1.

3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and

Three frequency bands
Module:1 DC and AC analysis of amplifiers
Course: BECE206L – Analog Circuits
-Dr Richards Joe Stanislaus
Assistant Professor - SENSE
Email: 51749@vitstudent.ac.in
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Module 1:
Module:1 DC and AC analysis of amplifiers 9 hours
• BJT Circuits: DC biasing, AC coupling and small-signal analysis of
amplifiers, Frequency response of a CE amplifier, the three
frequency bands, Unity gain frequency, Miller Capacitance,
Multistage amplifiers. MOSFET Circuits: DC biasing, AC coupling
and small-signal analysis of amplifiers, Frequency response of a
CS amplifier, Unity gain frequency, MillerCapacitance, Multistage
amplifiers.
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

1. Coupling capacitor circuit

• Coupling capacitor: Acts as high pass filter: Allows higher frequencies
• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
𝑅𝑃
Max gain:
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

1. Coupling capacitor circuit

• Coupling capacitor: Acts as high pass filter: Allows higher frequencies
• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
𝑅𝑃
Max gain:
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆
• Time constant:𝜏𝑆 = 𝐶𝑆 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃
1
• 𝑓𝐿 = (lower corner)
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

• With assumption of small signal output resistance 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐸 and 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐶
Note: Small signal: DC source to zero.
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

• With assumption of small signal output resistance 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐸 and 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐶
• At higher frequencies: 𝐶𝐶 : 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡: Corner frequency 𝒇𝑳
• At lower frequencies: Impedance of 𝐶𝐶 : large, output will approach zero
1 1
• Capacitor’s impedance: 𝑍𝑐 = =
𝑗𝜔𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝐶𝑐
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

• With assumption of small signal output resistance 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐸 and 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐶
• At higher frequencies: 𝐶𝐶 : 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡: Corner frequency 𝒇𝑳
• At lower frequencies: Impedance of 𝐶𝐶 : large, output will approach zero
1 1
• Capacitor’s impedance: 𝑍𝑐 = =
𝑗𝜔𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝐶𝑐
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏
= R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸
𝑉𝑖
• 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

• With assumption of small signal output resistance 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐸 and 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 𝑅𝐶
• At higher frequencies: 𝐶𝐶 : 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡: Corner frequency 𝒇𝑳
• At lower frequencies: Impedance of 𝐶𝐶 : large, output will approach zero
1 1
• Capacitor’s impedance: 𝑍𝑐 = =
𝑗𝜔𝐶𝐶 𝑠𝐶𝑐
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏
= R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸
𝑉𝑖
• 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 Current divider
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏
• 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

𝑉𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝜏𝑆
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 ; 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝐶𝑐 =
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖
• Output voltage: 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

𝑉𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝜏𝑆
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 ; 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝐶𝑐 =
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖
• Output voltage: 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝐼𝑖
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝑅𝐵 𝑉𝑖
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 1
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + +𝑅𝑖
𝑠𝐶𝑐

=−
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

𝑉𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝜏𝑆
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 ; 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝐶𝑐 =
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖
• Output voltage: 𝑉𝑜 = −𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐵
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝐼𝑖
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝑅𝐵 𝑉𝑖
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 1
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + +𝑅𝑖
𝑠𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝐶𝑐
= −𝑉𝑖 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑠𝐶𝑐 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +1+𝑠𝐶𝑐 𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝜏𝑆
= −
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 1+𝑠𝜏𝑆
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
Coupling capacitor produces high pass network
If signal frequency is approx two octaves above corner frequency,
coupling capacitor acts as short circuit. The circuit at input appears as
below:
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

𝑉𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝑉𝑖 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝜏𝑆 𝜏𝑆
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 ; 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝑉𝑜 = − ; 𝐶𝑐 =
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 1+𝑠𝜏𝑆 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑔 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝜏𝑆
• Small signal voltage gain: 𝐴𝑣 = =− 𝑚 𝑐𝜋
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 1+𝑠𝜏𝑆
1 1
• Corner Frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = =
2𝜋𝜏𝑆 2𝜋 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
𝑠𝜏𝑆 1 1
Max gain: = 1 → →1
1+𝑠𝜏𝑆 +1 0+1
𝑠𝜏𝑆
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

2. Effect of input coupling capacitor: CE amplifier

𝑉𝑖
• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = R1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ; 𝐼𝑖 = 1 ; 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑠𝐶 +𝑅𝑖
𝑐
𝑅𝐵 𝑉𝑖 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝜏𝑆 𝜏𝑆
• 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 ; 𝑉𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝑉𝑜 = − ; 𝐶𝑐 =
𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 1+𝑠𝜏𝑆 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 𝑔 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅𝐵 𝑠𝜏𝑆
• Small signal voltage gain: 𝐴𝑣 = =− 𝑚 𝑐𝜋
𝑉𝑖 𝑠 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏 1+𝑠𝜏𝑆
1 1
• Corner Frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = =
2𝜋𝜏𝑆 2𝜋 𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑐
• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
𝑠𝜏𝑆 1 1
Max gain: = 1 → →1 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵
1+𝑠𝜏𝑆 +1 0+1 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝑠𝜏𝑆
𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵
• Max magnitude: 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Calculate the corner frequency and maximum gain of a bipolar

common emitter circuit with a coupling capacitor. 𝑅1 = 51.2𝑘Ω; 𝑅2 = 9.6𝑘Ω;
𝑅𝐶 = 2𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝐸 = 0.4𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝑆𝑖 = 0.1𝑘Ω; 𝐶𝐶 = 1𝜇𝐹; 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10𝑉;
𝑉𝐵𝐸(𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉; 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (𝑟𝑜 → ∞Ω).
𝑅2
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
Find 𝐼𝐸 using: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 , and 𝐼𝐶𝑄 ≈ 𝐼𝐸 : 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 1.81𝑚𝐴
Step 2: AC solution:
𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑉𝑇 𝛽
Small signal hybrid-𝜋 parameters: 𝑔𝑚 = 𝑟𝜋 =
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐶𝑄
where 𝑉𝑇 = 0.026: 𝑔𝑚 = 69.6𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 1.44𝑘Ω 𝑟0 = ∞
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Calculate the corner frequency and maximum gain of a bipolar

common emitter circuit with a coupling capacitor. 𝑅1 = 51.2𝑘Ω; 𝑅2 = 9.6𝑘Ω;
𝑅𝐶 = 2𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝐸 = 0.4𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝑆𝑖 = 0.1𝑘Ω; 𝐶𝐶 = 1𝜇𝐹; 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10𝑉;
𝑉𝐵𝐸(𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉; 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (𝑟𝑜 → ∞Ω).
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 1.81𝑚𝐴
Step 2: AC solution: 𝑔𝑚 = 69.6𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 1.44𝑘Ω 𝑟0 = ∞
• With 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 41.8𝑘Ω
Input resistance 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 6.77𝑘Ω
• Resistance looked upon by 𝐶𝐶 in input loop:
= 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 = 0.1𝑘 + 6.77𝑘 = 6.87𝑘Ω
• Time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝐶 = 6.87𝑘 1𝜇𝐹
= 6.87𝑚𝑆
1
• The corner frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = = 23.2𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Calculate the corner frequency and maximum gain of a bipolar

common emitter circuit with a coupling capacitor. 𝑅1 = 51.2𝑘Ω; 𝑅2 = 9.6𝑘Ω;
𝑅𝐶 = 2𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝐸 = 0.4𝑘Ω; 𝑅𝑆𝑖 = 0.1𝑘Ω; 𝐶𝐶 = 1𝜇𝐹; 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10𝑉;
𝑉𝐵𝐸(𝑜𝑛) = 0.7𝑉; 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (𝑟𝑜 → ∞Ω).
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 1.81𝑚𝐴
Step 2: AC solution: 𝑔𝑚 = 69.6𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 1.44𝑘Ω 𝑟0 = ∞
• With 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 and 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 41.8𝑘Ω ; 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 6.77𝑘Ω
• Resistance looked upon by 𝐶𝐶 in input loop: = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 = 6.87𝑘Ω
• Time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆𝑖 + 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝐶 = 6.87𝑚𝑆
1
• The corner frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = = 23.2𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
• Max magnitude of voltage gain:
𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑐 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐵
𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 4.72
𝑅𝑆𝑖 +𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝐵 +𝑅𝑖𝑏
•
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Recap of 1. Coupling capacitor circuit

• Coupling capacitor: Acts as high pass filter: Allows higher frequencies
• At higher frequencies: Capacitor-> Short -> 𝜔 → ∞; 𝑠 → ∞ (Bode plot):
𝑅𝑃
Max gain:
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆
• Time constant:𝜏𝑆 = 𝐶𝑆 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃
1
• 𝑓𝐿 = (lower corner)
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

1 1
• 𝑓𝐿 = and 𝑓𝐻 = (Two frequencies are far apart - Midband
2𝜋𝜏𝑆 2𝜋𝜏𝑃
between 𝑓𝐻 and 𝑓𝐿 )
• Small signal equivalent: With DC source to zero
• 𝜏𝑆 = 𝐶𝐶 (𝑅𝑆 + (𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖 ) where 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑟𝜋 + (1 + 𝛽)𝑅𝐸
• 𝜏𝑃 = 𝐶𝐿 (𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 )
• Midband:
Coupling capacitor
is short and
Load capacitor is
Open circuit
• 𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

• Midband: Coupling capacitor is short and Load capacitor is Open circuit
𝑉0
• For max gain(midband gain): Without 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐶𝐿 : 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖
• 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 is the current through 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 : So Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
• 𝐼𝑖 =
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

• Midband: Coupling capacitor is short and Load capacitor is Open circuit
𝑉0
• For max gain(midband gain): Without 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐶𝐿 : 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖
• 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 is the current through 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 : So Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝐼𝑖 = ; 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 =
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝜋
• Also 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑟𝜋
𝑉𝜋
• =
𝑟𝜋
• 𝑉𝜋 =
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

• Midband: Coupling capacitor is short and Load capacitor is Open circuit
𝑉0
• For max gain(midband gain): Without 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐶𝐿 : 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖
• 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 is the current through 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 : So Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝐼𝑖 = ; 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑖 =
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝜋
• Also 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑟𝜋
𝑉𝜋 𝑉𝑖 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• =
𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝑉𝜋 = Substitute in 𝑉0 and
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
find 𝐴𝑣
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

• Midband: Coupling capacitor is short and Load capacitor is Open circuit
𝑽𝟎
• For max gain(midband gain): Without 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐶𝐿 : 𝑨𝒗 =
𝑽𝒊
• 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 is the current through 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 : So Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝜋 𝑉𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝐼𝑖 = ; 𝐼𝑏 = ;𝑉 =
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖

• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
=
𝑉0
• 𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑖
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

4. Effect of coupling and Load capacitor: CE amplifier

• Midband: Coupling capacitor is short and Load capacitor is Open circuit
𝑽𝟎
• For max gain(midband gain): Without 𝐶𝐶 , 𝐶𝐿 : 𝑨𝒗 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑽𝒊
• 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 is the current through 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 : So Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝜋 𝑉𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝐼𝑖 = ; 𝐼𝑏 = ;𝑉 =
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖

• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑖 𝑟𝜋 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿
𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
𝑉0 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥𝑅𝐿 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
• Gain bandwidth product, 𝐺𝐵 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝐵𝑊
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Determine the midband gain, corner frequencies, and

bandwidth of a circuit containing both a coupling capacitor and a load
capacitor: 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞(𝑟𝑜 → ∞)
𝑅2
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝑉𝐵𝐺 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −5 −5
𝑅1 +𝑅2
Find 𝐼𝐸 using: 𝑉𝐵𝐺 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 + (−5),
and 𝐼𝐸 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝐵𝑄 : 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 𝛽𝐼𝐵𝑄 = 0.99𝑚𝐴
Step 2:AC analysis
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Determine the midband gain, corner frequencies, and

bandwidth of a circuit containing both a coupling capacitor and a load
capacitor: 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞(𝑟𝑜 → ∞)
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 0.99𝑚𝐴
Step 2:AC analysis
𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑉𝑇
The small signal parameters: 𝑟0 = ∞; 𝑔𝑚 = ; 𝑟𝜋 =
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐵𝑄
𝑔𝑚 = 38.08𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 2.626𝑘Ω
Input resistance: 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸
= 2.626𝑘 + 1 + 100 0.5𝑘 = 53.1𝑘Ω
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Determine the midband gain, corner frequencies, and

bandwidth of a circuit containing both a coupling capacitor and a load
capacitor: 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞(𝑟𝑜 → ∞)
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 0.99𝑚𝐴
Step 2:AC analysis 𝑔𝑚 = 38.08𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 2.626𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑖 = 53.1𝑘Ω ; Max midband gain is 𝐴𝑣
𝑉0 𝑔𝑚 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝐶 ∥𝑅𝐿 𝑅1 ∥𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑆 +(𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 ∥𝑅𝑖 ) (𝑅1 ∥𝑅2 )+𝑅𝑖
38.08𝑚 2.63𝑘 5𝑘∥10𝑘 5𝑘
=
0.1𝑘+ 5𝑘∥53.1𝑘 5𝑘+53.1𝑘
= 6.14
𝜏𝑠 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖 = 46.6𝑚𝑠
𝜏𝑝 = 𝑅𝐶 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 𝐶𝐿 = 5 × 10−8 s
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

Problem: Determine the midband gain, corner frequencies, and

bandwidth of a circuit containing both a coupling capacitor and a load
capacitor: 𝑉𝐵𝐸 𝑜𝑛 = 0.7𝑉, 𝛽 = 100; 𝑉𝐴 = ∞(𝑟𝑜 → ∞)
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 0.99𝑚𝐴
Step 2:AC analysis 𝑔𝑚 = 38.08𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 2.626𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑖 = 53.1𝑘Ω ; Max midband gain is 𝐴𝑣 = 6.14
𝜏𝑠 = 46.6𝑚𝑠; 𝜏𝑝 = 5 × 10−8 s
1
𝑓𝐿 = = 3.42𝐻𝑧 and
2𝜋𝜏𝐿
1
𝑓𝐻 = = 3.18𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑃
𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 ≈ 3.18𝑀𝐻𝑧
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 1
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = = To stabilize Q point ):
𝑗𝜔𝐶𝐸 𝑠𝐶𝐸
without sacrificing small signal gain (Short circuit at signal
frequency)
𝑉𝜋
• With = 𝐼𝑏 ; Note: 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑏 + 𝛽𝐼𝑏 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑟𝜋
• Apply KVL in input loop:
1
• 𝑉𝑖 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐸 ∥
𝑠𝐶𝐸
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝜋
• 𝐼𝑏 = 1
=
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶 𝑟𝜋
𝐸
1 1 𝑟𝜋
• = 1
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶
𝐸
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉𝜋
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋
1 1 𝑟𝜋
• = 1
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥
𝑠𝐶𝐸

• 𝑉𝑜 𝑠 = −𝐼𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑉0 𝑠
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 =
𝑉𝑖 𝑠
1 𝑟𝜋
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝐶 1
𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥
𝑠𝐶𝐸
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
= 1
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶
𝐸
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉𝜋
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) ; = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
= ×
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥ 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽
𝑠𝐶𝐸
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸

1 1
• = 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 1+𝛽
=
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽

• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 =

•
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉𝜋
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) ; = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
= ×
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥ 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽
𝑠𝐶𝐸
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸

1 1
• = 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 1+𝛽
=
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = × 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽
=
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸
 1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) ; 𝜋 = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋−𝑔 𝑅 𝑟 1
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
= 𝑚 𝐶 𝜋
×
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥ 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽
𝑠𝐶𝐸
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸

1 1
• = 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 1+𝛽
=
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = × 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽
= 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 +1
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1+𝑠 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1+𝑠
= =
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 1 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 1
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉𝜋
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) ; = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋

• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 =
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1 1
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶
1 𝑓𝐴 = ; 𝑓𝐵 =
𝐸 2𝜋𝜏𝐴 2𝜋𝜏𝐵
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1+𝑠
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = where and
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 1

• When 𝜔 → 0 (DC) : 𝑠 → 0 𝑍𝐶𝐸 → ∞

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
≈
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥ 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸
𝑠𝐶𝐸
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 𝑉𝜋
• Bypass capacitor (𝑍𝐶𝐸 = ) ; = 𝐼𝑏 ; 𝐼𝑒 = 1 + 𝛽 𝐼𝑏
𝑠𝐶𝐸 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 =
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1 1
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥
1 𝑓𝐴 = ; 𝑓𝐵 =
𝑠𝐶𝐸 2𝜋𝜏𝐴 2𝜋𝜏𝐵
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 1+𝑠
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = where and
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 1

• When 𝜔 → 0 (DC) : 𝑠 → 0 𝑍𝐶𝐸 → ∞

−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
≈
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸
𝐸
• When 𝜔 → ∞ (High Freq) : 𝑠 → ∞ 𝑍𝐶𝐸 → 0 (short circuit)
−𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋 −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝜋
• 𝐴𝑣 𝑠 = 1
≈
𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ∥𝑠𝐶 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟𝜋
𝐸
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

5. Effect of Bypass capacitor

1 1
𝑓𝐴 = ; 𝑓𝐵 =
2𝜋𝜏𝐴 2𝜋𝜏𝐵
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands
1.3b Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands