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Signali i sustavi
x ✲ T ✲ y = T {x}
Homogenost:
Aditivnost:
T {x1 (t) + x2 (t)} = T {x1 (t)} + T {x2 (t)} = y1 (t) + y2 (t) (2)
N
X N
X
x(t) = αk xk (t) −→ y(t) = αk yk (t) (3)
k=1 k=1
x(t)
y(t) =
1 + x(t)
nelinearan.
α1 x1 (t) + α2 x2 (t)
T {α1 x1 (t) + α2 x2 (t)} =
1 + (α1 x1 (t) + α2 x2 (t))
x1 (t) x2 (t)
6= α1 + α2
1 + x1 (t) 1 + x2 (t)
6 = α1 y1 (t) + α2 y2 (t)
∴ Nelinearan sustav.
T
x[n] ✲×
❧ ✲ y[n]
✻
g[n]
g[n]
∴ Linearan sustav.
dy(t)
+ 2y(t) = 5x(t).
dt
Pokazati da je sustav linearan.
dN y(t) dN −1 y(t)
a0 + a 1 + ... + aN y(t) =
dtN dtN −1
dM x(t) dx(t)
= bN −M M
+ ... + bN −1 + bN x(t),
dt dt
gdje su ai , i ∈ {0, 1, ..., N } i bj , j ∈ {N − M, ..., N − 1, N }
konstante, linearan je sustav.
x(t) y(t)
x(t) y(t)
System
t0 t1 t t0 t1 t
BIBO nestabilan.
Slika 2: Cijena dionica INTEL-a: (a) originalni podaci, (b) MA filtar, N = 4, (c) MA filtar,
N = 8.
−1
NX
1
|x[n]| ≤ Kx < ∞, |y[n]| = x[n − k]
N
k=0
N −1
1 X
≤ |x[n − k]|
N
k=0
N Kx
≤
N
≤ Kx < ∞
t−2
x(t) = rect
4
y(t) = x(t + 6) + x(t − 3)
v(t)
i(t) L
v(t)
N −1
1 X
Npr., MA filtar y[n] = x[n − k] kauzalan je ali i dinamičan
N
k=0
sustav (tj. ima memoriju).
a) linearnost
b) vremenska promjenjivost
c) stabilnost
d) kauzalnost
e) memorija
a) Linearan:
b) Vremenski promjenjiv:
a) linearnost
b) vremenska promjenjivost
c) stabilnost
d) kauzalnost
e) memorija
je
a) Linearan:
b) Vremenski nepromjenjiv:
T {x[n − n0 ]} = x[n − 1 − n0 ]
= x[n − n0 − 1] = y[n − n0 ]