EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

9.=.=.. J@LVH]
9.=.= J@LVH] KC^H
KC^HKC^
KC^EJC
EJC NCBC
NCBCK
K VXYTHU
VXYTHUELO
ELO
Nescct phjhrgccl phloujurcl, pcnc wcjtu yclo ihrsckccl acrus nebcjujcl
 ihrkcfck-kcfck phjhrgccl ncl phlockctcl. Jcrhlclyc, jhscbcacl-jhscbcacl
 icej yclo jhfeb kcupul ihscr kulojel sscgc
cgc thrgcne. Xltuj khloaelncre acb ele,
kcjc tuocs phloujur acrus nencscrjcl pcnc prelsep-prelsep ncscr phloujurcl,
ycetu7
c. ]hrbu
]hrbu cncly
cnclycc phloh
phlohfah
fahfjjc
fjjcll yclo thrp
thrpesc
esca.
a. ^enc
^encjj fujup acl
aclyc
yc sctu
jcbe phloujurcl scgc.
 i. ^encj cnc jhscbcacl-jhscbcacl ycl
ycloo prelsep ncbck phloujurcl

9.3.=.. Nekhlse
9.3.= Nekhlse-Nek
-Nekhlse
hlse Uclo
Uclo Ncpct
Ncpct Neujur
Neujur
- Gcrcj, ncpct ne
neujur
ujur nhlocl kest
kestcr,
cr, petc ujur ncl cbct `pte
`ptess shphrte cbct ]hly
]hlyepct
epct
Nctcr, ^ah`n`beth, ^`tcb Vtcse`l, O]V.

- Jhtel
Jhtelooecl,
ooecl, ncpc
ncpctt neujur nhlocl wct
wcthrpcss
hrpcss ncl rckiu ujur ncl cbc
cbct-cbct
t-cbct `pt
`ptes
es
shphrte cbct ]hlyepct Nctcr, ^ah`n`beth, ^`tcb Vtcse`l, O]V.
- Vunut, ncpc
ncpctt neujur nhlocl cbct `pt
`ptes
es shphrte ^ah`
^ah`n`bet
n`beth,
h, ^`tcb Vtcse
Vtcse`l,
`l, O]V.

Fctctcl ultuj phlocgcr 7

- Gcrcj7 phrbeactjcl cbct-cbct ujur, kestcr, petc ujur, ncl shicocelyc
- Jht
Jhteloo
elooecl sunut7  aclyc
ecl ncl sunut7 aclyc nep
nephrb
hrbeac
eactjc
tjcll cbc
cbct-cb
t-cbct-
ct- phly
phlyepc
epctt nct
nctcr
cr ncl
tah`n`bet, thtcpe tencj khlhrclojcllyc.

9.9.=. J`
9.9.=. J`lsh
lshp
p ^reo`
^reo`l`k
l`khtr
htree
9.9.3.. Gcrcj
9.9.3 Gcrcj Thrtej
Thrtejcb
cb ((Thrt
Thrtejcb
ejcb Nestclf
Nestclfh)
h)

T CI

Ockicr 9.3. Gcrcj Thrtejcb ^etej C-I

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   99

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

9.9.9.. Gcrcj
9.9.9 Gcrcj A`rez`l
A`rez`ltcb
tcb (A`re
(A`rez`lt
z`ltcb
cb Nestcl
Nestclfh)
fh)
A CI

Ockicr 9.9. Gcrcj A`rez`ltcb ^etej C-I

9.9.6.. Gcrcj
9.9.6 Gcrcj Kerelo
Kerelo (Vb`
(Vb`ph
ph Nestclf
Nestclfh)
h)

Ockicr 9.6. Gcrcj Kerelo ^etej C-I

9.6.=.. Yukus-r
9.6.= Yukus-ruku
ukuss Ncscr
Ncscr ^reo`l`
^reo`l`kht
khtre
re
9.
9.6.
6.3.
3. Yuk
Yukus Vel
Velus
us

T  Vsel 
    `r  T  Atcl 
F
A    VF`s 

 hbhv F  hbhv
   C  T
V
T

 C
A I

  Ockicr 9.>. Yukus-Yukus Velus

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   96

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

F`lt
F` `a 37
lt`a
Nejhtcaue gcrcj kerelo ocres CF, V ; 398,4k ncl ihscr sunut jhkerelocllyc
cncbca γ ; 68·9>'3?". Fcrebca gcrcj a`rez`ltcb ncl gcrcj vhrtejcb cltcrc jhnuc
tetej thrshiut0
Gcwci7
Vel   T   T    V  sel     398,4k   sel 689>'3?"  ?9,?44k
V 
 A 
F`s     A    V  f`s     398,4k   f`s 689>'3?"  3=9,6?>k
V 

F`lt
F` `a 97
lt`a
Nejhtcaue gcrcj IF ; >,344?k ncl gcrcj CI ; 38,=k. Fcrebca ihscr sunut γ ncl
 gcrcj kerelolyc (sb`ph nestclfh)
Gcwci7
 IF 
^cl          elv tcl    elv tcl  =,9??1  3863'9?,96"
 CI
 CI  CI
F`s     CF    V    38,841k
 CF  F`s 
 IF   IF 
Vel     CF    V    38,841k
 CF  Vel 

9.6.
9.6.9.
9. Yuku
Yukuss F`se
F`selu
luss
F

ζ
c

i ι I

f
γ
C

  Ockicr 9.8. Yukus-Yukus F`selus

 IF 9   CF 9    CI9  9 CF   CI  f`s

   

 CF 
9
  CI     IF 9  9 CI   IF  f`s
9
   

 CI 9   IF 9   FC9  9 IF   FC f`s

   

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   9>

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

3
c i f  c  i tcl     
  , ncl   
9
sel   sel     sel    c  i tcl
3
    
9

Xjur gcrcj CI
I Xjur gcrcj CF
Xjur gcrcj IF
Aetulo sunut c

  CF 9    CI 9  IF 9  
c γ  f`s 
  3 
 9( CF )(
 CI ) 
   
 C F

  Ockicr 9.4. Khloaetulo sunut γ ne tetej C

9.6.6.. Yukus-Y
9.6.6 Yukus-Yuku
ukuss ]hltelo
]hltelo Bcellyc
Bcellyc

f`s α ; f`s (-α) ;sel(/9-α)

sel α ; -sel (-α) ; f`s(/9-α)
tcl α ; -tcl (-α) ; f`t(/9-α)

sel 9α ; 9f`s α sel α

f`s 9α ; f`s9 α ‖ sel9 α ; 9 f`s9 α ‖ 3 ; 3 - 9 sel9 α
tcl 9α ; 9tcl α/ (3 - tcl9 α)

sel α/9 ; ³∗{(3-f`sα)/9}

f`s α/9 ; ³∗{(3+f`sα)/9}
tcl α/9 ; selα/ (3+f`sα)
f`s9 α + sel9 α ; 3
shf9 α ‖ tcl9 α ; 3
f`shf9 α ‖ f`t9 α ; 3

sel9 α ; »(3 - f`s9α)

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   98

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

f`s9 α ; »(3+ f`s9α)

tcl9 α ; (3-f`s9α)/(3+f`s 9α)
sel C + sel I ; 9sel »(C + I)f`s »(C - I)
sel C - sel I ; 9f`s »(C + I)sel »(C - I)
f`s C + f`s I ; 9f`s »(C + I)f`s »(C - I)
f`s C - f`s I ; -9sel »(C + I)sel »(C - I)
tcl C + tcl I ; sel (C + I)/(f`s C f`s I)
tcl C - tcl I ; sel (C - I)/(f`s C f`s I)
sel9 C + sel9 I ; 3 - f`s(C + I)f`s(C - I)
sel9  C - sel9 I ; sel(C + I)sel(C - I)
f`s9 C + sel9 I ; 3 - sel(C + I)sel(C - I)
f`s9  C - sel9 I ; f`s(C + I)f`s(C - I)
f`s9 C + f`s9 I ; 3 + f`s(C + I)f`s(C - I)

f`s9  C - f`s9 I ; -sel(C + I)sel(C - I)

9.>.=. Bucscl
9.>.=. Bucscl Ihltu
Ihltujj Bcacl
Bcacl Uclo
Uclo Ihrct
Ihrcturcl
urcl
9.>.3.
9.>.3. Yuk
Yukus
us Vel
Velus
us Khl
Khlfcr
fcree Bucs
Bucs
F

ζ
c

i
ι I

f
γ
C

  Oir. 9.?. Yukus Velus Khlfcre Bucs

bucs   s ( s    c ) s  i   s  f 

nekclc s ; » (c + i + f)
Ctcu
ci sel   cf sel
      if sel  
bucs    
9 9 9

F`lt`a 67

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   94

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

Nejhtcaue7
- Ockicr nncl
cl nctc sh
shphrte
phrte ppcnc
cnc ock
ockicr
icr ne icw
icwca
ca ele
9
- Buc
Bucss tcl
tclca
ca sh
shihsc
ihscrr 698
698k
k  cjcl neihicsjcl

F
9
Bucs ; 698k
c
3>4·>?'=3,1"
 
 38·>3''83,84" 3?·63'=4,44"
 C I' I

f ; 3==,18k

Netclyc7
3. ]clgclo gcrcj IF
9. Ihrcpc bucs tclca jhshburuacl
6. ]clgclo gcrcj I"-I, I'-I ncl I"I'
>. ]clgclo gcrcj I'-F
8. Ihscr sunut CI'F, II'F, CFI', ncl IFI'

Gcwci7
3. ]clg
]clgcl
clo
o gcr
gcrcj
cj I-F
I-F
c
9
 i
9
  9if f`s    
f
9

9
c  88,>3149   3==,189  9(88,>314)(3==,18) f`s 38>3'83,84"
  c    >5,13938k  

i
9
 c 
9
 f
9
 9cf f`s  
  i    88,>314k

f
9
 c 
9
 i
9
 9ci f`s  
  f  3==
  ,1415k

9. Bucs
Bucs ^ ^cl
clca
ca Crh
Crhcb cb ^`t
^`tcbcb
c.    Crhc 
 Crhc  s( s  c  )( s   i)( s  f)

3
  s  (  c  i  f)
9
3
   s  (>5,1393  88,>314  3==,1415)
9
   s  3=6,=>=>
   Crhc
 Crhc    ?84,?68
  k
9

3
i.    Crhc    ci sel  
9

   Cr
 Crhc
hc  3  >5,1399  88,>3143  sel 3>4>?'=3,1"
9

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   9?

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

9
 Crhc  
 Crhc  ?8>,53>8
  k

3
f.  Crhc     if sel  
9
3
   Crhc
 Crhc   88,>314  3==,18 sel 38>3'83,84"
9
  hc  
 Crhc
 Cr  ?84,6?8
  k
9

3
n.  Crhc      cf sel  
9
3
   Crhc
 Crhc   >5,1399  3==,18 sel 3?63'=4,44"
9
  hc  
 Crhc
 Cr  ?84,6?8
  k
9

6. ]clg
]clgcl
clo
o Gc
Gcrc
rcj 
j 
c. ]clgclo Gcrcj  I'  I

F
9
Bucs ; 698k
c
3>4·>?'=3,1"
a  
  38·>3''83,84" ξ 3?·63'=4,44"
 C I" I' I

f ; 3==,18k

3
 Crhc    cf ' sel  
9
Bucs ; 698k9
  9  crhc
f'  , nekclc f'  cncbca gcrcjI―I
c sel  

f '      >6,6666k

i. ]clgclo gcrcj  I"  I

 I"  I
f`s       c

    c
 I"  I f`s  
 I"  I  >5,1399
   f`s 3?63'=4,44"
 I"  I  
  >?,8k

Gcne,  I"  I'   I

   "  I   I'  I

 I"  I '   
>?,  8k  >6,6666k

 I"  I  '   >,344? k

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   91

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

>. ]clg
]clgcl
clo
o gcr
gcrcj
cj  I' F 

  sel        I"

c
F  

   I" F 
   c sel  

   I" F   >5,1999
  sel 3?63'=4,=="

    
 I" F   38k
Vhaelooc gcrcj 
 I ' F  
 
  I"
   I '  9
   I" F  

   
 I' F    38,841k

8. Vunut Ncbck
c. Vunut  I"  I
  ' F 
 I" F 
tcl       I"  I'

38
tcl    
>,344?
38
   elv tcl
>,344?

    ?>94'>>,5=" , nekclc

   I"  I'  F 
 sunutI
 sunut     sunutCI' F   
 sunutCI

i. Vunut  II ' F   31=        3=866'38,=5"

f. Vunut
 IFI '  31=   
  ' F 
 sunutII   sunutI' IF   8488'61,9>"

n. Vunut  CFI'   sunutCFI

 sunutCFI
     sunutIFI '  1583'96,8>"

9.>.9.. Bucscl
9.>.9 Bucscl Vhoete
Vhoeteoc
oc (^ah
(^ah Crhc
Crhc `d ^reclob
^reclobhs)
hs)
^`pej ele khkicacs phraetulocl bucs crhcb ihrncscrjcl acseb phloujurcl
kcupul phloockicrcl ihshrtc fere-ferelyc. Cnc ihihrcpc rukus yclo ncpct
neoulcjcl ultuj khlfcre bucscl shoeteoc, cltcrc bcel7
 C ; , nekclc a ; telooe

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   95

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

c
f
a

F  i C

  Ockicr 9.1. Bucscl Vhoeteoc

9.>.6.. Bucscl
9.>.6 Bucscl ^rcphse
^rcphseuk
uk (^ah
(^ah ^rcph
^rcphzeuk
zeuk))
C ; , nekclc c cln i acrus shgcgcr/pcrcbbhb
c

Ockicr 9.5. Bucscl ^rcphseuk

9.>.>.
9.>.>. Bel
Beloj
ojcrc
crcl
l (^ah
(^ah Ferf
Ferfbh
bh))
c. Bucsc
Bucscl
l Bel
Belojc
ojcrc
rcl
l ]hl
]hlua
ua77  C    r 9 Jhbebelo ; 9ύr 

Ockicr 9.3=. Bucscl Belojcrcl

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   6=

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

i. Bucscl
Bucscl V
Vhiuc
hiuca
a Vhjt`r
Vhjt`r Ncbck
Ncbck Belojcrc
Belojcrcl7
l7

 r 9 
  9
r   ( rcn )    
 C   ]clgclo Iusur ; 9 r 
r 
64= 9 64=

r α r

Ockicr 9.33. Bucscl Vhjt`r Belojcrcl

f. Bucscl
Bucscl Vhiuca
Vhiuca Vhokhl
Vhokhl Ncbck
Ncbck Belo
Belojcrc
jcrcl7
l7
9
r   
 C  ( rcn    sel  )
9

r α r

Ockicr 9.39. Bucscl Vhokhl Belojcrcl

9.>.8.
9.>.8. Buc
Bucsc
scl
l Hbbep
Hbbepsh
sh Ncl
Ncl ]crci`
]crci`bc
bc
c. Hbbepsh
ci
C ;  
>

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   63

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

  Ockicr 9.36. Bucscl Hbbepsh

i. ]crci`bc
9ia
C;  
6

 
Ockicr 9.3>. Bucscl ]crci`bc

9.>.4.. Ihltuj
9.>.4 Ihltuj Bcac
Bcacl
l Uclo
Uclo ^encj
^encj Ihrctur
Ihrcturcl
cl
3. Fcrc
Fcrc ^rcp
^rcphs
hseu
euk
k
Yukus ^rcphseuk ele shrelo neoulcjcl ultuj khloaetulo bucscl tclca yclo
 ihltujlyc tencj ihrcturcl. Icoe-icoebca crhcb thrshiut jh ncbck ihihrcpc
 icoecl yclo bhiea jhfeb aelooc icoecl thrshiut ihltujlyc bhiea khlnhjcte
shiuca trcphzeuk. Bhicr kcselo kcselo icoecl iecsclyc sckc ihscrlyc (B).
Xltuj khlfcre bucscl crhcb shphrte thrbeact pcnc ockicr ne icwca ele cncbca7

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   69

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

a3 a9 a6 a> a8 a4 a? a1 a5

B B B B B B B B

Ockicr 9.38. Bucscl Nhlocl Fcrc ^rcphseuk

a3  a9
- Bucscl trcphseuk phrtckc7  C3      B
9

a9  a6
- Bucscl trcphseuk jhnuc7  C9      B
9
 B
- Bucs ^`tcb7  C  (  a3    al   9   asesc )
9

F`lt`a >7
Nejhtcaue7
a3 ; 39,68k a> ; 3=,>?k a? ; =5,?6k
a9 ; 33,?>k a8 ; =5,14k a1 ; =1,1>k
a6 ; 33,=8k a4 ; 3=,51k a5 ; =1,8?k
  ncl B ; 9,>=k
Netclyc 7 Fcre bucs crhcb thrshiut nhlocl fcrc trcphzeuk
Gcwci7
9,>=
Bucs ^`tcb7  C  9 (39,68  1,8?  9  ?9,4? )

9,>=
   C    (344,94)  355,839 k 9
9

9. Fcrc
Fcrc Vekp
Vekps`l
s`l (^ah
(^ah Vekp
Vekps`l'
s`l'ss Y
Yubh)
ubh)
Xltuj khlfcre bucs necltcrc a3 ncl a6 
C ; bucs trcphzeuk + bucs pcrci`bc
(a3  a6)
C; b   (bucs pcrci`bc)
9

(a3  a6) 9   a a 
  3 6
C; 9  B 6  x 9 B a9 ( 9 ) 

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   66

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

 6a3  6a6   >a 9  9a3  9a6 

C ;  B   
 6

 B
C;  a3   >a9  a6 
6
o

d 
h

a3 a9 a6

B B
i n
f

Ncl icoecl trcphseuk ele cjcl nebclgutjcl ncl negukbcajcl ultuj

khlncpctjcl bucs t`tcb ncre shiuca p`t`locl yclo tencj ihrcturcl, lckul
 gukbca a yclo khkicoe p`t`locl thrshiut acrus oclgeb.
o clgeb.

a3 a9 a6 a> a8 a4 a? a1 a5

B B B B B B B B

Ockicr 9.34. Bucscl Nhlocl Vekps`l

Nhlocl nhkejecl, kcjc bucs t`tcb7

 B
C; a
  3  al  9  a oclge
   b    >  a ohlcp  
6

F`lt`a 87
Nejhtcaue7
a3 ; 39,68k a> ; 3=,>?k a? ; =5,?6k
a9 ; 33,?>k a8 ; =5,14k a1 ; =1,1>k
a6 ; 33,=8k a4 ; 3=,51k a5 ; =1,8?k

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   6>

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

ncl B ; 9,>=k
Netclyc 7 Fcre bucs crhcb thrshiut nhlocl fcrc Vekps`l

Gcwci7
 B
Bucs ^`tcb  ; 6 a3  al  9 a oclgeb 
     > a ohlcp
   
9,>=
   C  (39,68  1,8?  9  6=,4>  >  >9,=6)
6
9,>=
 C  ( 98=,69)
6
9
 C    9==,98
  k

 Eloct!!!!  Cocr rukus ele ihroulc, gukbca a acrus oclgeb

 Acseb ncre phraetulocl ele bhiea icej neiclnelo nhlocl fcrc trcphseuk.

9.>.?.. Khlfcre
9.>.? Khlfcre Bucs
Bucs Nhlo
Nhlocl
cl Kh
Kht`nh
t`nh J``rnel
J``rnelct
ct
Nhlocl
Nhlocl khloht
khlohtcaue
caue j``
j``rne
rnelct
lct ncre shk
shkuc
uc tetej
tetej-tet
-tetej
ej sunu
sunutt ncre shiu
shiuca
ca
 p`t`locl, ncpct nefcre ihscr bucs p`t`locl thrshiut nhlocl khlooulcjcl
kht`
kht`nh
nh j``rn
j``rnel
elct
ct.. Ke
Kescb
scbjcl
jcl,, shi
shiuc
ucaa p`t`
p`t`lo
locl
cl nhloc
nhlocll hk
hkpct
pct iuca
iuca sunu
sunut,
t,
CIFN, yclo kcselo-kcselo khkpulyce j``rnelct (x3,y3), (x9,y9), (x6,y6), ncl
(x>,y>) shphrte thbeact pcnc ockicr 9.3? ne icwca ele. Yukus ultuj khlfcre
bucslyc7
 U

 
x6 F
f

x>   N
n

x9   I
 i

x3 y6   y9
c
C   y>
y3
Q
@

  Ockicr 9.3?. Khlfcre Bucs Nhlocl Kht`nh J``rnelct

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   68

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

Bucs ; CIic + IFfi ‖ CNnc ‖ NFfn

3 3
Bucs ; (x3 + x9)(y9 ‖ y3) + (x9 + x6)(y6 ‖ y9) -
9 9

3 3
(x3 + x>)(y> ‖ y3) - (x6 + x>)(y> ‖ y6)
9 9
3
Bucs ; Zy3(x> + x9) + y9(x3 + x6) + y6(x9 + x>) + y>(x6 + x3)[
9

Ncpct nelyctcjcl icawc cturcl ultuj khlfcre bucs nhlocl kht`nh j``rnelct ele
cncbca nhlocl khlocbejcl shtecp `rnelct (y) nhlocl phrihnccl cltcr nuc cises
(x) yclo khloaekpetlyc, ncl acseb phlgukbcacllyc neicoe nhlocl nuc.

Cturcl yclo bhiea shnhraclc ultuj khlfcre bucs p`t`locl ele nencpct nhlocl

khkutcr ihrbcwclcl crca gck j``rnelct-j``rnelct tetej-tetej sunutlyc. Vhphrte

 pcnc ockicr 9.3? ne ctcs, ncbck ihltuj drcjse, jj``rnelctlyc
``rnelctlyc nectur, ne kubce ncl
necjaere ncre tetej yclo sckc, nhlocl ciseslyc ihrcnc neicoecl ctcs drcjse
thrshiut, ycetu7
y3   y9   y6   y>   y3
x3   x9   x 6   x >   x 3

Nhloc
Nhlocll kh
khloc
locbe
bejc
jcll shf
shfcr
crcc neco
neco`l
`lcb
cb drcjse
drcjse-dr
-drcjs
cjsee yclo
yclo neih
neihre
re tcln
tclncc ncl
ncl
khlgukbcajcl (acseblyc p`seted) ncl drcjse-drcjse yclo tencj neihre tclnc ncl
khlgukbcajcllyc (acseblyc lhocted), acseb phlgukbcacllyc sckc nhlocl nuc
jcbe ihscr bucs yclo shihlcrlyc.

Xltuj
Xltuj khk
khkunca
uncajcl
jcl phr
phraet
aetuloc
ulocll khl
khlfcre
fcre buc
bucss crhc
crhcbb p`t
p`t`loc
`locll ycl
ycloo ihrc
ihrcnc
nc
necltcrc tetej pusct (fhlthr belh), nekclc j``rnelctlyc =,=, acrus neicoe nhlocl
nu
nucc ic
icoe
oecl
cl.. Nh
Nhlo
locl
cl kh
khlo
loae
aebc
bclo
lojc
jcll tcln
tclncc lhoc
lhocte
tedd pcnc
pcnc j``r
j``rne
nelc
lctl
tlyc
yc,,
 phraetulocl bucs icoecl thrshiut ncpct nefcre ncl putcrcl j``rnelctlyc acrus
shcrca gcruk gck.

F`lt`a 47

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   64

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

Fcre bucs p`t`locl tclca yclo cjcl neocbe shphrte pcnc ockicr 9.31 ne icwca
ele.
9, >
9,6
3=,5
? ,4 3,4
= 3,8
5

C3 C9

= F =
4 4
4k 4k

Ockicr 9.31. Khloaetulo Bucs Ocbecl

Gcwci7
Bucs icoecl jere, C37
= = 9,> 9,9,6 3,
3,4 =
= 4 3= ,5 ?,4 = =

 9C3 ; = + 3>,> + 98,=? + 39,34 + = ‖ (= + = + 31,9> + = + =) ; 66,65k 9

Bucs icoecl jclcl, C97
= = 3,8 3,4 =
= 4 5 = =
9 C9 ; = + 5,= + 3>,> + = ‖ (= + = + = + =) ; 96,> k9
 C3   C9 66,65  96,>
Bucs ^`tcb ;   91,658k 9
9 9

9.8.
9.8.=.
=. Jhbe
Jhbebe
belo
lo Iuke
Iuke

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   6?

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

]clgclo Iusur

]clgclo
]clgclo ^cbe Iusur

C I

γ/9 γ/9

Ockicr 9.35. ]clgclo Iusur ncl ^cbe Iusur 

Jhbebelo iuke (jk) ]clgclo Iusur (jk) ]clgclo tcbe Iusur (jk)
r ; 46?=jk
(Thrse EX^ E)    
 9 ύr   x 9   r  9 r  sel
64=
64=· >=.=96,15=>=4? 9
31=· 9=.=33,5>89=6>
5=·   3=.==8,5?94 5.==1,8>=659
>8· 8.==9,5146=3 >.1?8,614591
3· 333,3??>?6> 333,3?4=499
6=' 88,811?6441 88,81184=95
3' 3,18958?115 3,18958?116
6=" =,594>?15>8 =,594>?15>>
3" =,=6=119463 =,=6=119463
^cihb 9.3. ]clgclo Iusur ncl ^cbe Iusur Thrse EX^ 3 ]HNF

Jhbebelo iuke (jk) ]clgclo Iusur (jk) ]clgclo tcbe Iusur (jk)
r ; 46?1.364jk
(Thrse E^YV, acb 3?) 9 ύr  
64=
 x 9   r   
9 r  sel 
9
64=· >=.=?8,=3=>=965
31=· 9=.=6?,8=89=39=
5=·   3=.=31,?894==4= 5.=9=,=>4>6614
>8· 8.==5,6?46==6= >.113,4365863>
3· 333,635>?66> 333,631=4=>6
6=' 88,485?644? 88,48584==4
3' 3,18869>84 3,18869>88
6=" =,59?44991 =,59?44991
3" =,=6=599=1 =,=6=599=1
^cihb 9.3. ]clgclo Iusur ncl ^cbe Iusur Thrse E^YV

9.4.=.. Fctctcl
9.4.= Fctctcl Vhgcrca
Vhgcrca ^hltclo
^hltclo J`lstcl
J`lstcltc
tc

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   61

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

J`lstcltc  cncbca phriclnelocl ihscrcl jhbebelo belojcrcl neicoe neckhthrlyc,

ycetu V ;   N ; 9r. Vhgcrca thltclo j`lstcltc  sunca nejhtcaue shgcj nubu
jcbc. Icrclojcbe phrtckc jcbe nefctct ncre shiuca uscac ultuj khlncpctjcl lebce
  neihre
neihrejcl
jcl jhpcnc sh`rclo iclosc Khser yclo lckclyc Cakhs, jerc-jerc pcnc

^caul 34== I.F. Acs

^caul Acseb
eb phra
phraetu
etulocl
locllyc
lyc thl
thltcl
tcloo ihsc
ihscrcl
rcl j`l
j`lstc ltc   cncbca
stcltc
6,34=
6,34=8.
8. Cr
Crfa
faek
ekhn
hnhs
hs (91?-9
(91?-939
39 I.
I.F)
F) kh
khlh
lhlt
ltujc
ujcll lebc
lebcee j`ls
j`lstc
tclt
ltcc   nhlocl
khki
khkihr
hrejc
ejcll phlg
phlghb
hbcsc
cscll nc
ncll kh
khki
kico
coee shiuc
shiucaa belo
belojcr
jcrcl
cl jhncb
jhncbck
ck 54 shoe
shoe..
Acseblyc, lebce j`lstcltc  ihrcnc necltcrc nuc lebce, ycetu 6,3>95 ncl 6,3>=1.
Vhncl
Vhncloo ]t`b
]t`bhk
hkyy (0
(03==
3==‖3
‖341
41 C.N
C.N)) khlht
khlhtcp
cpjc
jcll lebc
lebcee j`lsc
j`lsctc
tclt
ltcc   shihscr 
6,3>344. Tehtc (38>=‖ 4=6) khkihrejcl lebce j`lstcltc  shihscr 6,3>3859486.

Ncbck
Ncbck phraetu
phraetuloc
locll Fcb
Fcbfub
fubus
us ncpc
ncpctt nei
neiujt
ujtejc
ejcll ica
icawc
wc lebce
lebce j`l
j`lstc
stcltc
ltc   yclo
nencpct ihrupc iebclocl errcse`lcb: jhtelojct cjurcse ihrcpcpul cjcl nethltujcl,
le
lebc
bcee j`ls
j`lstc
tclt
ltcc   tencj phrlca sckc. Ncpct neiujtejcl ncbck phlyhbhscecl
kcthkctejc
kcthkctejc telojct telooe
telooe,, lebce j`lstcl
j`lstcltc
tc   ; >(3-3/6+3/8-3/?+3/5-3/33……)
ctcu khrupcjcl phrjcbecl clojc > nhlocl shiuca iebclocl shre yclo eldelety.

Nhlocl khlooulcjcl khsel aetulo k`nhrl scct ele (j`kputhr), lebce j`lstcltc
 iesc nencpct sckpce 3==.=== clojc neihbcjclo j`kc. Lebce ele scloct cjurct
lckul tencj khkebeje lebce prcjtes. Lebce j`lstcltc  nhlocl cjurcse 3= clojc
neihbcjclo j`kc cncbca 6,3>38594864.

 
V`cb-V`cb7

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   65

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

3. Fcre bu
bucs
cs p`t`l
p`t`locl
ocl tclc
tclcaa yclo cjc
cjcll nete
netekiul
kiul shphrt
shphrtee pcnc oc
ockicr
kicr ne iicwca
cwca el
ele.e.
,Q,KFQQ..JN
4k
= = =
6 =  6

C3 n C9 3,83
4

9,31 3,13
?,61
=

 
9. Fcr
Fcree ]cl
]clgcl
gcloo sht
shtecp
ecp sese ncl bucs ncre shien
shienclo
clo tclca
tclca nhl
nhlocl
ocl j``rn
j``rnelc
elctt tetej
tetej-te
-tete
tej 
j 
sunutlyc shicoce ihrejut7
Q(k) U(k)
C 3===.== 3===.==
I 3316.?5 3===.==

F
N 3339>1=3..515> 3363=941..>?19
H 514.88 3995.19
D 514.88 3=89.?6
C 3===.== 3===.==

6. Fcr
Fcree ]cl
]clgcl
gcloo sht
shtecp
ecp sese ncl bucs ncre shien
shienclo
clo tclca
tclca nhl
nhlocl
ocl j``rn
j``rnelc
elctt tetej
tetej-te
-tete
tej 
j 
sunutlyc shicoce ihrejut7
^etej 3 ^etej 9 ^etej 6
x3 ; 9?.68=,3>k x9 ; 9?.>?3,?8k x6 ; 9?.>6?,83k
y3 ; >8.93>,>6k y9 ; >8.34?,99k y6 ; >8.66=,?9k
>. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc. Ihscr Vunut α ;
364·6='3=".

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   >=

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

3== k

F I
1= k

8. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.
I

8= k

1=
C
F
4= k

4. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.
Y

3==
3==
>=
^ V
9= k

?. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   >3

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

>= k

3==
3==
9=
] S 

1. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.
W

3== k

49
9>
Q U

5. Fcr
Fcree pclgclo
pclgclo shtec
shtecpp sese iencl
iencloo ncl ihscr sunut
sunut-sun
-sunut
ut ncbck sht
shtecp
ecp clt
cltcrc
crc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.
1= k
U
W

1= k 1= k

8=
Q _
1= k

3=. Fcre pclgclo shte

shtecp
cp sese ienclo ncl ihscr sunut-sunut ncbck shte
shtecp
cp cltcrc nuc sese

 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.

bcaclly c.
A

4= k 5=

>= k

5=
H D
1= k

33. Fcre pclgclo shte

shtecp
cp sese ienclo ncl ihscr sunut-sunut ncbck shte
shtecp
cp cltcrc nuc sese

 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.

bcaclly c.

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   >9

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

33
C

3== k

65
I F

39. Fcr
Fcree buc
bucscl
scl shiu
shiuca
ca sho
shokhl
khl ncb
ncbck
ck bel
belojcr
ojcrcl
cl ycl
ycloo ihrg
ihrgcre
cre-gcr
-gcree 6=k nhlocl ihs
ihscr 
cr 
sunut  ; ?434>10
36. Fcre bucscl shiuca shjt`
shjt`rr ncbck belojcrcl yclo ihrgcre-gcre
ihrgcre-gcre 6=k nhlocl ihscr sunut
 ; ?434>10 Ncl ihrcpc pclgclo tcbe iusurlyc.

3>. Fcre pclgclo shte

shtecp
cp sese ienclo ncl ihscr sunut-sunut ncbck shte
shtecp
cp cltcrc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.
Y

4= k

3==
3==
^ V
8= k

38. Fcre pclgclo shte

shtecp
cp sese ienclo ncl ihscr sunut-sunut ncbck shte
shtecp
cp cltcrc nuc sese
 pcnc s`cb-s`cb ne icwca ele shrtc fcre bucs ienclo bcacllyc.
bcaclly c.

4== k

34. Fcre bucs crhcb ne icwca ele icej nhlocl fcrc trcphzeuk ncl sekps`l rub
rubhh

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   >6

 

EBKX XJXY ^CLCA 3

B; 3,98k

6,9k 9,? 9,1 9,8 9,4 9,? 9,6 3,5 33,,4k

B B B B B B B B

^HJLEJ VE]EB ]@BE^HJLEJ LHOHYE KHNCL   >>