Sample and hold 

Circuit
In electronics, a sample and hold (also known as sample and follow) circuit is an analog device that samples
(captures, takes) the voltage of a continuously varying analog signal and holds (locks, freezes) its value at a
constant level for a specified minimum period of time. Sample and hold circuits and related peak detectors are
the elementary analog memory devices. They are typically used in analog-to-digital converters to eliminate
variations in input signal that can corrupt the conversion process. [1] They are also used in electronic music, for
instance to impart a random quality to successively-played notes.
A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and contains at least one switching device
such as a FET (field effect transistor) switch and normally one operational amplifier.[2] To sample the input
signal, the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or
discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or proportional to, input
voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably
discharged by its own leakage currents and useful load currents, which makes the circuit inherently volatile, but
the loss of voltage (voltage drop) within a specified hold time remains within an acceptable error margin for all
but the most demanding applications.

A simplified sample and hold circuit diagram. AI is an analog input, AO — an analog output, C — a control
signal. Sample times. Sample and hold.A sample-and-hold integrated circuit (Tesla MAC198)

Instrumentation amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier (sometimes shorthanded as in-amp or InAmp) is a type of differential amplifier that
has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for input impedance matching and thus
make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics
include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection
ratio, and very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy and stability of
the circuit both short- and long-term are required.
Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a standard operational
amplifier (op-amp), the electronic instrumentation amplifier is almost always internally composed of 3 op-amps.
These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input (+, −), and one to produce the desired output
with adequate impedance matching for the function
The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is shown in the figure. The gain of the circuit is