Lesson Jana

Probability
Statistics
and
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Conducting
Hypothesis
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At the end of this lesson,
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you are expected to:
• understand the idea behind
hypothesis testing;
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• define and formulate statistical
hypothesis;
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• differentiate null hypothesis from
alternative hypothesis;
• determine whether a hypothesis

test is non – directional or
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directional; and
• determine whether a directional

test is left – tailed or right – tailed.
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
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DECISION - MAKING
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A hypothesis is an assumption or
The second area of statistical conjecture about a population
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inference. parameter which may or may not
be true.
Hypothesis testing is gaining wide
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acceptance in many situations The decision is whether the
where decisions have to be characteristic is acceptable or not.
carefully made.
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING The process of hypothesis
testing involves making a
-Hypothesis testing is a
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decision between two opposing
decision – making process hypotheses.
for evaluating claims about a
population.
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- It is basically testing an
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assumption that we can
make about a population.
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Two types of Hypotheses: Null Hypothesis
*The null hypothesis is
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Null Hypothesis what we want to test.
Alternative Hypothesis
*It states an exact value
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about the parameter.
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Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis
- denoted by 𝐻0 - denoted by 𝐻1 or 𝐻𝑎
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-It is a statement that there is -It is a statement that there is a
no difference between a difference between a parameter
parameter and a specific value, and a specific value, or that
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or that there is no difference there is difference between two
between two parameters. parameters.
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The null hypothesis is the starting
point of investigation.
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Example 1:
The owner of a factory that sells a µ = 250 ml
particular bottled fruit juice claims
that the average capacity of a bottle 𝐻0 : The bottled drinks contain 250
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of their product is 250 mL. Is the mL per bottle. (This is the claim)
claim true? 𝐻0 : µ = 250
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1. Get a sample of 100 such bottles. 𝐻1 : The bottled drinks contain less
2. Calculate the capacity of each than 250 mL per bottle.
bottle. (This is the opposite of the claim)
Sample mean = 243 ml
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3. Compare the sample mean and 𝐻1 : µ < 250
the claim.
Claim = 250 ml
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DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022
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In mathematics, the symbol ≠ in
the alternative hypothesis suggests In problems that involve
either a greater than (>) relation hypothesis testing, there are words
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or a less than (<) relation like greater, efficient, improves,
effective, increases and so on that
When the alternative hypothesis suggest a right – tailed
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utilizes the ≠ symbol, the test is direction.
said to be non – directional.
Words like decrease, less than,

When the alternative hypothesis
smaller and the like suggest a left
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utilizes the > or the < symbol, the
– tailed direction.
test is said to be directional.
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DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022
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Example 2: The parameter of interest is the
A teacher wants to know if listening population mean µ = 82.
to popular music affects the
performance of pupils. A class of 50 𝐻0 : The sample comes from a
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Grade 11 students was used in the population whose mean µ is 82.
experiment. The mean score was 83 𝐻0 : µ = 82
and the standard deviation is 5. A
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previous study reveals that µ = 82 𝐻1 : The sample does not come
and the standard deviation 𝜎 = 10 from a population whose mean µ is
1. State the null and the alternative 82. 𝐻1 : µ ≠ 82
hypothesis in words and in
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symbols.
2. State whether the test is 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
directional or – non – directional
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Example 3:
Kyle believes that using organic
fertilizers on his plants will yield 𝐻0 : µ = 200, 000.oo
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greater income. His average income
from the past was P200,000.00 per 𝐻1 : µ > 200,000.00
year.
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State the hypothesis in symbols.
Directional
The parameter of interest is the Right – tailed direction
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population mean µ = 200,000.00.
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Sketches of Directional and
Non – directional tests
A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be
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called a two – tailed test. left – tailed or right – tailed.
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Non – directional (Two – tailed The probability is found on both
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test) tails of the distribution.

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A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be left
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called a two – tailed test. – tailed or right – tailed.
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Directional (One – tailed test, left The probability is found at the left
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tail) tail of the distribution

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A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be left
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called a two – tailed test. – tailed or right – tailed.
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Directional (One – tailed test, right The probability is found at the right
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tail) tail of the distribution

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DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022
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If H1 uses ≠, use a two – tailed test
The school registrar believes that
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the average number of enrollees
this school year is not the same as
the previous school year.
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Let µ0 be the average number of
enrollees last year.
𝐻0 : µ = µ0
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𝐻1 : µ ≠ µ0
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If H1 uses < symbol, use the left -
If the school registrar believes that tailed
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this school year is less than the
previous school year.
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𝐻0 : µ = µ0
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𝐻1 : µ < µ0
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Use the right – tailed test when 𝐻1
If the school registrar believes that contains the symbol >
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this school year is greater than the
previous school year.
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𝐻0 : µ = µ0
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𝐻1 : µ > µ0
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DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022
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State the null and the alternative
hypothesis in words and in symbols of
the following statements:
𝐻0 : µ = 58
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1. We want to test whether the 𝐻1 : µ ≠ 58
mean height of Grade 11 students is
58 inches.
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Two –tailed test
Non – directional test
𝐻0 : The mean height of Grade 11
students is 58 inches.
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𝐻1 : The mean height of Grade 11
students is not 58 inches.
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Determine if one-tailed test or two-
tailed test fits the given
alternative hypothesis
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1. The enrollment in elementary 2. The mean height of Grade 11
schools is not the same as the students is less than 66 inches.
enrollment in the secondary
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schools.
Two – tailed test One – tailed test
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Probability

At the end of this lesson,

• determine whether a hypothesis

• determine whether a directional

*The null hypothesis is

DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022

Words like decrease, less than,

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A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be

test) tails of the distribution.

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A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be left

tail) tail of the distribution

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A non – directional test is also A directional test may either be left

tail) tail of the distribution

DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022

DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022

DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022

DATE: DATE: 04/20/2022

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Two – tailed test One – tailed test

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