
Rn

m m

F (x, y, y ) = 0
 F (x, y, z)
G ⊂ R3

y = f (x, y)
f D ⊂ R2

ey + y 2 cos x = 1
y 2 − 2xy = ln x
∂2u ∂2u
+ =0
∂x2 ∂y 2

y : I → R n I = (a, b)
R m
I
F (x, y(x), y (x), y (x), . . . , y(m) )(x) = 0 x∈I
y = y(x)

y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

y +y =0

x=
x(t) y = y(t)
−
y = y(α − βx), x = x(γy − δ)
α, β, γ δ
y x

dy y(α − βx) (γy − δ) (α − βx)

= dy = dx
dx x(γy − δ) y x

γy − δ ln y = α ln x − βx + C
C α=β=
γ = 1, δ = 2
 X
z

1 2 3 4 y

x3
y= 3 +C
x3
y = x2 y= 3
+1 y(0) = 1

y(x)
y(x0 ) = y0
(x0 , y0 ) ∈ D

y = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0

 f D ⊂ R2
y(x)
y(x)
x
y(x) = y0 + f (t, y(t))dt
x0

C1 I

− ö

I
− ö

y0 (x) = y0
x
yk+1 (x) = y0 + x0
f (t, yk (t))dt, k∈N

D = {(x, y)/|x − x0 | ≤ a, |y − y0 | ≤ b}

b
M := max(x,y)∈D |f (x, y)| h := min a, x ∈ I := [x0 −
M
h, x0 + h]
|yk (x) − y0 | ≤ b, k

yk D

x0 − h ≤ x ≤ x0 + h
x x
|yk − y0 | = f (t, yk−1(t))dt ≤ |f (t, yk−1(t))| dt ≤ M |x − x0 | ≤ M h ≤ b
x0 x0

y = −y 2 y(0) = 1
1
y= ö y 0 = 1 y1 = 1 − x
x+1
3
x
y2 = 1 − x + x2 − yk x
3
x
 Y0(x)

Y2(x)
Y4(x)

Y1(x)

Y3(x)

− y = −y 2 y(0) = 1

f (x, y) D ⊂ R2 f
D y L

|f (x, y1 ) − f (x, y2 )| ≤ L |y1 − y2 | , (x, y1 ), (x, y2 ) ∈ D

∂f ∂f ∂f
D ≤M
∂y ∂y ∂y
f (x, y) y

∂f
f (x, y1 ) − f (x, y2 ) = (y1 − y2 ) [x, y1 + θ(y2 − y1 )]
∂y

f (x, y)
y

D = {(x, y)/ |x − x0 | ≤ a, |y − y0 | ≤ b}

I :=
b
[x0 − h, x0 + h] h := min(a, M
) M := max(x,y)∈D |f (x, y)|
 I

|x − x0 |k+1
|yk+1(x) − yk (x)| ≤ M Lk , x∈I
(k + 1)!

x
k=0 x0
f (t, yk−1 (t))dt ≤ M |x − x0 |

k−1 x0 ≤ x ≤ x0 + h
x
|yk+1 (x) − yk (x)| = [f (t, yk (t)) − f (t, yk−1 (t))] dt
x0
x x
≤ |f (t, yk (t)) − f (t, yk−1(t))| dt ≤ L |yk (t) − yk−1 (t)| dt
x0 x0
x
≤L |yk (t) − yk−1(t)| dt
x0
x
|x − x0 |k |x − x0 |k+1
≤ M Lk dt = M Lk
x0 k! (k + 1)!

x0 − h ≤ x ≤ x0
{yk (x)} I

|yk+p (x) − yk (x)| ≤ |yk+p (x) − yk+p−1 (x)| + |yk+p−1 (x) − yk+p−2 (x)| + · · · + |yk+1(x) − yk (x)|
M (L |x − x0 |)k+p (L |x − x0 |)k+1
≤ + ··· +
L (k + p)! (k + 1)!
j
M (Lh)
≤
L j≥k+1
j!

∞ (Lh)j
j=0
j!
k {yk (x)}
I y(x) y(x)

x
yk+1(x) = y0 + f (t, yk (t))dt
x0

{yk (x)} f D
{f (t, yk (t))} I f (t, y(t))
y(x)
 z(x)
x
y(x) − z(x) = [f (t, y(t)) − f (t, z(t))] dt
x0

x
|y(x) − z(x)| = [f (t, y(t)) − f (t, z(t))] dt ≤ 2M |x − x0 |
x0

k
|x − x0 |k+1
|y(x) − z(x)| ≤ 2M Lk , x∈I
(k + 1)!
k −→ +∞ |y(x) − z(x)| = 0 I
y(x)

f (x, y) R2

y = 2 |y|, y(0) = 0

y≡0

(x − C)2 x≥C 0 x≥C

y(x) = y(x) =
0 x≤C −(x − C)2 x≤C

E d T :E→E
α ∈ (0, 1) x, y ∈ E

d(T x, T y) ≤ αd(x, y)

T
x∗ ∈ E

T (x∗ ) = x∗
 1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-1

y =2 |y|, y(0) = 0

y = y(x) y = y(x)
(x 0 , y0 )
(x 0 , y0 ) ∈ D

D ⊂ R2
D y = y(x, C) C

(x0 , y0 ) ∈ D C

C = ϕ(x0 , y0 ) (∗)

y = y(x, C) C (∗)
(x0 , y0 ) D

ϕ(x, y) = C ϕ(x, y)

y +y = 0 y(x) = Ce−x C

•
(x0 , y0 ) ∈ D C0 = ϕ(x0 , y0 ) y = y(x, C0 )

y(x) y = 3y + x y(0) = 1
x 1
y = − − +Ce3x
3 9

C
1
1 = y(0) = − + Ce0
9
10 x 1 10
C= y = − − + e3x
9 3 9 9

f (x, y) R2
M(x, y)

dy
k= = f (x, y)
dx

y = ϕ(x, C) (∗)

x
dy ∂ϕ
= (x, C)
dx ∂x
(∗) (x, y) C = C(x, y)
C
∂ϕ
y = (x, C(x, y)) =: f (x, y)
∂x
 2

y(x) 1

–3 –2 –1 1 x 2 3

–1

–2

–3

y
y =−
x

y = Cx2

x y = 2Cx C
y
y =2
x

M (x)dx + N (y)dy = 0
 M(x), N(y)

M(x)dx + N (y)dy = C

y 2y = x(1 + x2 )

y 2 dy − x(1 + x2 )dx = 0

y 3 x2 x4
− − =C
3 2 4

M1 (x)N1 (y)dx + M2 (x)N2 (y)dy

M2 (x)N1 (y)
0

M1 (x) N2 (y)
dx + dy = 0
M2 (x) N1 (y)

M1 (x) N2 (y)
dx + dy = C
M2 (x) N1 (y)

x(1 + y 2 )dx + y(1 + x2 )dy = 0

(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2)

xdx ydy
2
+ =0
1+x 1 + y2

xdx ydy
+ =C
1 + x2 1 + y2

1 1 1
ln(1 + x2 ) + ln(1 + y 2 ) = C := ln C1
2 2 2
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 ) = C1 C1
 f (x, y) m t>0

f (tx, ty) = tm f (x, y)

y = f (x, y)
0 f (tx, ty) = f (x, y)
t>0
y y
u := f (x, y) = f (± |x| , |x| ) = f (±1, ±u) =: g(u)
x |x|

dy du
y = xu = x +u
dx dx
du
x + u = g(u)
dx

du dx
=
g(u) − u x

du x
= ln
g(u) − u C

du
x = C exp C =0
g(u) − u
y
u=
x

(x2 + y 2)dx + xydy = 0

dy y x
=− −
dx x y

du 1
y = xu x +u+u+ =0
dx u
dx udu
=−
x 1 + 2u2

x 1
ln = − ln(1 + 2u2 )
C 4
 y
u=
x
C 4 x2
x4 =
x2 + 2y 2
C=0

dy ax + by + c
= f( )
dx a1 x + b1 y + c1

x = ξ + x0
y = η + y0

x0 y0

ax0 + by0 + c = 0
a1 x0 + b1 y0 + c1 = 0

dη aξ + bη
=f
dξ a1 ξ + b1 η
a + b ηξ η
=f =g
a1 + b1 ηξ ξ

(2x − 4y + 6)dx + (x + y − 3)dy = 0

2x0 − 4y0 + 6 = 0
x0 + y0 − 3 = 0

x0 = 1, y0 = 2

x = ξ+1
y =η+2

(2ξ − 4η)dξ + (ξ + η)dη = 0

η = uξ

(2 − 3u + u2 )dξ + ξ(1 + u)du = 0

 u=1 u=2
2 − 3u + u2
dξ (1 + u)du
+ =0
ξ 2 − 3u + u2
dξ 3 2
⇔ + − du = 0
ξ u−2 u−1

|u − 2|3
ln |ξ| + ln = ln C1
(u − 1)2
(u − 2)3
ξ =C
(u − 1)2

x, y

(y − 2x)3 = C(y − x − 1)2

y = x+1 y = 2x u=1 u=2

P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0

U(x, y)

dU (x, y) = P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy

U(x, y) = C

∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x
U(x, y)
x y
U(x, y) = P (x, y)dx + Q(x0 , y)dy
x0 y0
x y
U(x, y) = P (x, y0)dx + Q(x, y)dy
x0 y0
 (x0 , y0 )
(x3 + xy 2 )dx + (x2 y + y 3 )dy = 0
P (x, y) = x3 + xy 2 Q(x, y) = x2 y + y 3

∂P ∂Q
= 2xy =
∂y ∂x

U(x, y)
x y
U(x, y) = (x3 + xy2 )dx + (0.y + y 3 )dy
0 0
x4 x2 y 2 y 4
U(x, y) = + +
4 2 4

(x2 + y 2)2 = 4C1 := C 2

x2 + y 2 = C C≥0

µ(x, y)

µ(x, y){P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy} = 0

µ(x, y)
µ µ

∂ ∂
(µP ) = (µQ)
∂y ∂x

∂µ ∂µ ∂P ∂Q
Q −P =µ − (∗)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

µ
µ x
µ>0 (∗) µ
∂P ∂Q
d ln µ ∂y
− ∂x
= =: ϕ
dx Q
y

µ(x) = exp ϕ(x)dx

µ y

µ(y) = exp ψ(y)dy

∂Q ∂P
∂x
− ∂y
ψ(y) := x
P
(2xy +x2 y+y 3/3)dx+(x2 +y 2 )dy =
0
P (x, y) = 2xy + x2 y + y 3 /3 Q(x, y) = x2 + y 2
∂P ∂Q
∂y
− ∂x 2x + x2 + y 2 − 2x
= =1
Q x2 + y 2
µ(x) = exp( dx) = ex

ex [(2xy + x2 y + y 3 /3)dx + (x2 + y 2 )dy] = 0

yex (x2 + y 2 /3) = C

y + p(x)y = q(x)

p(x), q(x) (a, b)

q(x) ≡ 0

y + p(x)y = 0

y y = u(x)v(x)

u v + uv + p(x)uv = q(x)
 v

v + p(x)v = 0

dv
= −p(x)dx
v

ln |v| = − p(x)dx + ln |C1 | , C1 = 0

|v| = |C1 | exp − p(x)dx

v =0

v(x) = Ce− p(x)dx

v(x) = e− p(x)dx

u v = f (x)

q(x)
u= dx + C
v(x)
u, v y

y = e− p(x)dx
q(x)e p(x)dx
dx + C

C
y + 3xy = x (0, 4)
2
p(x) = 3x p(x)dx = 3x /2

2 /2 2 /2
y = e−3x xe3x dx + C

2 /2 1 3x2 /2 1 2
= e−3x e +C = + Ce−3x /2
3 3

11
x=0 y=4 C=
3
1 11 −3x2 /2
y= + e
3 3
 y + p(x)y = y αg(x)

α=0 α=1
α=0 α=1
z = y 1−α

z = (1 − α)y −α y
y −α z z
z

z + (1 − α)p(x)z = (1 − α)g(x)

y=0
α
y
√
xy − 4y = x2 y
α = 1/2 y =0
y=0 xy 1/2
4 1
y −1/2 y − y 2 = x
x
1 1
z = y2 z = y −1/2 y
2
2 x
z − z=
x 2

1
z = x2 ln |x| + C
2

2
1
y = x4 ln |x| + C
2

y=0
 A(x, y)dx + B(x, y)dy + H(x, y)(xdy − ydx) = 0
A, B m H n
n = m−1

y = z.x
y
dy = xdz + zdx, xdy − ydx = x2 d = x2 dz
x

y y y y
xm A(1, )dx + xm B(1, )dy + xn H(1, )x2 d =0
x x x x
xm
[A(1, z) + zB(1, z)] dx + xB(1, z) + H(1, z)xn+2−m dz = 0
xB(1, z) + H(1, z)xn+2−m = 0

dx B(1, z) H(1, z)
+ x=− xn+2−m
dz A(1, z) + zB(1, z) A(1, z) + zB(1, z)
x = x(z) z
2
xdx + ydy + x (xdy − ydx) = 0
y = xz
xdx + xz(xdz + zdx) + x4 dz = 0

(1 + z 2 )dx + (xz + x3 )dz = 0

dx z 1
+ x=− x3
dz 1 + z 2 1 + z2

1
= C(1 + z 2 ) + (1 + z 2 ) arctan z + z
x2

y
C(x2 + y 2 ) + (x2 + y 2) arctan + xy − 1 = 0
x
C
−
 y = p(x)y 2 + q(x)y + r(x)
p(x), q(x) r(x) (a, b)

p(x) ≡ 0
r(x) ≡ 0

ỹ
ỹ = p(x)ỹ 2 + q(x)ỹ + r(x)
y = ỹ + z z
ỹ + z = p(x)ỹ 2 + 2p(x)ỹz + p(x)z 2 + q(x)ỹ + q(x)z + r(x)

z − [2p(x)ỹ + q(x)]z = p(x)z 2

y + 2y(y − x) = 1
y=x

y =x+z

z + 2z(z + x) = 0
α=2 u = z −1
u − 2xu = 2

2 2
u = ex 2e−x dx + C

2
e−x
y =x+ , y=x
C + 2 e−x2 dx

−
(xy 2 + 4x)dx + (y + x2 y)dy = 0
2x 1 − y 2 + yy = 0
y = ex+y
x2 y − y
y =
y+1

y
y = −1
x
2xy
y = 2
x − y2
(y 2 − 3x2 )dy + 2xydx = 0
y
xy = y ln
x

(x − 2y + 9)dx = (3x − y + 2)dy

2
y+2
y =2
x+y−1

y
dx + (y 3 + ln x)dy = 0
x
ey dx + (xey − 2y)dy = 0
2xydx + (x2 − y 2 )dy = 0
[(x + 1)ex − ey ] dx = xey dy

(x + y 2 )dx − 2xydy = 0
(y 2 − 6xy)dx + (3xy − 6x2 )dy = 0
y(1 + xy)dx − xdy = 0
xy ln ydx + (x2 + y 2 y 2 + 1)dy = 0

y − 4y = x − 2x2
xy + y = ex
 1
y − y tan x =
cos x
y 2 dx − (2xy + 3)dy = 0

3y + y = (1 − 2x)y 4
yy + y 2 = x
2√
y + y = e2 y

y = xy + 12
xy − y = ln y
y = xy + y2+1
yy = 2y 2 x + 1

y = xy + 12
xy − y = ln y
y = xy + y2+1
yy = 2y 2 x + 1
 F (x, y, y ) = 0

F G ⊂ R3
∂F
∂y

F y

F (y ) = 0

F y
F y = y(x)
y (x) = k k F
y(x) = kx + C C

y−C
F( )=0
x
 y−C
C k :=
x
F =0
y = kx + C, y =k

F (y ) = 0

y 2−y +2= 0
2
y−C y−C
− +2= 0
x x

y x

y x

y = f (x, y )

dy
p=y = p
dx

y = f (x, p)

∂f (x, p) ∂f (x, p)
dy = dx + dp
∂x ∂p

dy = pdx

M(x, p)dx + N (x, p)dp = 0

x p x = g(p, C)

x = g(p, C)
y = f (x, p)

x = h(y, y )

p
 −

F y

F (x, y ) = 0 (∗)
y
y = f (x)

(∗) y= f (x)dx + C

y
(∗)
x = ϕ(t)
y = ψ(t)

F (ϕ(t), ψ(t)) = 0

dy
ψ(t) = y = =⇒ dy = ψ(t).ϕ (t)dt
dx
(∗)
x = ϕ(t)
y = ψ(t)ϕ (t)dt + C

ln y + cos y − x = 0
y = t, x = ln t + cos t
1
dy = tdx dx = ( − sin t)dt
t

y= (1 − t sin t)dt = t − sin t + t cos t + C

x = ln t + cos t
y = t − sin t + t cos t + C

F (x, y, y ) = 0
 x = ϕ(u, v), y = ψ(u, v) y = χ(u, v)

F [ϕ(u, v), ψ(u, v), χ(u, v)] = 0

x y u, v dy = y dx

∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
du + dv = χ(u, v) du + dv
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v

u v

∂ϕ ∂ψ
du χ −
= ∂v ∂v
dv ∂ϕ ∂ψ
−χ
∂u ∂u

u = ξ(v, C)

x y

x = ϕ[ξ(v, C), v]
y = ψ[ξ(v, C), v]

x2
y =y2−yx+
2
x2
x=x y =p y = p2 − px +
2
x p

dy = (x − p)dx + (2p − x)dp

dp
dy = pdx 2p − x = 0 =1 p = x+C
dx

x2
y= + Cx + C 2
2

x x4
2p − x = 0 p= y=
2 2
 −

y = xy + f (y )

f
p=y

y = px + f (p)

dy = pdx

pdx = pdx + {x + f (p)} dp

{x + f (p)} dp = 0

dp = 0 x + f (p) = 0
dp = 0 p=C

y = Cx + f (C) (∗)

x + f (p) = 0

x = −f (p)
y = −pf (p) + f (p)

f (p)
(∗)
y = (x − 1)y − y 2
f (t) = −t2 − t y C

y = C(x − 1) − C 2

x = 2C + 1
y = C(x − 1) − C 2

(x − 1)2
C y=
4
 f (t) = −t2 − t

x y
y = ϕ(y )x + ψ(y )

ϕ(y ) = y
p=y

y = ϕ(p)x + ψ(p) (∗)

x
dy dp
p= = ϕ(p) + {ϕ (p)x + ψ (p)}
dx dx
p x = x(p)
dx ϕ (p) ϕ (p)
+ x=
dp ϕ(p) − p p − ϕ(p)

x = h(p, C) C
(∗)
p
y = ϕ(p)h(p, C) + ψ(p)
x = h(p, C)
−
 p = pi pi
ϕ(p) − p = 0

y = xy 2 − y
p=y
y = xp2 − p
x dy = pdx

(p2 − p)dx + (2px − 1)dp = 0

p2 − p = 0
dx 2 1
+ x=
dp p − 1 p(p − 1)

C + p − ln p
x=
(p − 1)2

y
C+p−ln p
x= (p−1)2
(C+p−ln p)p2
y= (p−1)2
−p

p=0 p=1 y=0 y =x−1

dy
= f (x, y)
dx

F (x, y, y ) = 0

(x 0 , y0 )
(x0 , y0 ) ∈ R2
 f (t) = −t 2 − t
2
(x − 1)
4

F (x, y, p)

F (x, y, p) (x0 , y0 , p0 ) ∈
R3 F C 1

F (x0 , y0 , p0 ) = 0
∂F
(x0 , y0 , p0 ) = 0
∂p

y = y(x) C1 x0

y(x0 ) = y0 y (x0 ) = p0

p = f (x, y) C1
p0 = f (x0 , y0 )
dy
= f (x, y)
dx
f

y = y(x) y(x0) = y0

p−

F = F (x, y, p)

∂F
=0
∂p
M ⊂ R3 F (x, y, p) = 0 π : M −→ R2
π(x, y, p) = (x, y) p
π

 F (x, y, p) = 0
∂F (∗)
 =0
∂p
 p

Φ(x, y) = 0

R2
p−
p− p−
(∗)

y = 2xy − y 2

y = 2xp − p2 , 2x − 2p = 0

y = x2 (x, y) y = x2

x2
y = y 2 − xy +
2
p−

x2
y = p2 − xp , 2p − x = 0
2

x2
y=
4

x2
y = Cx + C 2 +
2

x20
(x0 , y0 ) y0 =
4
C
x20 x20
y0 = Cx0 + C 2 + C 2 + x0 C + =0
2 4
x0
C = −
2
(x0 , y0 )
x2
y=
4
 p2 − x = 0

C−

Φ(x, y, C) = 0

C−
R2 C

Φ(x, y, C) = 0
∂Φ
(x, y, C) = 0
∂C
C−

C−
R(x, y) = 0 C
C−

Φ x y
C−
C−
4 2 8
x−y = y − y3
9 27
2 3
(y − C) = (x − C)

(y − C)2 = (x − C)3
2(y − C) = 3(x − C)2
C
4
y = x, y =x−
27
4
y =x− y=x
27

Y=x - 4/27

4 8
x−y = y2− y3
9 27
y 2 − (x + y)y + xy = 0
y 3 − yy 2 − x2 y + x2 y = 0
xy 3 = 1 + y
y 3 + y 3 = 3yy

y = xy + 12
xy − y = ln y

y = xy + y2+1
yy = 2y 2 x + 1

xy 2 − 2yy + 4x = 0
y 4 = 4y(xy − 2y)2
yy (yy − 2x) = x2 − 2y 2
2y − 3y 1/3 = 0