Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 3rd Edition King Test Bank 1

Chapter 5
Science of Psychology An Appreciative

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Chapter 5 – States of Consciousness
Multiple Choice Questions
1. William James described the human mind as a:

A. state of heightened awareness.
B. subconscious machine.
C. stream of consciousness.
D. metacognitive processor.
Answer: C
Feedback: The Nature of Consciousness
Topic: Consciousness
Bloom’s Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
APA Learning Outcome: 1.1
2. The process by which individuals think about thinking is referred to as:

A. metacognition.
B. a stream of consciousness.
C. an altered state of awareness.
D. groupthink.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
3. Which of the following terms refer to the physiological state of being engaged with the environment?
A. Arousal
B. Awareness
C. Intuition
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D. Insight
Answer: A
Feedback: Defining Consciousness
Difficulty: Low
4. _____ includes knowing about oneself and thoughts about one’s experiences.
A. Transcendence
B. Awareness
C. Intuition
D. Arousal
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
5. An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called:
A. perception.
B. metacognition.
C. consciousness.
D. reinforcement.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
6. Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those
thoughts. She is also aware of the sounds she hears, the things she sees in her room and outside the window, the
smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen, and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window. She
would be considered to be in a state of:
A. consciousness.
B. transcendence.
C. obstructionism.
D. hyperkinesis.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Level: Apply
Difficulty: High
7. The concept of “theory of mind” is best described as:

A. an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the
individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
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B. an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceives, and has private experiences.
C. one’s misinterpretation of subconscious thoughts.
D. the principle that governs controlled processing.
Answer: B
Feedback: Consciousness and the Brain
Topic: Theory of Mind
Difficulty: Low
8. Three-year-old Missy and her four-year-old brother Bob are watching a movie. In the movie, a “monster”
sneaks into the closet while a little boy is sleeping. While Missy says nothing, Bob begins to shout at the screen
telling the little boy not to open the closet door. Their different reactions reflect:
A. the social learning theory.
B. the theory of mind.
C. problems with perception.
D. insight discrepancies.
Answer: B
Feedback: Consciousness and the Brain
Topic: Theory of Mind
Difficulty: High
9. Which of the following represents the most alert states of human consciousness?
A. Controlled processes
B. Automatic processes
C. Altered states of consciousness
D. Subconscious states of awareness
Answer: A
Feedback: Levels of Awareness
Topic: Higher-Level Consciousness
Difficulty: Low
10. Controlled processes:

A. require divided attention.
B. include concentrating on a specific aspect of experience while also paying attention to others.
C. are faster than automatic processes and are less likely to involve the prefrontal cortex.
D. involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.
Answer: D
Bloom’s Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
11. Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone’s features as soon as he reaches home. While
doing so, he fails to hear the doorbell, which has been ringing for five minutes. This illustrates the concept of:
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A. controlled processes.
B. automatic processes.
C. altered states of consciousness.
D. subconscious awareness.
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
12. Timmy is going to participate in the national spelling bee competition to be held over the weekend. In order
to prepare for the competition, he locks himself in his room and starts memorizing words along with their
spelling. His mom calls him several times for supper, but he is so engrossed in memorizing that he ignores her
repeated calls. Timmy is exhibiting:
A. controlled processing.
B. automatic processing.
C. an altered state of consciousness.
D. subconscious awareness.
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
13. _____ is a person’s capacity to harness consciousness, to focus in on specific thoughts while ignoring
others.
A. Automatic processing
B. Executive function
C. Daydreaming
D. Metacognition
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
14. Thomas is playing his video game and is about to complete the last level. He seems unaware that his mom
has been calling him for long. Which of the following is Thomas demonstrating?
A. Arousal
B. Automaticity
C. Daydreaming
D. Selective attention
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
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15. Nick is studying for his science test that is scheduled to be held the next day. He is unaware that his
cellphone has been ringing loudly for the past five minutes. In this case, Nick is exhibiting:
A. divided attention.
B. selective attention.
C. daydreaming.
D. arousal.
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
16. Aaron is working on a history assignment that he must submit the next day. His favorite TV show is on air,
but he continues to work on the assignment as it is a priority. In this case, Aaron is demonstrating:
A. divided attention.
B. selective attention.
C. daydreaming.
D. arousal.
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
17. States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are
called:
A. controlled processes.
D. subconscious states.
Answer: B
Topic: Lower-Level Consciousness
Difficulty: Low
18. Automatic processes:

A. require little attention.
B. need more conscious effort than controlled processes.
C. interfere with other ongoing activities.
D. are unconscious behaviors.
Answer: A
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Difficulty: Medium
19. Mrs. Goldman was a little startled when she realized that while driving home she didn’t really remember
driving the last mile. For Mrs. Goldman, driving has probably become a(n):
A. controlled process.
B. metacognitive process.
C. time to engage in selective attention.
D. automatic process.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
20. Sharon can type a text message on her cell phone without even looking at the keypad. This is an example of:
A. theory of mind.
B. executive function.
C. automatic processing.
D. an altered state of consciousness.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
21. Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?

A. Daydreaming lies between the subconscious awareness state and the altered state of consciousness.
B. Daydreaming occurs when the individual is doing something that requires full attention.
C. Individuals drift into a world of fantasy when they daydream.
D. Although daydreaming helps individuals cope, create, and fantasize, it also makes the mind idle and inactive.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
22. The teacher has called on Sarah four times, yet she has not responded or acknowledged the teacher in
anyway. She has a slight smile on her face. Which of the following is Sarah most likely demonstrating?
A. Awareness
B. Daydreaming
C. Selective abstraction
D. Unconsciousness
Answer: B
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Difficulty: Medium
23. During a class lecture, Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert at Miami. She is most
likely:
A. in an altered state of consciousness.
B. exhibiting controlled processing.
C. daydreaming.
D. lacking awareness.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
24. Kathy says that when she meditates, she feels like she becomes one with the universe. Kathy experiences
_____ during her meditative sessions.
A. an altered state of consciousness
B. daydreaming
C. a peak experience
D. a period of divided consciousness
Answer: A
Topic: Levels of Awareness
Difficulty: Low
25. Due to drug use, Juan sometimes displays higher levels of awareness while Terri sometimes displays lower
levels of awareness. These conditions are best referred to as:
A. daydreaming.
D. waking subconscious awareness.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
26. Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation produce:

A. normal brain waves.
B. sleep apnea.
C. a state called hypnagogic reverie.
D. altered states of consciousness.
Answer: D
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Difficulty: Medium
27. Betty has dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities
that she exhibits as a result of her condition. Betty is most likely:
A. exhibiting increased level of consciousness.
B. demonstrating automatic processing.
C. in an altered state of consciousness.
D. representing higher executive function.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
28. Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party. Therefore, he is exhibiting:

A. an altered state of consciousness.
B. higher controlled processes.
C. automatic processing.
D. an executive function.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
29. Jesse dreamed that he failed his science test. He is exhibiting:

A. automatic processing.
B. an altered state of consciousness.
C. subconscious awareness.
D. no awareness.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
30. _____ refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break from
conscious thought about the problem.
A. Incubation
B. Metacognition
C. Theory of mind
D. Executive function
Answer: A
Topic: Incubation
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Difficulty: Low
31. It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left. She
spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a
solution to her problem. Cindy is demonstrating:
A. metacognition.
B. awareness.
C. controlled processing.
D. incubation.
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
32. According to Sigmund Freud, _____ mental processes occur without a person being aware of them.
A. metacognitive
B. unconscious
C. metaphysical
D. conscious
Answer: B
Topic: Unconscious Processes
Difficulty: Low
33. _____ are daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature,
blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
A. Circadian rhythms
B. Lunar rotational effects
C. Non-REM sequences
D. Sensorimotor stages
Answer: A
Feedback: Biological Rhythms and Sleep
Topic: Circadian Rhythms
Difficulty: Low
34. Circadian rhythm refers to:

A. the pattern of emotional ups and downs a person routinely experiences during the day.
B. the daily behavioral or physiological cycles.
C. the jet lag experienced following an extensive transoceanic flight.
D. the five stage cycle that a person experiences during a normal night of sleep.
Answer: B
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Difficulty: Low
35. A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body
temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a
predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are:
A. determined by subconscious expectations.
B. governed by circadian rhythms.
C. controlled by daily lunar cycles.
D. correlated with lunar rotation.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
36. _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily
cycle of light and dark.
A. Hypothalamus
B. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Pineal gland
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
37. Ross takes a flight from Log Angeles to New York to attend a business meeting the next day. He checks
into a hotel and goes to bed at 11 p.m. However, he is unable to fall asleep even though he is accustomed to
sleeping by 11 p.m. Ross is unable to sleep because:
A. his body time is out of phase with clock time.
B. he is in an altered state of consciousness.
C. he is in a state of incubation.
D. he is experiencing controlled processing.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
38. Bradley participates in a sleep study at a university clinic. The researchers measure his body’s physiological
changes while he is sleeping. Which hormone do they find in large doses just before Bradley wakes up?
A. Melatonin
B. Growth hormone
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C. Cortisol
D. Prolactin
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
39. Helen works night shift at a local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping, which is most
likely due to:
A. excess of melatonin.
B. the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle.
C. the fact that she experiences fewer than normal periods of REM sleep per night.
D. a state called hypnagogic reverie.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
40. Hannah, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday.
During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best
explain her behavior?
A. Her circadian rhythm has become desynchronized.
B. She is experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
C. She is demonstrating incubation.
C. Her metacognition level has significantly increased.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
41. Professional baseball players often travel from coast to coast. Which chemical in the body may be
responsible for the fatigue that many of these players face on their first day in a new city?
A. Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. Cortisol
D. Acetylcholine
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
42. Jet lag can be best explained by:

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A. the elevation of serotonin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B. the dramatic changes in environmental stimuli.
C. dietary changes.
D. the effect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
43. Rebecca lives in Boston. Her friend, Serena, just flew in from Denver. To help Serena adjust to the new
time zone, Rebecca should:
A. give Serena a lot of coffee.
B. let her sleep all day.
C. offer her a dose of melatonin.
D. take her to a movie to keep her out of the sunlight.
Answer: C
Difficulty: High
44. George has a history exam the next day, so he has been studying hard. If he wants to remember most of
what he has studied, he should:
A. go to sleep rather than staying awake all night.
B. keep studying through the night.
C. take a break and watch some TV rather than studying all night.
D. eat a large meal to help him stay awake.
Answer: A
Feedback: Why Do We Need Sleep?
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
45. Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is
likely to:
A. increase memory retention.
B. lower memory retention.
C. improve brain function as well as test scores.
D. reduce brain function but not test scores.
Answer: B
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Low
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46. Sleep deprivation has been shown to:
A. increase the inability to sustain attention.
B. reduce the complexity of brain activity.
C. increase the difficulty in making healthy choices.
D. All of these.
Answer: D
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Low
47. _____ is a disorder, caused by a genetic mutation, involving a progressive inability to sleep.
A. Sleep paralysis
B. Fatal familial insomnia
C. Sleep apnea
D. Narcolepsy
Answer: B
Topic: Sleep Problems
Difficulty: Low
48. The waves associated with relaxation or drowsiness are called _____ waves.
A. alpha
B. beta
C. theta
D. delta
Answer: A
Feedback: Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Low
49. Jennifer has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed, she has not yet
fallen asleep. An electroencephalograph (EEG) is most likely to indicate the presence of:
A. delta waves.
B. alpha waves.
C. sleep spindles.
D. rapid eye movements.
Answer: B
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
50. Electroencephalographs (EEGs) of individuals in stage 1 sleep are characterized by _____ waves.
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A. beta
B. delta
C. alpha
D. theta
Answer: D
Topic: Stages of Sleep
Difficulty: Low
51. While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and
within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in:
A. stage 1 sleep.
B. stage 2 sleep.
C. stage 3 sleep.
D. stage 4 sleep.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
52. As a part of a research, Natasha initially had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab, but finally drifted into
sleep and was not awakened when a student researcher knocked a can of soda off the desk. The
electroencephalograph (EEG) is displaying theta waves with occasional sleep spindles. The researchers feel
confident that Natasha is:
A. about to wake up.
B. in stage 2 of the sleep cycle.
C. dreaming.
D. in REM sleep.
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
53. The stage when bedwetting (in children) and sleep talking occur is _____.
A. stage 1 sleep
B. delta sleep
C. stage 2 sleep
D. REM sleep
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
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54. Brenda goes to check on her sleeping daughter and observes that the child’s eyes are moving up and down
and from left to right under her eyelids. It is likely that she is:
A. in the deepest level of sleep.
B. dreaming.
C. in a hypnagogic state.
D. waking up.
Answer: B
Topic: REM Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
55. Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

A. REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming does not occur.
B. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.
C. Non-REM sleep is characterized by intense rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming.
D. Reports of dreaming by individuals awakened from non-REM sleep are typically longer, more vivid, and less
related to waking life than reports by those awakened from REM sleep.
Answer: B
Topic: REM Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
56. Which of the following best characterizes a night of sleep?

A. A person falls into light sleep and then, ends in deep sleep.
B. A person passes from light sleep to dream sleep and ultimately to deep sleep.
C. A person’s depth of sleep alternates up and down several times.
D. A person’s sleep cycle skips REM sleep.
Answer: C
Topic: REM Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
57. _____ refers to an active stage of sleep during which vivid dreaming occurs.
A. Spindle sleep
B. Delta sleep
C. REM sleep
D. Myoclonic sleep
Answer: C
Topic: REM Sleep
Difficulty: Low
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58. REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain
remains relatively inactive.
A. adenosine
B. serotonin
C. acetylcholine
D. norepinephrine
Answer: C
Topic: Neurotransmitters
Difficulty: Low
59. REM sleep ends when there is a rise in _____, which increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the
awakened state.
A. melatonin and acetylcholine
B. serotonin and acetylcholine
C. norepinephrine and melatonin
D. serotonin and norepinephrine
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
60. The powerfully sleep-inducing chemicals produced by the body’s cells while a person is fighting an
infection are known as _____.
A. melatonins
B. cytokines
C. serotonins
D. norepinephrines
Answer: B
Feedback: Sleep and Disease
Difficulty: Low
61. Jerry is filing for divorce. Lately, he is also having trouble at his job. Prior to these problems, he did not
experience any sleep disorder but these days he finds it extremely hard to fall asleep. Which of the following
disorders is he most likely suffering from?
A. Sleep apnea
B. Narcolepsy
C. Insomnia
D. Schizophrenia
Answer: C
Feedback: Sleep Disorders
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Difficulty: Medium
62. Nikita is always tired. She goes to bed at about 10:30 every night and is asleep in seconds, but she wakes up
frequently during the night. She is most likely suffering from:
A. night terrors.
B. sleep apnea.
C. narcolepsy.
D. insomnia.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
63. Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.

A. stage 1
B. the REM stage
C. stages 3 and 4
D. all stages
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
64. Sleepwalking is:

A. usually due to the use of sleeping pills.
B. related to mental illness.
C. a normal phenomenon.
D. a symptom of sleep apnea.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
65. Erika often walks in her sleep past midnight. In formal terms, she is said to be exhibiting _____.
A. somnambulism
B. somniloquy
C. insomnia
D. narcolepsy
Answer: A
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Difficulty: Low
66. Lily has been battling insomnia for a very long time. She recently began taking medication to help her sleep.
After several weeks of taking the drug, she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes. She realizes
that she has put on ten pounds. Which of the following medications is she most likely taking?
A. Valium
B. Tylenol
C. Ambien
D. Prosom
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
67. After several instances of waking up in the morning to find empty food containers on her bedroom floor,
Janice learns from her doctor that her sleep eating is likely a side effect of the use of:
A. Valium.
B. Ambien.
C. Xanax.
D. Ecstasy.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
68. Theresa dreams that she is being chased by a lion. This is an example of:
A. somnambulism.
B. somniloquy.
C. insomnia.
D. a nightmare.
Answer: D
Topic: Nightmares and Night Terrors
Difficulty: Low
69. Night terrors typically occur:

A. among older adults.
B. during non-REM sleep.
C. due to sleep apnea.
D. within an hour of falling asleep.
Answer: B
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Difficulty: Low
70. Night terrors differ from nightmares as night terrors:

A. occur during the slow-wave stage 4.
B. are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer.
C. are more common than nightmares.
D. occur during the REM sleep.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
71. _____ occurs during slow-wave stage 4 sleep.

A. Nightmare
B. Night terror
C. Narcolepsy
C. Insomnia
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
72. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by:

A. sleepwalking and sleep talking.
B. an anxious, panicky feeling.
C. irresistible urge to sleep.
D. excessively long periods of sleep.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
73. During lunch at the school cafeteria, Brianna falls asleep while sipping her glass of soda. She is suffering
from:
A. somnambulism.
B. insomnia.
C. sleep apnea.
D. narcolepsy.
Answer: D
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Difficulty: Medium
74. The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals:

A. unexpectedly fall into REM sleep during an activity.
B. have difficulty falling asleep whenever they would like.
C. wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times at night.
D. stop breathing while they are sleeping.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
75. Narcolepsy is a disorder that involves:

A. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep.
B. sudden uncontrollable seizures.
C. sudden attacks of uncontrollable sleep.
D. difficulty in falling asleep.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
76. Nolan and Bella were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when Nolan suddenly
crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan’s behavior indicates that he is suffering from:
A. sleep apnea.
B. insomnia.
C. narcolepsy.
D. night terrors.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
77. During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep.
Mr. Reed is most likely suffering from:
A. narcolepsy.
B. insomnia.
C. sleep apnea.
D. REM rebound.
Answer: A
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Difficulty: Medium
78. Sarah’s grandfather takes a nap in his recliner while snoring loudly. When he suddenly stops snoring, Sarah
looks to see if he is fine. He appears not to be breathing. For a moment Sarah wonders if he’s dead, but
suddenly he coughs and resumes snoring. Sarah’s grandfather appears to suffer from:
A. insomnia.
B. somnambulism.
C. narcolepsy.
D. sleep apnea.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
79. Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping?
A. Narcolepsy
B. Sleep apnea
C. Night terror
D. Insomnia
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
80. Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens
suffers from:
A. sleep apnea.
B. narcolepsy.
C. night terror.
D. insomnia.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
81. Courtney insisted her husband to see a doctor. She suspected that he had a sinus problem. He would snore
loudly as well as fall silent several times in bed while sleeping. His behavior kept her from getting a good night
of sleep. He was always tired regardless of the number of hours he slept. Courtney was surprised when the
doctor suggested that her husband was suffering from:
A. sleep apnea.
B. narcolepsy.
C. night terrors.
D. sleep deprivation syndrome.
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Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
82. Kevin suffers from sleep apnea. With this condition, he awakens as often as 50 times during the night due
to:
A. reoccurring dreams.
B. ringing in his ears.
C. a hypersensitivity to all sensory stimuli.
D. failure in the opening of the windpipe.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
83. According to Sigmund Freud, a dream is:

A. a person’s counter-life which he/she is unable to endure in the real world.
B. a person’s unconscious desire that he/she wishes to fulfill.
C. a piece of thought which has no coherent organization.
D. a problem that a person has not been able to solve during the day.
Answer: B
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Low
84. Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, “You won’t believe what I dreamed. I was being chased
by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases and they were trying to run me
down!” If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, they would tell him that what he had dreamed
was about not being able to pay his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the manifest content of the
dream?
A. Gary running for his life
B. Gary’s concern over monthly bills
C. The therapist’s interpretation of the dream
D. The therapist’s plan to help Gary
Answer: A
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
85. Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, “You won’t believe what I dreamed. I was being chased
by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me
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down!” If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, they would tell him that what he had dreamed
about was his fear of financial issues and not being able to pay all his bills. Which element in this scenario
represents the latent content of the dream?
A. The briefcases the men were carrying
B. Gary’s concern over monthly bills
C. The horses
D. The therapist’s plan to help Gary
Answer: B
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
86. The _____ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing and memory.
A. psychodynamic
B. functionalist
C. cognitive
D. activation synthesis
Answer: C
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Low
87. Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive theory of dreaming?
A. The theory rests on the idea that dreams are essentially conscious noncognitive processing.
B. According to the theory, there is an essential search for the hidden, symbolic content of dreams.
C. According to the theory, dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to
relaxed daydreams.
D. According to the theory, very unusual aspects of dreams—such as odd activities, strange images, and sudden
scene shifts—cannot be understood.
Answer: C
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
88. The _____ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural
signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.
A. activation-synthesis
B. cognitive
C. manifest content
D. latent reasoning
Answer: A
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
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Difficulty: Low
89. According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams:

A. result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.
B. offer a unique opportunity for problem solving.
C. are types of mental simulations that are very similar in content to a person’s everyday waking thoughts.
D. are often, though not always, a sign of mental illness.
Answer: A
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
90. A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that:

A. neural activity begins in the brain.
B. damage to the brain stem reduces dreaming to a great extent.
C. life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges.
D. dreams are caused by fluctuating levels of neurotransmitters.
Answer: C
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
91. Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to:

A. alter consciousness.
B. keep perception constant.
C. relieve people of sleep apnea.
D. improve blood flow.
Answer: A
Feedback: Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Low
92. The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect is referred to as:
A. assimilation.
B. transitive inference.
C. tolerance.
D. free association.
Answer: C
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Low
Chapter 5
93. Howard attends a college party where his friend offers him Valium, a tranquilizer. Howard feels very
relaxed after taking the drug. Henceforth, he continues taking a Valium pill every day for the next six months.
However, he increases his dose to two times a day to achieve the same calming effect. Howard’s behavior is
likely the result of:
A. transitive inference.
B. tolerance.
C. assimilation.
D. lowered inhibitions.
Answer: B
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Medium
94. Brendon has been using Xanax for a period of over six months. Alex, his friend, asks him to stop using the
drug as it adversely affects the body. Brendon listens to Alex and discontinues taking the drug. However, upon
withdrawal, he experiences immense physical pain accompanied by increased craving for the drug. This is most
likely due to:
A. physical dependence.
B. decreased tolerance.
C. transitive inference.
D. mental instability.
Answer: A
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Medium
95. Ian repeatedly uses heroin to reduce stress and enhance the feeling of well-being. Ian’s behavior is known
as:
A. psychological dependence.
B. narcolepsy.
C. insomnia.
D. increased tolerance.
Answer: A
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Medium
96. Which of the following is the most common neurotransmitter activated by psychoactive drugs and found to
be related to addiction?
A. Serotonin
B. Dopamine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Acetylcholine
Chapter 5
Answer: B
Topic: Addiction
Difficulty: Low
97. Which of the following best defines drug addiction?

A. It is the state where an individual becomes secretive about taking a drug.
B. It is an altered state of consciousness in which an individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
C. It is the physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.
D. It refers to the state where a person can live comfortably without a drug for prolonged periods.
Answer: C
Topic: Addiction
Difficulty: Medium
98. Drugs that create a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions by reducing the activity of the central
nervous system are called:
A. inhalants.
B. stimulants.
C. amphetamines.
D. depressants.
Answer: D
Feedback: Types of Psychoactive Drugs
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: Low
99. Which of the following slow down inhibition and judgment?

A. Depressants
B. Stimulants
C. Hallucinogens
D. Amphetamines
Answer: A
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Medium
100. Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

A. Alcohol is a type of stimulant.
B. Alcohol decreases the concentration of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is
widely distributed in many brain areas.
C. Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes.
D. Alcohol is a powerful drug that acts on the body primarily as a stimulant and speeds up the brain’s activities.
Chapter 5
Answer: C
Topic: Alcohol
Difficulty: Medium
101. Tranquilizers and alcohol belong to a drug category known as:

A. stimulants.
B. narcotics.
C. depressants.
D. sedatives.
Answer: C
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
102. Jerry, who is a fairly conservative person, stopped at a bar on the way home from work to have a couple of
drinks with his friends. On the way home, he suddenly pulls into a retail store and buys a new 60 inch wide
screen TV. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his behavior?
A. The alcohol in the drinks resulted in him experiencing REM sleep.
B. The alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control.
C. The alcohol in the drinks stimulated the brain centers associated with pleasure.
D. The alcohol in the drinks caused him to hallucinate.
Answer: B
Topic: Alcohol
Difficulty: Medium
103. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that:

A. slow down inhibition and judgment.
B. modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
C. slow down mental and physical activity.
D. increase the central nervous system’s activity.
Answer: D
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
104. Which of the following is a barbiturate?

A. Alcohol
B. Nembutal
C. Valium
D. Xanax
Chapter 5
Answer: B
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
105. Barbiturate:
A. decreases central nervous system activity.
B. enhances decision making.
C. improves memory retention.
D. can cure somnambulism and somniloquy.
Answer: A
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
106. Valium and Xanax are:

A. tranquilizers.
B. opiates.
C. barbiturates.
D. amphetamines.
Answer: A
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
107. Morphine and heroin are derivatives of:

A. coca.
B. ephedra.
C. hashish.
D. opium.
Answer: D
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
108. Opiate drugs affect synapses in the brain that use _____ as their neurotransmitter.
A. melatonin
B. cytokine
C. endorphin
D. dopamine
Answer: C
Chapter 5
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
109. Opiates:
A. decrease the risk of exposure to HIV.
B. aggravate body pain.
C. depress the central nervous system’s activity.
D. decrease a person’s appetite for food and sex.
Answer: C
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Medium
110. Barbiturates and opiates are _____ drugs.

A. stimulant
B. depressant
C. hallucinogenic
D. inhalant
Answer: B
Topic: Depressants
Difficulty: Low
111. Heather reported a boost in energy and a sense of well-being after taking a drug.
Medical tests revealed increased activity of her central nervous system. The drug she took is most likely a:
A. depressant.
B. tranquilizer.
C. hallucinogen.
D. stimulant.
Answer: D
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
112. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are:

A. hallucinogens.
B. depressants.
C. stimulants.
D. narcotics.
Answer: C
Topic: Stimulants
Chapter 5
Difficulty: Low
113. Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?

A. It is a depressant drug.
B. It decreases central nervous system activity.
C. It is derived from natural components of plants.
D. It is a main psychoactive ingredient of smokeless tobacco.
Answer: C
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
114. Meredith always has a cup of coffee as soon as she wakes up. She usually has several more cups
throughout the day. If she misses one in the afternoon, she gets a headache. Meredith’s headache is likely due
to:
A. depressant addiction.
B. stimulant use/abuse.
C. the placebo effect.
D. lower levels of acetylcholine.
Answer: B
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
115. Kate, a regular coffee drinker, complains of headaches and depressed mood when she skips her coffee in
the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints?
A. Caffeine withdrawal
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Depressant addiction
D. A placebo effect
Answer: A
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
116. Bethany is experiencing headaches, lethargy, and difficulty concentrating at work. Which of the following
drugs is she most likely to have stopped using?
A. Alcohol
B. Caffeine
C. Marijuana
D. Ambien
Answer: B
Chapter 5
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
117. _____ is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco.
A. Nicotine
B. Caffeine
C. Amphetamine
D. Opium
Answer: A
Topic: Nicotine
Difficulty: Low
118. Which of the following is NOT associated with the use of nicotine?
A. Alertness
B. Reduction in anger
C. Tardive dyskinesia
D. Reduction in anxiety
Answer: C
Topic: Nicotine
Difficulty: Medium
119. _____ are stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.
A. Opiates
B. Tranquilizers
C. Barbiturates
D. Amphetamines
Answer: D
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
120. Brett takes a drug that decreased his feeling of fatigue, created an elevated mood, and decreased his
appetite. Which of the following drugs did he most likely take?
A. Amphetamine
B. Alcohol
C. Heroin
D. Valium
Answer: A
Chapter 5
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
121. Amphetamines are classified as:

A. opiates.
B. hallucinogens.
C. depressants.
D. stimulants.
Answer: D
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
122. Prescription drugs for attention deficit disorder, such as Ritalin, are:
A. hallucinogens.
B. depressants.
C. stimulants.
D. narcotics.
Answer: C
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
123. What type of drug is crystal meth?

A. Opiate
B. Depressant
C. Amphetamine
D. Hallucinogen
Answer: C
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
124. Jacob’s friend Sarah loves the warmth she feels for everybody when she takes Ecstasy. Jacob warns her
that repeated use of this drug could have lasting negative effects on the neurotransmitter:
A. serotonin.
B. endorphin.
C. adenosine.
D. GABA.
Answer: A
Topic: Stimulants
Chapter 5
Difficulty: High
125. _____ are psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images
that are not real.
A. Depressants
B. Stimulants
C. Amphetamines
D. Hallucinogens
Answer: D
Topic: Hallucinogens
Difficulty: Low
126. Which of the following statements is true of marijuana?

A. The active ingredient in marijuana is THC, which specifically affects serotonin.
B. Repeated usage of marijuana can enhance attention and memory.
C. Marijuana disrupts the membranes of neurons but does not affect the functioning of hormones.
D. Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
127. “Medical marijuana” is known to:

A. promote appetite.
B. relieve pain.
C. calm anxiety.
D. All of these.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
128. Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that his drapes are growing tentacles that are
threatening to strangle him. Luke is most likely taking:
A. alcohol.
B. Ecstasy.
C. crack.
D. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
Answer: D
Chapter 5
Difficulty: High
129. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) acts primarily on the neurotransmitter:

A. acetylcholine.
B. norepinephrine.
C. serotonin.
D. GABA.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
130. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and marijuana are:

A. opiates.
B. depressants.
C. hallucinogens.
D. stimulants.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
131. Which of the following is a health risk associated with alcohol?

A. Ulcer
B. Coma
C. Malnutrition
D. Hypertension
Answer: A
Topic: Alcohol
Difficulty: Low
132. Which of the following is an overdose effect of MDMA (Ecstasy)?

A. Breathing difficulty
B. Convulsion
C. Extreme irritability
D. Brain damage
Answer: D
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
Chapter 5
133. Loss of contact with reality is an overdose effect of:

A. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
B. barbiturates.
C. tranquilizers.
D. caffeine.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
134. _____ is as an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in
which an individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
A. Awareness
B. Transcendence
C. Hypnosis
D. Automaticity
Answer: C
Feedback: Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Low
135. In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves a(n):

A. high degree of controlled processing.
B. strong defense against suggestibility.
C. state of altered attention and expectations.
D. unconsciousness similar to the state of deep sleep.
Answer: C
Feedback: Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
136. In a television reality show, Trevor, the host, puts one of his contestants in a trance and asks her to pretend
to be a famous singer. The contestant starts singing with confidence even though she has never sung publicly
before. The contestant is in a state of:
A. somniloquy.
B. somnambulism.
C. hypnosis.
D. meditation.
Answer: C
Feedback: Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Chapter 5
Difficulty: Low
137. Laura decides to undergo hypnosis out of curiosity. She expects that hypnosis will result in a state of:
A. increased physical stamina.
B. heightened openness to suggestion.
C. improved perceptual skills.
D. elevated autonomic arousal.
Answer: B
Feedback: Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
138. Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

A. Individuals in a hypnotic state are hostile to external suggestions.
B. Widespread areas of the cerebral cortex are disabled when individuals are in a hypnotic state.
C. A hypnotic state is more similar to being relaxed and awake.
D. Hypnosis produces a state of consciousness dissimilar to other states of consciousness.
Answer: C
Feedback: The Nature of Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
139. Janet is suffering from severe depression. She visits Dr. Garner, a psychotherapist, and tells him that she
wants to relieve her anxiety. Dr. Garner tells her to concentrate on the ticking of her watch. He then tells her,
“Your eyes are getting tired.” On hearing this, Samantha seems to feel drowsy and closes her eyes. In the
session, Dr. Garner also says, “You are happy. Your life is full of positivity,” with which Samantha agrees. Dr.
Garner is:
A. performing hypnosis on Janet.
B. helping Janet to meditate.
C. recording Janet’s dreams.
D. conducting a laboratory research.
Answer: A
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
140. People who are easily hypnotized usually:

A. can fall asleep easily.
B. can focus and concentrate without great effort.
C. can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity.
D. have difficulty concentrating while reading or listening to music.
Answer: C
Chapter 5
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
141. Who among the following is the most likely candidate to undergo hypnosis?
A. Amanda gets totally immersed in the music she listens to.
B. Jenna has difficulty concentrating while studying for her history test.
C. Erica loves eating French food in her favorite restaurant.
D. Bianca gets very upset when someone disturbs her while she studies.
Answer: A
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
142. The divided consciousness view of hypnosis assumes that:

A. hypnosis can block sensory input.
B. the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.
C. hypnosis involves the retention of a single state of consciousness.
D. consciousness has a hidden part that stays in contact with reality and feels pain while another part of
consciousness feels no pain.
Answer: D
Feedback: Explaining Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: High
143. Critics of Ernest Hilgard’s divided consciousness view of hypnosis, suggest that:
A. hypnosis is an abnormal state in which the hypnotized person behaves contrary to how a normal person
would behave.
B. the person undergoing hypnosis should not be given permission to admit to the pain that he or she was
always feeling.
C. the component that follows the hypnotist’s commands is not aware of what is going on in the entire hypnosis
session.
D. the hidden observer simply demonstrates that the hypnotized person is not in an altered state of
consciousness at all.
Answer: D
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: High
144. The _____ view describes hypnosis as a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he
or she believes a hypnotized person should behave.
A. social cognitive behavior
B. divided consciousness
Chapter 5
C. psychodynamic
D. hidden observer
Answer: A
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Low
145. _____ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry.
A. Meditation
B. Motivation
C. Hypnosis
D. Narcolepsy
Answer: A
Feedback: Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Low
146. Cory is diagnosed with bone tumor and experiences excruciating pain all through the day. Which of the
following can help him in coping with the agony?
A. Cory should attend a hypnosis session.
B. Cory should take as much rest as possible.
C. Cory should enroll in a meditation program.
D. Cory should start consuming sedatives to combat the pain.
Answer: C
Feedback: Mindfulness Meditation
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Medium
147. Josh has been experiencing excruciating pain ever since his bike accident. Though he had been
successfully operated, he often complains of agonizing pain in his right shoulder. Karen, his girlfriend, tells him
that he can harness the power of his mind to overcome pain by concentrating his thoughts on the pain—not by
trying to avoid it. Karen is referring to:
A. somnambulism.
B. the use of opiates.
C. hypnosis.
D. meditation.
Answer: D
Feedback: Mindfulness Meditation
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Medium
148. The overwhelming feeling of wellness right before a person falls asleep is referred to as:
Chapter 5
A. hypnagogic reverie.
B. sleep apnea.
C. a hallucination.
D. a circadian rhythm.
Answer: A
Feedback: The Meditative State of Mind
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Low
149. On a peaceful evening, Samantha sits upright on a chair in her lawn with her eyes closed. Then, she starts
breathing repeatedly and recites “happy” several times. Samantha is practicing:
A. narcolepsy.
B. somnambulism.
C. meditation.
D. hypnosis.
Answer: C
Feedback: Getting Started with Meditation
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Low
150. Which of the following statements is true of meditation?

A. Meditation is an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in
which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.
B. As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both.
C. The meditator is ignorant of his or her thoughts and feelings and is, therefore, not consumed by them.
D. A meditative state is exactly similar to the hypnotic state.
Answer: B
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer Questions
151. Explain the concept of executive function in the context of cognitive control.
Answer: Executive function is a key aspect of controlled processing. It refers to higher-order, complex
cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving. These cognitive processes are linked to
the functioning of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Executive function is the person’s capacity to harness
consciousness, to focus in on specific thoughts while ignoring others. This aspect of executive function is called
cognitive control; it is the capacity to maintain attention by reducing interfering thoughts and being cognitively
flexible.
Difficulty: Medium
Chapter 5
152. Explain the concept of automatic processes.

Answer: Automatic processes are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with
other ongoing activities. They require less conscious effort than controlled processes. When a person is awake,
his or her automatic behaviors occur at a lower level of awareness than controlled processes, but they are still
conscious behaviors.
Difficulty: Medium
153. Describe the phenomenon of daydreaming.

Answer: Daydreaming is a state of consciousness that lies between active consciousness and dreaming while
asleep. Mind wandering is probably the most obvious type of daydreaming and can provide a useful distraction
from the mundane flow of work. Problems can be solved or innovative ideas can be created during
daydreaming. Moreover, daydreaming keeps a person’s mind active while helping him or her to cope, create,
and fantasize.
Difficulty: Medium
154. Explain the concept of incubation.

Answer: Incubation refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break
from conscious thought about the problem. It suggests that even as a person stops actively thinking about a
problem, on some level his or her brain keeps working on finding a solution.
Topic: Incubation
Difficulty: Medium
155. Describe circadian rhythms and their main functions.

Answer: Circadian rhythms are daily behavioral or physiological cycles. They involve the sleep/wake cycle,
body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. They fluctuate throughout the day and night and
operate on approximately a 24-hour cycle.
Difficulty: Medium
156. Discuss the effects of sleep deprivation.

Answer: The effects of sleep deprivation include decline in alertness and cognitive performance, inability to
sustain attention, decline in complex brain behavior and overall brain activity, decreased problem-solving
ability, and problems with making healthy choices.
Chapter 5
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
157. Discuss the roles of serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine with regard to sleep.
Answer: Three important neurotransmitters involved in sleep are serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine.
Neurotransmitter levels begin to drop at the onset of sleep and reach their lowest levels during the deepest sleep
stage—stage 4. An increase in acetylcholine levels leads to REM sleep and a surge of serotonin and
norepinephrine marks the end of REM sleep.
Difficulty: High
158. Melinda has two children. Her six-year-old daughter, Emma, awakens during a bad dream. After a minute,
she gets up and goes to Melinda’s room, saying, “Mommy? Are you up?” Melinda wakes up and asks her why
she is up during the night. Emma says, “Mommy, I dreamt that a monster was chasing me.” Seeing that Emma
is a little perturbed, Melinda talks to her for a few minutes, then gets her some warm milk and tucks her back
into bed. An hour later, Emma’s younger sister Katie, who is three years old, awakens screaming. Melinda runs
to her room and checks her over. She does not seem to be in pain, feverish, or sick. She asks Katie what is the
matter. Katie cries, “Mama, I’m scared!” Melinda asks her why. Katie frowns, puzzled, and shakes her head, “I
don’t know!” Melinda asks, “Did you have a bad dream?” Katie answers, “I don’t remember, Mama, did I?”
What are the terms used to describe each sister’s experience? Compare and contrast these experiences.
Answer: Emma had a nightmare. Nightmares are frightening dreams that occur in REM sleep. The nightmare’s
content invariably involves danger—the dreamer is chased, robbed, or thrown off a cliff. Nightmares peak at 3
to 6 years of age and then decline. Katie had a night terror. Night terrors occur in the deep non-REM sleep
stage, and the individual awakens in a sense of panic, having no clear recollection of the dream. Night terrors,
which peak at 5 to 7 years of age, are less common than nightmares, and unlike nightmares, they occur during
slow-wave stage 4 (non-REM) sleep.
Difficulty: Medium
159. Explain narcolepsy and its effects.

Answer: The disorder narcolepsy involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. The urge is so
uncontrollable that the person may fall asleep while talking or standing up. Narcoleptics immediately enter
REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages. Individuals with narcolepsy are often very
tired during the day. Narcolepsy can be triggered by extreme emotional reactions, such as surprise, laughter,
excitement, or anger. The disorder appears to involve problems with the hypothalamus and amygdala. Although
narcolepsy usually emerges in adulthood, signs of the problem may be evident in childhood.
Difficulty: Medium
Chapter 5
160. Describe sleep apnea and its symptoms.
Answer: Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open
or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly. People with sleep apnea experience
numerous brief awakenings during the night so that they can breathe better, although they usually are not aware
of their awakened state. During the day, these people may feel sleepy because they were deprived of sleep at
night. A common sign of sleep apnea is loud snoring, punctuated by silence (the apnea).
Difficulty: Medium
161. According to Freud, what is the difference between manifest content and latent content of a dream.
Answer: According to Freud, manifest content is a dream’s surface content, which contains dream symbols that
disguise the dream’s true meaning. On the other hand, latent content is a dream’s hidden content, its
unconscious—and true—meaning.
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Medium
162. How does psychological dependence differ from physical dependence?

Answer: Psychological dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as
a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress. Physical dependence is a physiological need for a drug that
causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is
discontinued. Addiction can describe either physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.
Topic: Drug Use
Difficulty: High
163. Describe how alcohol affects the brain.

Answer: Alcohol has a powerful impact on the brain. It goes to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the
nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Alcohol increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric
acid (GABA), which is widely distributed in many brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum,
hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. Alcohol consumption also may affect the areas of the frontal
cortex involved in judgment and impulse control.
Topic: Alcohol
Difficulty: High
164. Describe the effects of stimulants.

Answer: Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system’s activity. They generally
produce a sense of increased energy, alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, pain relief, and help lose weight.
They produce moderate to intense psychological dependence.
Chapter 5
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Medium
165. Discuss the nature and uses of hypnosis.

Answer: When under hypnosis, individuals are aware of what is happening and an electroencephalograph
(EEG) data indicates a predominance of alpha and beta waves. Generally, those who tend to become completely
absorbed in what they are doing and who immerse themselves in imaginative activities are the most likely to be
hypnotizable. Hypnosis can be used to treat alcoholism, somnambulism, depression, suicidal tendencies, post-
traumatic stress disorder, migraine headaches, overeating, smoking, and diabetes. Research indicates that
hypnosis is most useful for pain reduction.
Feedback: The Nature of Hypnosis, Uses of Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
True/False Questions
166. When you think about your own thoughts, you are engaging in metacognition.
Answer: True
Topic: Metacognition
Difficulty: Medium
167. Controlled processes represent the lowest levels of awareness.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
168. A person’s normal circadian rhythm represents a 12-hour cycle.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Low
169. Beta and alpha waves are more synchronous than other waves, forming a very consistent pattern.
Answer: False
Topic: Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
Chapter 5
170. Stage 4 of non-REM sleep is characterized by sleep spindles.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
171. The longer the period of REM sleep, the less likely the person will report dreaming.
Answer: False
Topic: REM Sleep
Difficulty: Medium
172. Martha’s young son insists he went to the amusement park the previous day when he did not. Martha tells
him that he probably dreamed this just before he awoke. “How do you know if I was dreaming?” he demands.
She tells him that when she came into his bedroom just before he woke up, his eyes were moving up and down
rapidly behind his closed eyelids. This indicates that he was having a dream.
Answer: True
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Low
173. At a camping sleepover, Sasha discovers her friend, Chuck sleepwalking. Chuck is likely in the deepest
stages of non-REM sleep.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Low
174. A night terror features sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Low
175. Narcoleptics immediately enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages.
Answer: True
Chapter 5
Difficulty: Low
176. Kevin is diagnosed with sleep apnea. This is the sleep disorder that makes him sleepwalk.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Low
177. According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dreams are dramatizations of general life
concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams.
Answer: False
Feedback: Dreams
Topic: Dreams
Difficulty: Low
178. People are only considered to be addicted to a drug if they show physical dependence.
Answer: False
Topic: Addiction
Difficulty: Medium
179. Rose is a chain cigarette smoker. Therefore, Rose is addicted to a stimulant.

Answer: True
Topic: Addiction
Difficulty: Low
180. MDMA is an illegal synthetic drug with both stimulant and depressant properties.
Answer: False
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
181. Melody tells Ben that a drug she took produced a dream-like alteration to her perceptual experiences. She
must have taken a stimulant.
Answer: False
Topic: Stimulants
Chapter 5
Difficulty: Low
182. Cocaine is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in Central
Asia.
Answer: False
Topic: Stimulants
Difficulty: Low
183. Hypnosis can be used to reduce pain in patients.

Answer: True
Feedback: Uses of Hypnosis
Topic: Hypnosis
Difficulty: Medium
184. The altered consciousness of hypnosis can be achieved through meditation.

Answer: True
Feedback: Consciousness and Health and Wellness: Meditation
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Low
185. Hypnagogic reverie refers to the state of being completely hypnotized.

Answer: False
Topic: Health
Difficulty: Medium

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Chapter 5

Science of Psychology An Appreciative

Test Bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-science-of-psychology-an-

Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-science-of-

Chapter 5 – States of Consciousness

Multiple Choice Questions

1. William James described the human mind as a:

2. The process by which individuals think about thinking is referred to as:

7. The concept of “theory of mind” is best described as:

10. Controlled processes:

18. Automatic processes:

21. Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?

26. Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation produce:

28. Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party. Therefore, he is exhibiting:

29. Jesse dreamed that he failed his science test. He is exhibiting:

34. Circadian rhythm refers to:

42. Jet lag can be best explained by:

King, The Science of Psychology, 3e TB-5 | 12

55. Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

56. Which of the following best characterizes a night of sleep?

63. Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.

64. Sleepwalking is:

69. Night terrors typically occur:

70. Night terrors differ from nightmares as night terrors:

71. _____ occurs during slow-wave stage 4 sleep.

72. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by:

74. The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals:

75. Narcolepsy is a disorder that involves:

83. According to Sigmund Freud, a dream is:

89. According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams:

90. A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that:

91. Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to:

97. Which of the following best defines drug addiction?

99. Which of the following slow down inhibition and judgment?

100. Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

101. Tranquilizers and alcohol belong to a drug category known as:

103. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that:

104. Which of the following is a barbiturate?

106. Valium and Xanax are:

107. Morphine and heroin are derivatives of:

110. Barbiturates and opiates are _____ drugs.

112. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are:

113. Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?

121. Amphetamines are classified as:

123. What type of drug is crystal meth?

126. Which of the following statements is true of marijuana?

127. “Medical marijuana” is known to:

129. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) acts primarily on the neurotransmitter:

130. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and marijuana are:

131. Which of the following is a health risk associated with alcohol?

132. Which of the following is an overdose effect of MDMA (Ecstasy)?

133. Loss of contact with reality is an overdose effect of:

135. In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves a(n):

138. Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?

140. People who are easily hypnotized usually:

142. The divided consciousness view of hypnosis assumes that:

150. Which of the following statements is true of meditation?

Short Answer Questions

152. Explain the concept of automatic processes.

153. Describe the phenomenon of daydreaming.

154. Explain the concept of incubation.

155. Describe circadian rhythms and their main functions.

156. Discuss the effects of sleep deprivation.