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Equilibrium equation: b 0 in 2
in which 1 2 and 1 2
b 0 ( b)d 0 (1 , 2 )
Integration by parts +
Gauss integral transform
: () d b d t d
(1 ,2 )
or in index form
ij i, j d
b d t d
i i
i i i 1, 2
1 1 1
L1 (a1 b1 x c1 y), L2 (a b2 x c2 y) and L3 (a b x c3 y)
2 2 2 2 3 3
Over the linear triangular element, the displacements (u, v) are given by
u v
Hence, ui and vi i 1,2,3
Li Li
u 1
Strain x (b1u1 b2 u 2 b3u3 )
x 2
v 1
y (c1v1 c2 v2 c3 v3 )
y 2
v u 1
and xy (c1u1 c2 u 2 c3u3 b1v1 b2 v2 b3 v3 )
x y 2
In matrix form:
u1
v
x b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 1
1 u
c3 2
y 0 c1 0 c2 0 or Bu
2 v
xy
c1 b1 c 2 b2 c3 b3 2
u 3
v3
u1
v
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 1
1 u
where B 0 c1 0 c2 0 c3 and u 2
2 v2
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3
u 3
v3
1 0
E
C 1 0
1 2
0 0
2 (1 )
1
Test functions:
1 1 1 1
(b111 b2 21 b331 ) and (c111 c2 21 c331 )
x 2 y 2
2 1 2 1
(b112 b2 22 b332 ) and (c112 c2 22 c332 )
x 2 y 2
ij i, j d
b d
i i
t d
i i
1
x
1 2 1 2
y xy
2
x y xy ( ) x
x y y x y
1 2
y x
1
x b111 b2 21 b3 31
2
where 1
c112 c 2 22 c3 32
y 2
2
1 c11 c 2 2 c3 3 b11 b2 2 b3 3
1 1 1 2 2
2
y x
11
2
b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 11
1
c3 22 B
0 c1 0 c2 0
2
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3 21
32
3
B: like a differentiation operator which maps nodal parameters to the gradient of
that function. In general, H (H ) (H) B .
iji , j d d (B ) (C )d (B ) T (C Bu)d
T T
T
(B C B)u d B C B du T K u
T
16 66 61
For 3-node triangular element and homogeneous material, B and C matrices are constant.
K = hBTCB h
L1 0 L1b1
0 L L b
1 1 2
L2 b1
L 0 1
b
11 12 21 22 31 32 2 d 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2
d
0 L2 b2 L2 b2
L3 0 L3b1
0 L3 L3b2
L1b1
L b
1 2
11 12 12 22 31 L b
32 2 1 d i f ib
b
where f ib Li 1 d Li b d
L 2 b2 b2
L3 b1
L3b2
For 3-node triangular element, Hi = Li, and for constant body force b,
1
fis b H i d b Li d bh Li d bh W i 1,3 (W = Total force)
3 3
Virtual work done due to surface force,
s
For plane stress problem, no surface force on top and bottom surfaces.
h
s t ii d i f is
Where
f is H i t d
i 1, n
Body force:
W W/3
W/3
W/3
Surface force:
Q/2 Q/2 Q/3 2Q/3
Element stiffness matrix, Ke
b1 0 c1
0 c1 b1
1 0 b1 0 b2 0 b3 0
b2 c2
0 0 c3
Eh 0
K e hB T CB 1 c1 0 c2 0
4(1 ) 0
2
c2 b2
0 0 c1 b3
c3
b1 c2 b2 c3
b3 0
0 c3 b3
b12 c12 b1c1 ( ) b1b2 c1c2 b1c2 c1b2 b1b3 c1c3 b1c3 c1b3
c b
2
1 1
2
c1b2 b1c2 c1c2 b1b2 c1b3 b1c3 c1c3 b1b3
Eh b22 c22 b2 c2 ( ) b2 b3 c2 c3 b2 c3 c2 b3
Ke
4(1 2 ) c22 b22 c2 b3 b2 c3 c2 c3 b2 b3
b32 c32 b3 c3 ( )
SYM . c32 b32
where = ½ (1-)
In terms of submatrices:
u1
v
K 11 K 12 K 13 1 b j 0
u
K 23 2
Eh
Ke 2
K 22 K ij hB iTCB j with B j 0 cj
4(1 ) v
sym. K 33 2 c j
b j
u 3
v 3
ij i, j d
b d
i i
t d
i i
T K u T f b T f s T
We have, T (K u f b f s ) 0 T