19 Solids Er Fluids

changein dimension
1 Stressand strain
original dimension
I
Restoringforce
Cls area longitudinalstrain volumetricstrain shearstrain
Externalappliedforce
as area Ee AI ex
YI F
0
4
F
by e

be
IF
longitudinalstress normalstress f tailor to els area
a Tensilestress
f
f
Oc Compressivestress a

Tangentialstress shearstress e Fll tools area

g adsarea too A
fcos20
ff
of ftp.O

Cls
e
Ight
sina.coso
If sin 20
Findvalue of 0 Forwhich e Bo
cosXo B D Tano 53
p
sina.ios0
f DI ELO

2 Stressandstraincurve on proportionallimit B Elasticlimitpoint

Hooke'slaw on orbeforepointif
stress Ox E
Fappliedremoved than

TETE
O YE material regainsits
shape andsize
a Young'smodulus
Elasticmaterial
E YAI Elasticity
0
strain se
t
Ey Effy
MAHI SIRHANDPICKED Solid's and fluids
tazza linktr.ee MSLIVE
 C yeildingpoint material beginsto fail Fifthatoms
stain hardning zone materialgains strength colonies
D Ultimatestresspoint Maximum stress
DE Necking eone material break at anypointoftime
E Fracturepoint specimen breaksfinally

3 Types ofmaterial
a Ductile capable of undergoing a large amountof plastic deformationbeforetailur
that BreakMETEtat
Eg mostofthemetals aregoodexampleofductilematerial like Gold silver cuetc
b Malleable A thinsheet can be easily formed by hammering or rolling
it hasability to deform under compressive stress
Eg Gold andsilver
c Brittlematerial havingextreamly lowplasticity crackcan initiate w o plastic
deformation and soon evolve into brittle breakage
Eg Rubber Glas wood etc
stress a
F Brittle
Rubber or steelwhichone is more

MGM
Ductile elastic
undersameconditionselongation
in rubber is verylargecompared
to Steel Thus 4s Yrubber
strain steelmore elastics

4 Elongation dueto selfweight 5 Elastic PotentialEnergy

U I X Forcexelongation
m l Maesteg volume
u t Eff
u OE YE 2
De
E wt be
3,4
5 Poisson'sRatio 6 Bulkmodulus 7 shearmodulus
modulusofrigidity
lateral strain
m K
longitudinalstrain TIIT e x o

o etu s 0.5 practicalpurpose sp changein Pressure I

l IM 0.5 Theoriticalvalues D volumetric
q
strain

8 Relationbetween M Y KandG Y 26 t u and Y 3K I 2M

9 Thermalstress
 I
Of can expand freely strainrestricted treestrain an o
od can contractfreely
SI stress Y XDO
treestrain in so
stress 0
If Of Do
Ot Doso
o o compressivestress
o Tensilestress

10 Adhesiveand cohesive forces 11 SurfaceTension

Property ofliquidby virtue ofwhich it tries
to minimisesurface area

O
I In Fr
I 103
If f

specialcase
I Whenanyneedlefloats on the liquidsurface

É minimumtorseneeded to lift needle Amin

Egging
g
g
2 When a circularthickring Hollowdisc floats on theliquid surface

T fences
p 22T ritts
i r iz r fences 42T r Thinring
ng y ii r er and 5 0 fences 22Tr for disc coin
iii fora squareframeofside a
there are twosurface onefrontand Oneback

Fences 2 497
a
in for a squareplateofside a
gag Fences
49
3 Dependingofsurface
Tension
a se a cohesiveforce
b ST a solubleimpurities
d ST
Imp Staffrication
C ST
patiasoubleimpurities
e stacontnation St a
futurearea
Onmixing detergentin waterits setses
Surfacetensionofwateris morethan water alcohol
 4 WorkingDefinition of SI

done force displacement

Work
W 12Th Are T lax ease
IIIII a W T
surtaceared
fettarea Backarea
a
T n
W E T DA

i work
done in formation of a drop of radius r IN 4hr27
workdoneagainst se

1 done in formation of a soapbubble ofradius r

Work W 8m
workdoneagainst St soapbubblehastwosurfaces

Hi Workdoneinformation ofbubble radius ra from a bubble of radius n

W TAA T 21428224hr
W 89T ri ri

5 Splitting of Biggerdrop into smaller droplets

change in surfacearea AA n4hr2 4hr

RT
HE 42T Inr2 R2
n smallerdrops amountofSE Absorbed

Far n 5hr3 BE 49 RT IF It ses

In thisprocess temp ofsystem
r
By JMC DO 4hr3T IF If
III it smallerdroplets BiggerOne
Ofsy
go 4B It I
6 Excess pressure inside a curved liquid surface
i Excess pressure inside the drop myprecesspressureinsidesoapbubble
Percess
Pin Pout Pin Pont
Peress
Ep
Ii ExcesspressureInsidethe cavity
or air bubble in liquid
Palm

If pout Peress Pi Pont 22yegg

pg Pin Palmtegh
2,1

7 CapillaryAction
27050
a h as area ofcapillarytube A ar
pgr ra IA
h a
t hat Ia
or her const and her
For a capillarytubeof insufficientheight
h heightof tube only liquid will notspill out
 8 Viscosity
It opposesrelativeslidingbtwdifferent layers of fluid
Cause ofviscosity intermolecularforceofattraction
viscosity temperature
Newton'slaw of viscosity e
ndy o F 7 Aguy
coefficientofviscosity I 4 velocitygradient
law
Stoke's
Validforround objectsonly
It any round object body tall into liquid it attains
ftp.vgity
wou.ly
BE00g a

0 I Fa Ganru 3ragCEF
pg E r distance
ng
9 Hydrostaticpressure and force
Po Path Palm Po 105Pa Nm2 760mmofHg 10m ofH2O
E p
P Po PLPo
Faugepressure Vaccum pressure
B Pa Po and PB PotPgh pressuretseswithdepth
pressurevarieslinearly withdepth

hydrostaticforceon side wall of container

D F Pang area of wall 0191 Away

1tr.ee msE f
If Away Thisforcewill act at centroide of
triangularprofile from base

A
Pressuredecreases
alongdirection of a
y
Po Pressure at due to effect of ax
p PB Pot Parl and PB Pot Pgy
y
Of tano
pose age
it aye and Agt and Agt
de
tano tano
guy g ay
10 Pascal'slaw In staticfluid equal pressuretransmit at all points
Ep Bag by small forces effectof largeforce canbedeveloped
 11 Archimedes principle
it any body placed in fluid it displaces volumeofliquid
AFB FB Paid tdisp g
volumeofbody inside fluid
t density of fluid
object
conditionfloatation p fgsitybody
densityofHaid
As mg oting ptg
t f 11
Fraction
ofvolumeinsidefluid
Wapp Wain FB mg otg I Napp mg i
E
12 Laminarand Turbulent Flow
o o o o
o o o o 2 Flow intheformof laminated sheets
layer will notjump intoother
f
o o o o molecules of one
o o o o This is streamunes flow
o o o pathfollowed by all theparticleis same
o o o o
o d d g 2 Figtagmotionofmolecules
o o o o molecules of onelayerjumpintootherone

g to d
d o This is not streamlines flow
o o o
Rayman is veryhigh MR E 2000 Laminar
2000 MRE3000 Transition
viscousforce DVD
up Inertial fore y
Nr 3000 Turbulent

13 Equationof continuity ANi AJ

14 Bernoulli'sEquation amination
KE PET PressureEnergy const

F Pt IPU Pgh const

q.mu g
15 Effluxvelocity Torricelli's equation
I
t.FI
YI
v2

I
 g
o v2
ME and
at aka R Ust
it.FI
Range Vet R 2t
RtRmax 4 12
Example
O Al L L

fly L L

o F
Example
O
I
see
tf

I FX Dl tmgI
Example
T 02
Ail Azlz
All 3 Alls
4 31

Dl D la
T.EE
Ey yxt
Eff Bye
El
fi
2 Fame
Example
O gars
I dit 41687 dr
F
Ey
If f dig 3dg
B

BB
Example
const
Ys 24
Is lb
al
Yat
As As
WL
5
x
Example
O If f If
Dl 212

X
Example
a
Ea
I 3
14 45

_q
Example

t.it iiji
is

I ang
I 5mg
Example
Example

Y tano
E
tafia Yz By
Example

I
Example

E II
may It
Mild
Example
Example
Example
Example

I fila RICA
I

2Y hey 3421 ref

IÉ E
Example
PA PB
PFh Paths

0
ago O
Example
Example

I IX Pi pz P gta
Example
Example
putrefoiling

Era
za

a
ft
PT
Pgn fall
I o a Ye
Example

2P n n P agh PI t p a E 2Pa t

Pgh 341
A
Example
oil Bottegamg
8194PngE ftp.g
4g
PotI

tqmyqw
dYenty Pnod T
H 0821
Example

I
I
Example

o T.it III5I w
4pgh 1P 2vE UI
Isu 89h 203 gz.us UF af
go gh vE 2
42
aft acct

DUE
492
Agen
Uz t4gh 28h
Example
Example
ft f

X
XIE IPUATPA PUB'tP
X
VII AFI
Example
Example
em

É
Example
AV Ask
EX.gg
aR2Igcay
aR2 2 E
R
En
Example

o
Example
Example

II
Example

E HIT
RT Rosary
Example
so
I
Example

I
Example

EI IIItime
Example
Example
Example
hat at
A
I
h ath
Example

h.rs nst
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example

u r
Example
Example

on

E
E
Example
Example

name
 u r u

MSLIVI_
 iii

o
8 80