CHE-1261

Objectives
Problems and questions —
•How is a molecule or polyatomic ion held together?
•Why are atoms distributed at strange angles?
•Why are molecules not at?
•Can we predict the structure?
•How is structure related to chemical and physical
properties?

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Chemical Bond
fl
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Chemical Bond

Two of the most common substance on our

dining table are salt and granulated sugar
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Chemical Bond
A chemical bond is a force of attraction
between atoms or ions and brings stability
of the resultant products.

Why bonds form?

A full outer energy level is the most stable

possible arrangement of electrons.
Dulal Chandra Kabiraz

Forms of Chemical Bonds

transfer of
electrons (gained
The resulting
or lost; makes
particle is
formula unit)
called a
“molecule”
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Definition of some terms

Atoms will position themselves so that the system will

achieve the lowest possible energy.
•The distance where this energy is minimal is the bond
length (distance between 2 nuclei, usually in nm or pm).
•The energy required to break a bond is called the bond
energy (usually in kJ/mol).
•
•The shorter the bond length (the stronger the attraction
and the higher the bond energy.)
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

What is Valance electron?

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Chemical Bond
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Bonding and Non-bonding electron

 Ionic Bond
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCE

In chemical bond formation, atoms interact by losing, gaining, or sharing of electrons so
as to acquire a stable noble gas configuration.
The electronic theory or valence could well be named as the Octet theory of Valence. It
may be stated as: Atoms interact by electron-transfer or electron-sharing, so as to
achieve the stable outer shell of eight electrons.

IONIC BOND
The electrostatic attraction between the cation (+) and anion (–) produced by electron-
transfer constitutes an Ionic or Electrovalent bond.

The compounds containing such a bond are referred to as Ionic or Electrovalent Compounds.
 Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Factors governing the formation

of Ionic Bond

Ionisation energy: The ionisation energy of the metal atom which lose
electro(s) should be low so that the formation of positively charged ion is easier.
 Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
Factors governing the formation
of Ionic Bond

Electro affinity: The atom which accepts the electron and changes into
anion should have high electron affinity.
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
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The amount of energy released when one mole of an

ionic compound id formed from its cations and anions.
 Lattice energy
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
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 Hydrogen molecule
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
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Representation of electrons
Dulal Chandra Kabiraz

Bond and Loan pairs

Dulal Chandra Kabiraz

Rules of Lewis Structure

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
Dulal Chandra Kabiraz

Electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.

Linus pauling
1901-1994

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
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Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

H- Bond
A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force (IMF)
that forms a special type of dipole-dipole attraction
when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly
electronegative atom exists in the vicinity of another
electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons.
Intermolecular forces (IMFs) occur between
molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are are generally stronger than ordinary

dipole-dipole and dispersion forces, but weaker than true
covalent and ionic bonds.

 Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Origin of H- Bond
Special type of dipole-dipole attraction

The lone pairs responsible for hydrogen bonding in NH3, H2O and HF

Why does a H- Bond occurs?

Since the hydrogen donor (N, O, or F) is strongly electronegative, it pulls

the covalently bonded electron pair closer to its nucleus, and away from
the hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom is then left with a partial positive
charge, creating a dipole-dipole attraction between the hydrogen atom
bonded to the donor and the lone electron pair of the acceptor. This results
in a hydrogen bond.

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Why does a H- Bond occurs?

Examples

Hydrogen bonding in water

Hydrogen bonding between chloride ions and water

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Examples

Why a high BP for ethanol?

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Self-test
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Intermolecular H-bonding

Intramolecular H-bonding
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Kids question?????

Why Ice is solid, but water is liquid?

Why Ice float on water?

Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Metalic Bond
In the early 1900's, Paul Drüde came up with the "sea of electrons" metallic
bonding theory by modelling metals as a mixture of atomic cores (atomic
cores = positive nuclei + inner shell of electrons) and valence electrons.
Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms.

sea of electrons model

Properties

• High melting point and boiling point

• Conductive
• Malleable and ductile
 Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
Use the sea of electrons model to explain
why Magnesium has a higher melting point
(650 °C) than sodium (97.79 °C).
Magnesium has the outer electronic structure 3s2. Both of these electrons
become delocalised, so the "sea" has twice the electron density as it does in
sodium. The remaining "ions" also have twice the charge and so there will be
more attraction between "ions" and "sea".
More realistically, each magnesium atom has 12 protons in the nucleus
compared with sodium's 11. In both cases, the nucleus is screened from the
delocalized electrons by the same number of inner electrons - the 10
electrons in the 1s2 2s2 2p6 orbitals. That means that there will be a net pull
from the magnesium nucleus of 2+, but only 1+ from the sodium nucleus.
So not only will there be a greater number of delocalized electrons in
magnesium, but there will also be a greater attraction for them from the
magnesium nuclei. Magnesium atoms also have a slightly smaller radius
than sodium atoms, and so the delocalized electrons are closer to the nuclei.
Each magnesium atom also has twelve near neighbors rather than sodium's
eight. Both of these factors increase the strength of the bond still further.
 Conductivity
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

Metals are good conductors because of the free electrons

that are available to move and carry charge. When a metal
is used in an electrical circuit, electrons entering one end
of the metal cause a delocalised electron to displace it self
from the other end. Hence electrons can flow.

 • Melleable
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz

• Can be flattened into sheet

• Ductile
• Can be pulled into wires
 •
Dr. D. C. Kabiraz
Malleable and ductile

Layers of positive ions can easily slide over one another

and take up different positions. This does not disrupt the
metallic bonding as the valence electrons do not belong
to any particular metal atom and so they can move with
the layers of positive ions, maintaining the
electrostatic forces. The metallic bonds are thus not
broken and as a result metallic bonds are strong but
flexible. Therefore, they can be hammered.