6 Deformation of solids

6.1 Stress and Strain

3
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

CA
decreases GA
a Mincreases
extension LX compression

Tensile stress: This is the force that causes a material to extend. The force is referred as tension and results in
increase in length and decrease in cross sectional area of the material. Tensile stress represents the ductility of a
material.

Compressive stress: This is the force that causes a material to compress. The force leads to compression and
decrease in length. It also results in increase in cross sectional area of the material. Compressive stress represents
the malleability of a material.

4
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

5
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

HELICAL SPRING

b
bi l x
a
X
V V

extension
ggtensionfIx qgncompressive

N gtx
af Forasmallamount
offorggulaggeamountofextension

Limitof proportionality
aspringconstant
isameasureof the
itstiffnessofaspring
Plasticregion

extensionand
Elasticlimit compression

s Forceexerted
Hooke'slimit tensileand
compressive

dy

a
TEK
Ym
Alt
ay af N
Y

xfm
 I 1
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

withintheelasticlimit

7
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

8
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

4Nm 10mm

Im 4N Im ION

series Parallel
ofSprings
Combination

Bek 8,493,113,4
g
Fs
Bek By zk2
XzE
F
If
p In parallel Fisdivided
Sgt
439
Ft F Fate
SERIES PARALLEL T F
KTX li IYItksX
In
series Fissame
ÉÉÉ Kt Kitkatk
FF
xggg
j'sGry

I ftp I
ztEI
thestiffness
increasing

ofthesystem
Be
FF
j
3
Inseries KTdecreases 9
makingthesystemeasier
to
stretch
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

Example

By
Findthe
Fbi Begin
forthe
extension
Combination
K
Y
But xtx2 3 12
V

Total Gtk 2kinserieswith K

Ki
i
Eth
Kt 2143

F Kx FKx
F
3k
x
Ex
i
kit
312

Xu 31
10
 Material Properties

G Ere EEE
ate a
I CROSSSECTIONAL
AREA Wood f J
Yount STRAW
MODULUS
hi extening
original

r
six
r e F kex
n F

ORIGINAL STRESS
LENGTH IEIEII.gov E
no
tensile Compressive

Malleability
v Ductility
t
t
rf Pa

YoungModulus
r
six fa.tn
v5 No
unitMm
Pa

Why is spring constant not effective in comparing materials?

Spring constant depends on the dimension of the material. This means it changes when the parameters of a
material changes such as original length, cross sectional area, extension and force applied. Hence, it becomes
dif cult to compare the material properties.

To address this issue, we use the ratio of stress to strain (Young Modulus) to compare materials. This is effective
because Young Modulus is always constant for a material regar
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

original

11
 YOUNGMODULUS GRAPH

afreshPa Ultimatetensile
stress of
determinesstrength

ut thematerial
i men
Breaking Area Stress strain
Elasticlimit Plasticregion point Workdone
Ete Volume
JIM's

Areaunderthegraph
ofproportionality
limit
provides density
energy
largerareameans
Elasticregion toughermaterial

rgfyf.fif Ytopational
Y
II ofamaterial
Modulus stiffness
Young

Strain

stressPa
a
A
NUTS
X
STRONGER B Y Metal strongandtough
F STIFFER B it 2 Elastomer Wealthy
Rubber
i i

strain

stressPa steel
a P
Stiffer m strong
brittle

Pisthebettermaterial
because 1 itisstrong

gitistough
MMM
Ceramic
Q
strain
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

12
6 Deformation of solids
6.1 Stress and Strain

13
6 Deformation of solids
6.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour

Elastic: When force is applied the material deforms and regains original shape when deforming
force is removed.

Plastic: When force is applied the material deforms and does not regain original shape when
deforming force is removed.

limit
Elastic

limit
elastic
FIN
ath point
Breaking
point
Breaking

Hooke's
Hoy limit
of
limitproportionality
of
limit proportionality

HELICAL
S PRING

Metal Ym

atN limit
Elastic

y
Hooke's
limit
of
limit proportionality

woop xfm

14
6 Deformation of solids
6.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour

Material Properties

Young Modulus: It represents the stiffness of a material. Higher Young Modulus means the
material will require greater stress to deform.

UTS (Ultimate Tensile Stress): It is the maximum stress a material can withstand before
breaking. UTS represents the strength of a material. Higher UTS means a stronger material

Brittle: It is the property of a material to break without undergoing any or very little plastic
deformation. Example: Glass, ceramic, wood

Tough: It is the property of a material to break after undergoing a large plastic deformation. It
absorbs a lot of energy during this process. Example: Rubber band, metals

15
6 Deformation of solids
6.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour

attn Bg3g
Ix E
to
Energyneeded overcome
electrostatic
F
inthe
attraction bonds
Elasticpotential
energy Plasticdeformation

7 EIFFEL E P E Yzf.x
NHN
Elastic
limit
xm
4
A v

B
A Ar B L
y
B

xfm
retained
Energy
to
byte ATB T
Totalenergyneededto returned
permanently
spring Energy Permanent
upon
thebonds
break
thespring
permanentlydeform unstretchingthespring deformation

Itisdissipatedasheat keistheretuned
energy

tofindenergy Boxcounting
estimate

16
6 Deformation of solids
6.2 Elastic and plastic behaviour
RUBBERBAND

limit
elastic y
When a rubber band is stretched and
unstretched, the energy taken in and the energy
give back is not the same. This can be seen in the
graph where the area during loading is not the
same as the area during unloading. The material
however does not permanently deform in the
process.

The energy that is retained by the rubber band is

in the form of internal energy (thermal energy
dissipated). This energy is generally lost due to
the breaking of the chains of carbon that make
the rubber band.

17