AE - 1.3a Frequency Response of CE Amplifier, Three Frequency Bands

1.
3a Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands
1.3a Frequency response of CE amplifier and

Three frequency bands
Module:1 DC and AC analysis of amplifiers
Course: BECE206L – Analog Circuits
-Dr Richards Joe Stanislaus
Assistant Professor - SENSE
Email: 51749@vitstudent.ac.in
1.3a Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands
Module 1:
Module:1 DC and AC analysis of amplifiers 9 hours
• BJT Circuits: DC biasing, AC coupling and small-signal analysis of
amplifiers, Frequency response of a CE amplifier, the three
frequency bands, Unity gain frequency, Miller Capacitance,
Multistage amplifiers. MOSFET Circuits: DC biasing, AC coupling
and small-signal analysis of amplifiers, Frequency response of a
CS amplifier, Unity gain frequency, MillerCapacitance, Multistage
amplifiers.
1. Log scale
The logarithm of a number taken to a power is simply the power of
the number if the number matches the base of the logarithm.
• 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑥 then 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑎
• Common logarithm: 𝑥 = log10 𝑎 where 𝑎 = 10𝑥
• Natural logarithm: 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑎 where 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑦
• log 𝑒 𝑎 = 2.3 log10 𝑎
• Purpose: To realize wide range of values
in smaller scale
Gain in dB (Power and Voltage)

𝑃2
• Gain, 𝐺dB = 10 log10 dB
𝑃1
𝑃2
• Gain, 𝐺𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10 log10 dBm
1𝑚𝑊 600Ω
𝑉2
• Gain, 𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 dB
𝑉1
Input signal source is modelled as

Thevenin’s/Norton’s equivalent
Equivalent
of two port
networks
1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

• Common emitter amplifier (Emitter is at Ground potential) with
Voltage divider biasing
• Coupling capacitor (𝐶𝐶 ) provides dc isolation between
amplifier and signal source. 𝐶𝑐 = 10𝜇𝐹 and 𝑓 = 2𝐾𝐻𝑧

• Common emitter amplifier (Emitter is at Ground potential) with
Voltage divider biasing
• Coupling capacitor (𝐶𝐶 ) provides dc isolation between
amplifier and signal source. 𝐶𝑐 = 10𝜇𝐹 and 𝑓 = 2𝐾𝐻𝑧
• Magnitude of impedance of 𝐶𝑐 :
1
𝑍𝑐 = = 8Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑐
is much lower than input impedance
at operating frequency
• Capacitor is equivalent to short circuit for frequencies above 2KHz.

• Small signal equivalent when capacitor is assumed to be short ckt.
• Impedance at input:
Thevenin’s input impedance (All sources zero): 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋
• Output impedance(All sources zero): 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑟0 ∥ 𝑅𝐶

• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑟0 ∥ 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝑖 1 1 𝑅𝑖
• 𝑉𝜋 = 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
𝑉𝑜
• 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑠

• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑟0 ∥ 𝑅𝐶
• 𝑉𝜋 = 𝑉𝑠 = and 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑜
𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
𝑉𝑜
• 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑠

• 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑟𝜋 𝑅𝑜 = 𝑟0 ∥ 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝑖 11 𝑅𝑖
• 𝑉𝜋 = 𝑉𝑠 = and 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑜
𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
𝑉𝑜 1 𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑖
• 𝐴𝑣 = = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑜 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑜
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝜋 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

• Inclusion of 𝑅𝐸 increases stability

𝑉𝑜
• Inclusion of 𝑅𝐸 increases stability. Small signal voltage gain: 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑠
• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝐶 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏
• 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑆 =
𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
• 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜋 + 𝑉𝑅𝐸
=

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
• 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝜋 + 𝑉𝑅𝐸
= 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐸
= 𝐼𝑏 (𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 )
Resistance Reflection
𝑉𝑖𝑛
= 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝑏
1 1
Also: 𝑉𝑖𝑛
=
𝐼𝑏 (𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 )

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑛
• = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝑏
1 1
Also: 𝑉𝑖𝑛
=
𝑉𝑜
• 𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑠
=

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑛
• = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝑏
1 1
Also: 𝑉𝑖𝑛
=
𝑉𝑜 1 𝑅𝑖 1 𝑅𝑖
• 𝐴𝑣 = = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
=

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑛
• = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝑏
1 1
Also: =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜 1 𝑅𝑖 1 𝑅𝑖
• 𝐴𝑣 = = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶
−𝛽𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑖
Exact gain: 𝐴𝑣 = Small signal voltage gain
𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆
Approx gain: 𝐴𝑣 ≈

𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑛
• = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖𝑏
𝐼𝑏
1 1
Also: =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉 1 𝑅𝑖 1 𝑅𝑖
• 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑜 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶 = −𝛽𝐼𝑏 𝑅𝐶
Exact gain: 𝐴𝑣 = Small signal voltage gain
𝛽𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
Approx gain: 𝐴𝑣 ≈ − ≈− For 𝑅𝑖 ≫ 𝑅𝑆 ; 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 ≫ 𝑟𝜋 ; 𝛽 ≫1
1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝐸
3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

resistance for CE amplifier With Emitter resistor
For the circuit: 𝛽 = 100, VBE(on) = 0.7𝑉,
𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (where 𝑟0 = = ∞)
𝐼𝐶𝑄
𝑅2
Step 1: DC analysis: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
Find 𝐼𝐸 using: 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 , and 𝐼𝐶𝑄 ≈ 𝐼𝐸
Find VCE using : 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶𝐸 + 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸
𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 2.16𝑚𝐴 and 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑄 = 4.81𝑉

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (where 𝑟0 = = ∞)
𝐼𝐶𝑄
Step 1: DC analysis:𝐼𝐶𝑄 = 2.16𝑚𝐴 ; 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑄 = 4.81𝑉
Step 2: AC solution:
𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑉𝑇 𝛽
Small signal hybrid-𝜋 parameters: 𝑔𝑚 = 𝑟𝜋 = where 𝑉𝑇 = 0.026
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐶𝑄
𝑔𝑚 = 83.1𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 1.20𝑘Ω 𝑟0 = ∞
𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟𝜋 + 1 + 𝛽 𝑅𝐸 = 41.6𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 8.06𝑘Ω

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (where 𝑟0 = = ∞)
𝐼𝐶𝑄
𝐼𝐶𝑄 𝑉𝑇 𝛽
Small signal hybrid-𝜋 parameters: 𝑔𝑚 = 𝑟𝜋 = where 𝑉𝑇 = 0.026
𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝐶𝑄
𝑔𝑚 = 83.1𝑚𝐴/𝑉 and 𝑟𝜋 = 1.20𝑘Ω 𝑟0 = ∞
𝑅𝑖𝑏 =
𝑅𝑖 =

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (where 𝑟0 = = ∞)
𝐼𝐶𝑄
Small signal hybrid-𝜋 parameters:
𝑔𝑚 = 83.1𝑚𝐴/𝑉 ; 𝑟𝜋 = 1.20𝑘Ω ; 𝑟0 = ∞ ; 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 41.6𝑘Ω ; 𝑅𝑖 = 8.06𝑘Ω
Exact small signal voltage gain:
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑅𝐶
Approximate Gain 𝐴𝑣 = − =
𝑅𝐸

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴 = ∞ (where 𝑟0 = = ∞)
𝐼𝐶𝑄
Small signal hybrid-𝜋 parameters:
𝑔𝑚 = 83.1𝑚𝐴/𝑉 ; 𝑟𝜋 = 1.20𝑘Ω ; 𝑟0 = ∞ ; 𝑅𝑖𝑏 = 41.6𝑘Ω ; 𝑅𝑖 = 8.06𝑘Ω
Exact small signal voltage gain:
−𝛽𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝑖 100 2𝑘 8.06𝑘
𝐴𝑣 = =− = −4.53
𝑟𝜋 + 1+𝛽 𝑅𝐸 𝑅𝑖 +𝑅𝑆 1.2𝑘+ 1+100 0.4𝑘 8.06𝑘+0.5𝑘
𝑅𝐶 2𝑘
Approximate Gain 𝐴𝑣 = − = − =5
𝑅𝐸 0.4𝑘
4. Amplifier’s frequency response

Amplifier gain (dB) vs Frequency
• 𝐴𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 𝐴𝑣

Amplifier gain (dB) vs Frequency Coupling and Bypass
• 𝐴𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 𝐴𝑣 capacitance effects
• Low frequency
range 𝑓 < 𝑓𝐿
As f Gain
• High frequency
range
• Midband range:
4. Amplifier’s frequency response Stray and transistor

capacitance effects
• Low frequency
As f Gain
• High frequency
range 𝑓 > 𝑓𝐻
As f Gain
• Midband range:
4. Amplifier’s frequency response Stray and transistor

capacitance effects
• Low frequency
As f Gain
• High frequency
range 𝑓 > 𝑓𝐻
As f Gain Coupling and Stray and
Bypass transistor
• Midband range: capacitance – capacitance - act
Gain is almost contant act as Short ckt as Open circuits
Bandwidth = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
Gain at 𝑓𝐿 = Gain at 𝑓𝐻 = Midband gain -3dB

• 𝑓𝐻 and 𝑓𝐿 are the break point frequency or corner frequency or
-3dB frequency
5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

• 𝐶𝑆 : Coupling capacitor in series with the source resistance 𝑅𝑆
• 𝐶𝑃 : Load capacitor in parallel to Load resistor 𝑅𝑃
• Using KCL at the junction, with 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔 (= 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
Voltage transfer function is

𝑉0 (𝑠) 𝑅𝑃 1
= 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑃 1
𝑉𝑖 (𝑠) 𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆 1+ + +𝑠𝜏𝑃
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆 𝐶𝑆 𝑠𝜏𝑆
Where 𝜏𝑆 and 𝜏𝑃 are time constants which are associated with capacitors

𝑉0 (𝑠) 𝑅𝑃 1
• At low frequencies: 𝐶𝑃 → 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛; 𝐶𝑆 → 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑃
Open circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑆

𝑉0 (𝑠) 𝑅𝑃 1
• At low frequencies: 𝐶𝑃 → 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛; 𝐶𝑆 → 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑃
Open circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑆
• At high frequencies: 𝐶𝑆 → 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡; 𝐶𝑃 → 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑃
Short circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑃 = 𝑅𝑆 ∥ 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑃

• At low frequencies:Open circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑆
• At high frequencies: Short circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑃 = 𝑅𝑆 ∥ 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑃
The Voltage transfer function(in dB) is plotted
vs Frequency as Bode plot:
1
• Lower corner frequency: 𝑓𝐿 =
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
1
• Upper corner frequency: 𝑓𝐻 =
2𝜋𝜏𝑃
• Midrange or Bandwidth 𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
In midband, gain is almost constant
• Maximum amplitude of Voltage transfer
𝑅𝑃 𝑅𝑃
function is and in dB: 20log10
𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑃 +𝑅𝑆
Problem: Determine corner frequencies and Bandwidth for

𝑅𝑆 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑃 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝐶𝑆 = 1𝜇𝐹, 𝐶𝑃 = 3𝑝𝐹
• Open circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑆 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑆
= 1𝑘 + 10𝑘 1 × 10−3 = 0.11𝑚𝑆
• Short circuit time constant: 𝜏𝑃 = 𝑅𝑆 ∥ 𝑅𝑃 𝐶𝑃
= 1𝑘 ∥ 10𝑘 3 × 10−6 = 2.73𝑛𝑆
1
• Lower corner frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = = 14.5𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
1
• Upper corner frequency: 𝑓𝐻 = = 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑃
• Midrange or Bandwidth 𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
= 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧 − 14.5𝐻𝑧
≈ 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧
Problem: Determine corner frequencies and Bandwidth for

𝑅𝑆 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑃 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝐶𝑆 = 1𝜇𝐹, 𝐶𝑃 = 3𝑝𝐹
1
• Lower corner frequency: 𝑓𝐿 = = 14.5𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑆
1
• Upper corner frequency: 𝑓𝐻 = = 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝜏𝑃
• Midrange or Bandwidth 𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 = 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧 − 14.5𝐻𝑧 ≈ 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧

• Slope:
-20dB/decade
or
-6dB/Octave

AE - 1.3a Frequency Response of CE Amplifier, Three Frequency Bands

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AE - 1.3a Frequency Response of CE Amplifier, Three Frequency Bands

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1.

3a Frequency response of CE amplifier and Three frequency bands

1.3a Frequency response of CE amplifier and

Gain in dB (Power and Voltage)

Input signal source is modelled as

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

1. Common Emitter amplifier Circuit

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

2. CE amplifier With Emitter resistor

3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

3. Determine the small signal voltage gain and input

4. Amplifier’s frequency response

4. Amplifier’s frequency response

4. Amplifier’s frequency response Stray and transistor

4. Amplifier’s frequency response Stray and transistor

4. Amplifier’s frequency response

5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

5. Short circuit and Open circuit time constants

Problem: Determine corner frequencies and Bandwidth for

Problem: Determine corner frequencies and Bandwidth for

• Midrange or Bandwidth 𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 = 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧 − 14.5𝐻𝑧 ≈ 58.3𝑀𝐻𝑧

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