AN OVERVIEW OF THE AGE AND PARITY ON THE MOTHER WHO HAS A BABY

OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) IN KEDIRI REGENCY HOSPITALS YEAR 2018

Nurhati Bambang1 Dwi Ertiana, SST,S.Keb,BD,M.PH2, Ita Eko Suparni, SsiT,M.Keb3

email : nurhatibambang93@gmail.com

SUMMARY
The purpose of this research is to know the description of the age and parity
on mothers who have Low Birth Weight. Infant mortality in Indonesia is still very high,
according to the SDKI 32/1000 birth with AS LOW as one cause. The incidence of
Low Birth Weight can be caused due to the age of the mother and parity are risky.
The population of the research was the whole LBW babies in Kediri Regency
HOSPITALS as much as 500 infants, and the number of samples taken as many as
83 samples using a purposive sampling. This research uses descriptive design, with
the variables of age and parity of mothers who have Low Birth Weight.
Results of the study showed the incidence of Low Birth Weight on maternal
age risk (< 20 and > 35 years) there are 38.55% whereas in multipara parity there
are 60.24% and grandemultipara 6.03%.
Based on the results of the analysis Age at risk (< 20 years, > 35 years) and
more parity than 3 also led to Low Birth Weight Risk. This is caused due to biological
changes associated with degenerative diseases. And in the process suffered a
setback in her body then this will affect the State of the uterus, the circulation of the
blood are already experiencing erosion thus affecting the food circulation to the
fetus. This situation can cause interference with the growth of the fetus so that will
give birth to Low Birth Weight. Similarly, on a parity of too high will result in the
disruption of the uterus especially in terms of the function of the blood vessels,
repetitive pregnancy will result in damage to the blood vessel walls of the uterus, this
will affect the nutrients to the fetus which led to Low Birth Weight.

Key Words: Age, Parity, Infants Of Low Birth Weight (LBW)

RESEARCH

The statement of the Indonesian less than 2,500 grams regardless of

Minister of Health in the Strategic Plan
of the Ministry of Health in 2015-2019,
in the last 5 years, "Neonatal Mortality
Rate (AKN) remains the same, namely
19 / 1,000 KH. The cause of death was
caused by Intera Uterine Fetal (IUFD)
of 29.5% and Low Birth Weight Babies
(LBW) of 11.2%. Low Birth Weight
(LBW) babies, especially premature
babies, are still a global and national
problem because they have a high
mortality rate. According to
Prawirohardjo (2014), "Low Birth
Weight (LBW) is a baby born weighing
age. pregnancy ". This is in line with
the efforts of the government and the
world in reducing the Neonatal Death
Rate contained in the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) or the
Third Sustainable Development Goal,
namely "In 2030, ending preventable
infant and toddler deaths.
LBW is caused by a short
gestational age (prematurity), and
IUGR (Intra-Uterine Growth
Restriction) which in Indonesian is
called Inhibited Fetal Growth (PJT) or
both. Both of these causes are
influenced by risk factors, such as
maternal, placental, fetal and
environmental factors. These risk
factors cause lack of fulfillment
nutrition to the fetus during pregnancy.
Babies with low birth weight generally
experience poor long-term life
processes. If you do not die at the
beginning of birth, LBW babies have a
risk of growing and developing more
slowly in contrast to babies born with
normal weight.
According to WHO (2016).
The infant mortality rate (IMR) and
mothers in the world as well as in
Indonesia is still a serious problem
because it is an indicator of national
health. The number of infant mortality
in the world according to WHO (World
Health Organization) in 2015 reached
75% of all under-five deaths . The
highest risk of a child dying before
completing the first year of life in Africa
is around 55 per 1,000 live births,
which is five times higher than Europe,
which is only about 10 per 1,000 live
births.
Indonesia Demographic and
Health Survey in 2014-2015, LBW
prevalence rate in Indonesia is still
relatively high at 9% with a fairly varied
distribution in each province. The
lowest rate was recorded in Bali
(5.8%) and the highest in Papua
(27%), while in Central Java Province
it was around 7% (Kemenkes RI,
2015). According to the Indonesian
Demographic and Health Survey
(SDKI) in 2012, the infant mortality rate
was 32 per 1000 live births and 60%
occurred at 1 month of age, resulting
in a neotatus mortality rate of 19 per
1000 live births (Kemenkes, 2012).
The causes of death include LBW.
Based on the results of
research Anjas Dwi Purwanto (2016)
said that there was no significant
relationship between pregnancy
distance, maternal height parity with
LBW events and there was a
significant relationship between
gestational age, multiple pregnancy,
hypertension and anemia during
pregnancy with LBW events.
Based on the theory from the
research journal Aisyah in Kediri City,
that mothers with a parity of> 2
children at risk of 2.3 ali are more likely
to give birth to LBW and can pose a
risk for fetal growth disturbance in the
womb so that it causes birth to babies
with LBW.
Then it can also be seen from
the data based on a preliminary study
conducted by the author at the District
Hospital of Kediri showing that the
number of pregnancies in 2017 was
2210, with a total number of KEK as
many as 438 cases. The total number
of BBL in Kediri District Hospital in
2017 was 2002 babies, with normal
birth weight of 1461 babies, low birth
weight of 490 babies, birth weight
more than 51 babies, including LBW
born to KEK mothers.
According to research
conducted by Andrian (2014),
regarding the relationship between
maternal age and LBW events, states
that of the 88 respondents some
respondents were at risk of age to
have a baby with LBW, where out of
50 respondents at risk 41 (82.0%)
respondents gave birth with LBW, and
9 (18.0%) others did not. So it can be
concluded that the mother's age is
associated with heavy babies low birth.
Respondents who have a risky age will
have the opportunity to give birth 5
times with LBW.
Then there are some
definitions that were put together
according to research conducted by
Indrasari (2012), showing a significant
relationship between maternal age and
the incidence of low birth weight
babies, where p values = 0.001 and
OR = 4.262 with 95% CI: 1.759-
10.327, OR value = 4.262 means that
mothers of age at risk have a 4.2 times
greater risk of having a low birth
weight compared to mothers who do
not have an age at risk.
Viewed from the case of low
birth weight babies (LBW) prevention /
prevention is an important step by
conducting regular pregnancy checks
at least 4 times during the pregnancy
period and starting at a young
gestational age, pregnant women who
lead to giving birth to LBW babies
must be quickly reported, monitored
and monitored. refer to health care
institutions, for this reason it is
necessary to support other related
sectors to play a role in improving
maternal education and family
economic status so that they can
increase access to the use of
antenatal services and the nutritional
status of mothers during pregnancy.
According to Wahab (2010),
the lowest neonatal mortality rate was
found in infants of mothers who
received adequate prenatal care and
aged between 20-35 years.
Pregnancies under the age of 20 years
and women who are over the age of
35 add to the risk of inter-fetal growth
retardation. Manuaba (2007), adding
that teenage pregnancies under the
age of 20 have risks:
According to Kusparlina at the
Tawangrejo Health Center in Madiun
City (2016), an age of less than 20
years has a 1.27 chance of giving birth
to a baby with LBW compared to a
mother of 20-35 years and a mother of
more than 35 years has a 2.10 times
chance to give birth babies with LBW
compared with mothers aged 20-35
years. The risk of pregnancy in
mothers who are too young usually
arises because they are not ready
psychologically or physically.
Psychologically, teenagers are
generally not ready to be mothers.
According to research
Rantung et al (2015), it is known that
of the 70 respondents who were aged
≤ 20 years as many as 22 respondents
with LBW category (31.4%) and not
LBW as many as (2.9%) and age who
were not at risk LBW category as
much as (21.4%) and not LBW as
much as (20.2%). Statistical test
results obtained p value 0.001,
meaning there is a relationship
between maternal age and the
incidence of low birth Characteristics
of respondents based on Gisi Status
Table 4.3 Based on the Characteristics
of Respondents based on nutritional
status
weight babies in the District Hospital of
Kediri.
According to the research of
Henny Juaria in BPS Ny. Arifin (2014),
there is a relationship between parity
and the incidence of Low Birth Weight
(LBW). The incidence of Low Birth
Weight (LBW) is higher in high parity
mothers than in low parity mothers.
Parity has an effect of 30% on the
occurrence of Low Birth Weight (LBW).
Based on the purpose of the
description presented in this study,
namely that know the age and parity
description of mothers who have low
birth weight babies (LBW) can be seen
that the prevalence of LBW events in
the world, Indonesia, East Java, is still
high so special attention needs to be
given so that the impacts caused and
the factors that can cause LBW
especially from the mother's factor or
maternal factors can be overcome.
RESEARCH METHODS
This study uses a descriptive
design, with the age and parity
variables of mothers who have LBW.
The study population was all LBW
infants in the District Hospital of Kediri
totaling 500 infants, and a total sample
of 83 samples were taken using
purposive sampling. The study was
conducted at the District Hospital of status of good nutrition as much as 65
Kediri on May 29, 2019. Analyze the respondents (78,31%).
data with a percentage
that from a total of 83 respondents
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION obtained almost all good nutritional
status of 65 respondents (78.31%).
4.1 GENERAL DATA 4. Characteristics of respondents bas
ed on hyperemesis.
1. Characteristics of respondents Table 4.4 Characteristics of
based on Childbirth Complications Respondents based on Hyperemesis
Table 4.1 Characteristics of No
Hyperemesis Numbe Percentages
r (%)
Respondents based on Childbirth 1 Hyperemesis 31 37,35
Complications. No 52 62,65
2
Birth Number Of Hyperemesis
No Complications Precentage Number 83 100
(%) Based on table 4.4 it can be
There are 47 56,6
1
complication explained that the results of the study
2
No 36 43,4 of a total of 83 respondents found that
complication most were not hyperemetic as many
The number 83 100
as 52 respondents (62.65%).
Based on table 4.1 it can be
explained that from a total of 83
4.2 SPECIAL DATA
respondents, it was found that the
1. Characteristics of respondents
majority experienced delivery
based on age
complications as many as 47
Graph 4.2 Characteristics of
respondents (56.62%).
respondents by age at the Kediri
District Hospital in 2018 can be
2. Characteristics of respondents
seen in the diagram below.
based on Mother's gestational age.
Table 4.2 Respondent Krakteristik
Based on Gestation Age
usia
Gestational Numbr Of usia
No
Age Percentage(%)
7 8
Aterm (>37 43 51,80 6 65 5 6
1 43 3 4 4 3
weeks)
Preterm (<37 40 48,20 10 12 012 0 222 3 1 11
2 00 0
weeks)
18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
Number 83 100
Based on table 4.2 it can be explained Based on the graph 4.1 shows
that from a total of 83 respondents it that from a total of 83 respondents
was found that most of the gestational found that most of the age of the
age> 37 weeks were 43 respondents mother is 35 years old as many as
(51.80%). 8 respondents (34.7%).

3. Characteristics of respondents 2. Characteristics of respondents

based on Gission Status based on Parity
Table 4.3 Based on the Characteristics Graph 4.2 Characteristics of
of Respondents based on nutritional respondents based on parity in the
status
Based on the table 4.3 can be No
Nutritional Numbe Of
explained that of a total of 83 Status r Percentage(%)
Good 65 78,32
respondents established almost all the 1
nutrition
Poor 18 21,68
2
nutrition
number 83 100
District Hospital of Kediri in 2018 can 20 years of age and more than 35
be seen in the diagram below: years of age (Triyana, 2013).
Meanwhile, according to Isnawati
Paritas (2010), the highest incidence of
27 28 prematurity is pregnancy at the age of
18 <20 years or> 35 years.
Most LBW occurrences
3 4 2 0 1 experienced by mothers aged 20-30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 years are likely to occur mainly due to
Paritas interauterin growth inhibition /
complications, while others are
Based on graph 4.2 shows
included according to the pregnancy
that from a total of 83 respondents it
period caused by not the ability of
was found that most maternal parity
the uterus to hold the fetus, disruption
was multipara parity (two children) as
during pregnancy, release of the
many as 28 respondents (33.7%).
placenta sooner than the time of day,
or stimulation that facilitates uterine
DISCUSSION
contractions before term.
This is adjusted to the theory
4.2.1 Age of Mother in Kediri District
contained in Sistriani (2008), a good
Hospital 2018
age for mothers to get pregnant is 20-
From this study can provide
35 years. Pregnancies under the age
results on the age description of
of 20 years or more 35 years are high-
mothers with LBW infants in the
risk pregnancies.
District of Kediri District. This can be
According to Ervira Indrawati's
seen from the 83 samples of the
research at Mardi Waloedja Hospital in
majority of respondents who were not
Malang City (2017), there were 53
at risk of LBW, as many as 51
mothers at risk of LBW at 53
respondents (61.44%).
respondents (21.2%) while those at
Based on the data above
risk of LBW were 47 respondents
shows that mothers who are not at risk
(18.8%). The risk of pregnancy in
(20-35 years) tend to experience LBW
mothers who are too young usually
events. Although the age of 20-30
arises because they are not ready
years is recommended as a healthy
psychologically and physically.
reproductive age which is a safe age
According to Kusparlina
for pregnancy and childbirth.
(2016), mothers aged less than 20
Referring to the age factor
years have 1.27 times the opportunity
and based on data obtained from the
to deliver babies with LBW compared
District Hospital of Kediri that the age
to those aged 20-35 years and
characteristics of the sample look the
mothers over 35 years have a 2.10
youngest age is 18 years and the
times chance to give birth to babies
oldest age is 48 years. Age is the
with LBW compared to age 20-35
length of life since birth (Budiono,
years. The risk of pregnancy in
2005). A woman's reproductive age is
mothers who are too young usually
divided into two, namely a healthy
arises because they are not ready
reproductive age. What is meant by a
psychologically or physically.
healthy reproductive age is between
the ages of 20-30 years, although
According to the research of
some experts say it is still quite healthy
Rantung et al (2015), it is known that
until the age of 35 years, while the age
of the 75 respondents who were aged
of unhealthy reproduction is less than
<20 years as many as 22 respondents
with the LBW category as many
(31.4%), and not as much as LBW
(2.9%) and the age was not at risk with
the category LBW as much as
(21.4%).
LBW is caused due to
complications in pregnancy. Which is
one of the factors causing the birth of
babies with low birth weight (LBW).
And preeclampsia in pregnancy is a
serious complication in the second-
third trimester with clinical symptoms
such as edema, hypertension,
proteinuria, convulsions to coma. With
the occurrence of preeclampsia, blood
vessel spasm occurs, resulting in
impaired placental function, then
uteropplsenter circulation will be
disrupted, nutrition and O2 will be
disrupted so that the fetus will
experience impaired fetal growth and
the baby will be born with a low birth
weight baby. (Kurniawati, 2010).
From the research obtained
from the District Hospital of Kediri in
2018 as many as 83 respondents with
the majority of mothers who are not at
risk of LBW that is 51 respondents
(61.44%). However, a small proportion
of mothers whose age is at risk of
LBW are 32 respondents (38.55%).
Age that is not at risk for LBW occurs
due to pregnancy complications such
as placenta previa, preeclampsia /
eclampsia and anemia.
4.2.2 Parity of mothers in Kediri District
Hospital 2018
Based on research
conducted on May 29 to July 22, 2019
carried out in Kediri District Hospital it
is known that a total of 83 maternal
parity samples were obtained by
multipara 50 respondents (60.24%),
primipara parity of 28 respondents
(33.73%), and a small portion
grandemultipara parity of 5 the study which stated that the
respondents (6.02%). And in the
appendix the results of the cross
tabulation parity of primiparous
mothers experienced LBW, namely as
many as 28 respondents (33.73%)
while multiparous parity of mothers
experienced LBW 50 respondents
(60.24%) and parity of
grandemultiparous mothers
experienced LBW 5 (6.02%) .
The results of this study are
supported by Prawiroharjo (2006),
parity 1 and <3 are parity that is not
safe for pregnancy and childbirth, and
supported by the opinion of Manuaba
(2000) mothers with parity 1 and <3
more often giving birth to LBW. This is
made possible by the reproductive
organs that have gone down and the
muscle cells that are starting to
weaken so that mothers with parity at
risk tend to give birth to LBW.
In addition, high parity will
also have an impact on the emergence
of various health problems both for
mothers and babies born. One of the
health effects that may arise from high
parity is related to LBW events. Then
Repetitive pregnancy causes damage
to the blood vessels of the uterine wall
which affects the circulation of
nutrients to the fetus where the
amount will be reduced compared to
previous pregnancies. This situation
will disrupt the growth and
development of the fetus that will later
give birth to a baby with LBW
(Wiknjosastro, 2002).
The results of this study are in line with
the study of Rumalutur, (2006) who
found that more mothers with parity
who were not at risk with less
pregnancy faced. out of 3 times as
many as 110 (79.7%) of mothers with
parity more than 3 times as many as
28 (20.3%) samples.
Based on the parity of this
study in accordance with the study of
festy in 2009-2010 with the results of
incidence of LBW is high in mothers
with parity below 4, 113 people
(88.2%) and the incidence is low in
mothers with parity with a parity of
more than 4 as many 15 people
(11.8%). These results are also
consistent with the Trihardiani I study
in 2011 which stated that from 250
research samples showed (87.6%)
most mothers had parity of less than 4
as many as 219 people and the
remaining 31 people (12.4%) mothers
with more parity of 4. In accordance
with research conducted by Nurhadi in
2006 with the results of his study
which stated that most LBW cases
were found in mothers with parity of
less than 4 as many as 54 (85.7%)
people from 63 samples. While
mothers with a parity of more than 4
only about 9 people (8.1%).
From the results of this study
obtained a total of 83 respondents and
the majority of maternal parity obtained
multipara 50 respondents (60.24%),
primipara parity of 28 respondents
(33.73%), and a small portion of
grandemultipara parity of 5 Tribulan II Tahun 2009 di Kota
respondents (6.02% ). And the results
of this study also showed that the
majority of mothers who deliver labor
with multipara parity of children as
many as 50 (60.24%) with the birth of
a baby who experienced LBW gave an
interpretation.
CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS
Based on the explanation of
the results of the study described in
general so that conclusions can be
drawn about the Age and Parity
Images in Mothers who have Low Birth
Weight Babies (LBW) in the District
Hospital of Kediri in 2018.
1. a sample of 83 respondents from a
total population of 500 data on Low
Birth Weight (LBW). A sample of 83
respondents was obtained from a total
population of 500 data on Low Birth
Weight (LBW).
2. Nearly half the age of mothers at
risk is 32 respondents (38.55%) and
most of the age at no risk is 51
respondents (61.45%).
3. Nearly half the primiparous parity
was 28 (33.73%) and most of the
multipara parity was 50 respondents
(60.24%) while the grandemultipara
parity was 5 respondents (6.03%).
4. And it also needs to be understood
that even though high parity will
directly reduce maternal health status,
if prepared aspects of maternal health
will certainly have a better impact and
this will certainly result in an
interpretation that maternal health
status has more influence so that if this
aspect of concern certainly will affect
the increase in maternal readiness to
deal with labor
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