Final Magazine August Compressed

UNMOGIP: New Study on Continent U.S.
Bill on
Argentine Rear Admiral Formation Climate Action
Guillermo New head
Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants
Publishers
August 2022
Pakistan at the 2022

Commonwealth Games
Current Affairs
MCQs
July 2022
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CSS Times Common Wealth Games 2022 03
Pakistan at the 2022

Commonwealth Games
Pakistan competed at the 2022

Commonwealth Games at Birmingham,
England from 28 July to 8 August 2022.
Pakistan managed to secure 18th position
with eight medals including two golds in
the Commonwealth Games 2022.
Wrestlers-led Pakistan contingent managed
to secure 18th position out of 72 different
nations
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Pakistani Olympian javelin thrower Arshad basis of technical superiority after three
Nadeem has become the first South Asian minutes and 59 seconds.
to cross 90 metres and the first Pakistani to
win an athletics gold medal at the
Commonwealth Games in Birmingham.
Nooh Dasatgir Butt created a record by lifting
a total of 405 kilograms - a CWG 2022's
record. He grabbed a gold medal for his
spectacular performance on August 3.
On August 8, Nadeem won the Gold medal -
- the country's second gold in the ongoing
Commonwealth Games in Birmingham.
Publishers
Zaman Anwar secured the Silver medal

after the final of the Men's Freestyle 125 kg
event.
Opening Medal at Commonwealth Games
Pakistan's first medal came from judoka Shah
Hussain Shah who bagged the Bronze medal
on 3 August, 2022. He outperformed his
South African opponent in the 90kg category
On August 6, Pakistani wrestlers - his first ever 90kg event as he always played
Mohammad Sharif Tahir and Ali Asad in the 100kg category.
bagged silver and bronze medals. Australia rules the medal standings chart
On August 5 , Pakistan's wrestlers - Zaman with 178 medals, including 67 gold -
Anwar, Inam Butt and Inayatullah - won followed by England and Canada with 176
medals. and 92 medals, respectively, according to the
Inayatullah won a Bronze medal for the official website of the Commonwealth Games.
country after outclassing his Scottish rival, India is on the fourth spot with 61 medals
Ross Connelly, in the Men's Free Style 65 kg including 22 gold.
Wrestling event. He won the contest on the
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History of Commonwealth Games: separate teams to the Commonwealth

Held every four years, attendance at the Games, and individual teams are also send
Commonwealth Games is typically around from the British Crown Dependencies —
5,000 athletes. The first such event, then Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man — and
known as the British Empire Games, was held many of the British overseas territories. Only
in 1930. The name changed to the British six teams have attended every
Empire and Commonwealth Games in 1954, Commonwealth Games: Australia, Canada,
England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales.
Pakistan history at Commonwealth Games:
Pakistan joined the Commonwealth in 1947
and re-entered it again in 1989 after leaving
the fold in 1972. Pakistan made their debut in
the 1954 Games and were ever present up to
the 1970 Games in Edinburgh. After a 20-year
absence, Pakistan returned to the Games
Family in 1990 by competing in Auckland and
since then they have enjoyed uninterrupted
participation. Pakistan's most successful
to the British Commonwealth Games in 1970 Games have been the 1962 Commonwealth
and assumed the current name of the Games in Perth, Australia where they were 4th
Commonwealth Games in 1978. There are in overall rankings and won 08 gold medals.
currently 54 members of the Commonwealth In all, Pakistan have now racked up 27 gold,
of Nations and 71 teams participate in the 27 silver and 29 bronze medals (total 83)
Commonwealth Games. The four constituent since making their Commonwealth Games
countries of the United Kingdom — England, debut.
Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland — send
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CSS Times UN Reports 07
Global
Employment Trends for
Youth 2022 Report
the global deficit fell to 5.9 per cent and is
projected to decrease further to 4.5pc in
2022. This implies a projected youth
employment deficit of 19 million jobs in 2022.
The unemployment rate of young people in
the Asia and Pacific region is projected to
reach 14.9pc in 2022, the same as the global
average, although there are important
divergences between sub-regions and
countries.
Context Over 31 per cent of Pakistan's youth are
The ILO report, “Global Employment Trends for currently unemployed and of this figure, 51
Youth 2022”, released on August 12, 2022, says per cent are females, while 16 per cent are
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males, with many of them holding Youngsters in this age group experienced a
professional degrees. India experienced much higher percentage loss in employment
severe working-hour and employment losses than adults since early 2020.
in 2020 and 2021, and Indian youth
employment deteriorated in 2021 compared
Status of unemployment
with the 2020 situation · The total global number of
Pandemic Challenges unemployed youth is estimated to
· The pandemic has worsened the reach 73 million in 2022, a slight
numerous labour market challenges improvement from 2021 (75 million), but still
facing those aged between 15 and 24.
six million above the pre-pandemic level of
2019,” the report said.
· It warns that the unemployment rate
of young people in the Asia and Pacific
region is projected to reach 14.9% in
2022, the same as the global average,
although there are important
divergences between subregions and
countries.
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Publishers
Context: At a meeting of the UN General Status: It is not legally binding

Assembly, Pakistan voted in favour of the UN Human Rights Council has already
UNGA resolution for a clean, healthy and recognized access to a healthy and
sustainable environment as a human right. sustainable environment as a universal right
Previously it was not included in the (2021)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Pakistan's constitution is silent on
1948.
The UNGA calls upon States, international environmental protection, but the Supreme
organizations, businesses, and other Court has recognized that the right to a
stakeholders to “scale up efforts” to healthy environment is implicit in the right to
ensure a clean, healthy, and sustainable life. The leading case involved the potential
environment for all. hazard of electro-magnetic radiation from an
The UNGA adopted the resolution on 28 July electrical grid station and associated high
2022, by a recorded vote of 161 in favor and voltage power lines. Local residents in a
zero against. Eight Member States – Belarus, suburb of Islamabad, led by the widow of
Cambodia, China, Ethiopia, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan's former ruler, filed a petition
the Russian Federation, and Syria – abstained. alleging violation of their constitutional right
Originally proposed by Costa Rica, the to life. The court held that the rights to life
Maldives, Morocco, Slovenia, and Switzerland, and dignity under the Constitution of
and later co-sponsored by more than 100
Pakistan included a clean atmosphere and
countries, the UNGA resolution is based on a
similar text, adopted by the UN Human unpolluted environment. The court stayed
Rights Council (UNHRC) in October 2021, construction of the project pending the
which represented the first formal recognition report of a court-appointed expert
at the global level of the right to a clean, commission and a court-ordered public
healthy, and sustainable environment. consultation process.
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UN Guidelines to Protect Children

Displaced by Climate Change
· The landmark guidelines were
launched by the International
Organisation for Migration (IOM),
the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF),
Georgetown University and the
United Nations University.
The Guiding Principles have been
developed to safeguard the rights
and well-being of children moving in
the context of climate change, and are
as follows:
Principle 1: Rights-based approach
Principle 2: Best interests of the child
United Nations-backed agencies have issued Principle 3: Accountability
guidelines to provide the first-ever global Principle 4: Awareness and participation in
policy framework to protect children decision-making
displaced due to climate change. Principle 5: Family unity
(Just go through the points and note down 2- Principle 6: Protection, safety and security
3 points under 'UN guidelines for children'- Principle 7: Access to education, health
to be incorporated into your main answer care and social services
Principle 8: Non-discrimination
writing)
Principle 9: Nationality
· The Guiding Principles for Children
on the Move in the Context of
Climate Changecontain a set of nine
principles that address the unique
vulnerabilities of children who have
been uprooted. The guidelines cover
both internal as well cross-border
migrations.
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These Guiding Principles are intended to be used by local and national governments,
international organizations and civil society groups working with children on the move in the
context of climate change. They are based on existing international law as well as operational
guidelines or frameworks which have been developed by a variety of stakeholders. The
Principles are derived from the Convention on the Rights of the Child and do not create new
international legal obligations.
Climate Change and Children:
· One billion children live in 33 countries classified as being at extremely high risk to
the impacts of climate change.
· Nearly 10 million children were displaced due to weather-related events in 2020
· Such children may be exposed to a variety of risks, such as abuse, trafficking,
exploitation and other forms of maltreatment.
· 36% of all deaths among children (aged (0-14) are, in part, caused by environmental
factors.
· 14% of the total migrant population were children in 2019.
Who Is At Risk Of Climate Change?
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CSS Times Pakistan Affairs 15
Boundary Commission
Awards
It was on August 17, 1947, two days after

Independence, that the award of the
Boundary Commissions for the partition of
Punjab and Bengal was announced. The
award caused much anguish to the people of
the two provinces and also to the
governments of India and Pakistan.
In June 1947, Sir Cyril John Radcliffe, a British
lawyer, was made the Chairman of two
boundary commissions of Punjab and Bengal
and given the task to draw up the new Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan, Justice Teja
borders of India and Pakistan. He was given a Singh, Justice Din Mohammad and Justice
period of five weeks to complete this task and Muhammad Munir as members. The Bengal
arrived in India in July 1947. The boundary commission comprised Justice CC Biswas,
commissions of Punjab and Bengal also Justice BK Mukherjee, Justice Abu Saleh
included two nominees each of the Indian Akram and Justice SA Rehman. The Boundary
National Congress and Muslim League Commissions award was made public on
respectively. The Punjab commission had August 17, 1947.
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When was the award discussed by the Which area of Punjab with Muslim
top political leaders of India and majority was awarded to India by the
Pakistan?
The documents in national archives Boundary Commission in 1947?
include minutes of a meeting held at A) Hoshiarpur
Government house, New Delhi at 5 pm on (B) Jalandhar
August 16, 1947, a day before the public
announcement of award, where the (C) Amritsar
Governor General of India Lord (D) Ferozepur;
Mountbatten, Prime Minister of India Answer: (d)
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister
of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan, Home
Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Who was the Chairman of Boundary
Patel, Interior Minister of Pakistan Fazal- Commission on 1947
ur-Rahman, Defence Minister of India
Sardar Baldev Singh, Secretary of the (A) Cyril Radcliffe
States Department of India, VP Menon (B) Sir James Radcliffe
and Cabinet Secretary of Pakistan (C) Sir Abbot Radcliffe
Mohammad Ali were present. Copies of
the award had been distributed to them (D) Sir Henry Radcliffe;
earlier that day. Answer: (a)
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UNMOGIP
Context: United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Antonio
Guterres has appointed Rear Admiral Guillermo Pablo Rios
of Argentina as the Head of Mission and Chief Military
Observer for the United Nations Military Observer Group
in Pakistan and India (UNMOGIP), the office of the UN
Secretary-General has announced.
Rear Admiral Rios will follow Major General Jose Eladin Alcain
of Uruguay who has nearly completed his tenure. UNMOGIP
emerged from UN Security Council Resolution 39 of
January 1948 that set up the UN Commission for India
and Pakistan (UNCIP).
The Karachi Agreement of July 1949 firmed up the role of
UN-level military observers and permitted supervision of the
Ceasefire Line established in Jammu and Kashmir.
UNMOGIP is funded through the UN's regular budget
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Digital Currency What Is Digital Currency?

· Digital currency(digital
money, electronic money or
electronic currency) is any
currency, money, or money-
like asset that is primarily
managed, stored or
exchanged on digital
computer systems, especially
over the internet.
· Types of digital
It is estimated that 26 million people, 11.5% currencies include
of Pakistan's total population, currently own cryptocurrency, virtual
cryptocurrency. currencyand central bank
According to a latest research report by Policy digital currency.
Advisory Board (PAB) of the Federation of · Digital currency may be
Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and recorded on a distributed
Industry (FPCCI), Pakistan recorded around databaseon the internet, a
$20 billion of cryptocurrency value from centralized electronic
2020-21.² Pakistan also ranks third in the computer database owned by
Chainalysis Global Crypto Adoption Index, a company or bank, within
suggesting that cryptocurrency is becoming digital files or even on a
increasingly mainstream in Pakistan. stored-value card.
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Digital Currency Benefits · Peer to peer transaction: 'Save extra
· Faster payments.Using digital cost', is the utmost persuading factor
currency one can complete payments for all. Earlier, the presence of
much faster than current means, which middlemen in the financial blockchain
can take days for financial institutions incurred extra cost on the transactions.
to confirm a transaction.
The appeal of P2P is that one can
· Less expensive international
transfer wealth or ownership of
transfers.International currency
transactions are very expensive; commodities without the involvement
individuals are charged high fees to of a third party. A peer-to-peer
move funds from one country to transaction is transparent, secured and
another, especially when it involves less complicated. In short, peer-to-
currency conversions. Digital assets are peer transactions offer privacy and no
disrupting this marketing by making it additional cost on the transfer.
faster and less costly. · Ease of use: The advent of digital
· 24/7 access.Existing money transfers currencies is paving the way for
often take more time during weekends endless opportunities. The
and outside normal business hours undebatable advantage of digital
because banks are closed and can't
currencies is its ease of use. Having a
confirm transactions. With digital
currency, transactions work at the smart device allows us to be your own
same speed 24 hours a day, seven days bank and make transactions much
a week. easier and time saving.
· Support for the unbanked and · Fraud proof/ transparent: Digital
underbanked. With CBDC (central currency is dedicated to focus on user
bank digital currency), unbanked privacy, so data breaches would be
individuals could access their money rare since it contains limited personal
and pay their bills without extra details. All transactions are encrypted
charges. between “digital wallets” and will result
· More efficient government in an exact parity calculation on the
payments. could send payments like
ledger. Essentially, blockchain
tax refunds, child benefits and food
stamps to people instantly, rather than technology is poised to disrupt every
trying to mail them a check or figure aspect of our existence with this type
out prepaid debit cards. of security.
· Dawn of decentralization:
Decentralization provides financial
freedom that can remain unaffected by
the vicissitude of the banks and
government. As there is no third-party
involvement, it can offer more
transparency and better transactional
security. Networks built on blockchain
do not require any trust or knowledge
of others. Decentralized finance (Defi)
as a system can easily replace the
conventional financial processes for
obvious reasons.
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· Global acceptance: Earlier, people had · Blockchain transactions can be
to pour in more money to send or expensive.Cryptocurrencies use the
receive payments across borders. By blockchain, where computers must
transcending global borders, digital solve complex equations to verify and
currency promises flexibility and record transactions. This takes
economic growth. Adding to the big considerable electricity and gets more
picture, it also would be inexpensive, expensive as there are more
easy and fast. Digital currencies can transactions..
boost trade and open up multiple · Large swings in digital currency
opportunities to strengthen the prices.Cryptocurrency prices and value
financial health of the countries. can change suddenly.
Digital Currency Disadvantages Future of Digital Currency
· Too many currencies to navigate at · By transcending global borders, digital
the moment.The current popularity of currency promises flexibility and
cryptocurrency is actually a downside. economic growth. Adding to the big
There are so many digital currencies picture, it also would be inexpensive,
being created across different easy and fast.
blockchains that all have their own · Digital currencies can boost trade and
limitations. It will take time to open up multiple opportunities to
determine which digital currencies may strengthen the financial health of the
be appropriate for certain use cases, countries.
including whether some are designed Pakistan has a total of 180 million mobile
to scale for mass adoption. phone connections in a population of 208
· Takes effort to learn how to use million while over half of them (95 million)
them.Digital currencies require work use the advanced 3G/4G internet, according
on the part of the user to learn how to to the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
perform fundamental tasks, like how to (PTA).
open a digital wallet and properly
store digital assets securely. For digital
currencies to be more widely adopted,
the system needs to get simpler.
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CSS Times General Science 23
BIOFUELS
BIOFUEL can be defined as solid, liquid, or
gas fuel consisting of or derived from
biomass. It is a material derived from
organisms such as plants, animals and their
by-products. Manure, garden waste and crop
residues are all sources of biomass.
· Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels
primarily produced from biomass
—that is, plant or algae material or
animal waste.
· Biofuels can be used to replace or can
be used in addition to diesel, petrol or
other fossil fuels for transport, · Second generation biofuels -These
stationary, portable and other are produced from non-food crops,
applications. such as cellulosic biofuels and waste
· Ethanol and biodiesel are the two main biomass (stalks of wheat and corn, and
transport biofuels. These fuels can be wood). Examples include advanced
produced from a variety of biomass. biofuels like biohydrogen,
Categories of biofuels biomethanol.
· First generation biofuels- First- · Third generation biofuels- These are
generation biofuels are made from produced from micro-organisms like
sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal algae.
fats using conventional technology. · Fourth generation biofuels- These
Common first-generation biofuels are produced from genetically
include Bioalcohols, Biodiesel, modified (GM) algae to enhance
Vegetable oil, Bioethers, Biogas. biofuel production.
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Pakistan's Biofuel Economy The national Alternative and Renewable
Pakistan's energy demand is increasing by the Energy Policy 2019 promises 30 per cent
day, and it now stands at 84 MTOE. Currently, generation from renewables by 2030. In
the use of fossil fuels dominates Pakistan's contrast, the Indicative Generation Capacity
energy sector. Conversely, indigenous fossil Expansion Plan 2030, on the one hand, aims
fuel resources are rapidly depleting and will at displacing fossil fuel projects with variable
be unable to meet rising energy demands in renewable energy sources by 2030, but, on
the future. Therefore, to withstand its energy the other, commits to several fossil fuel
needs, the country will need to explore projects for the upcoming years.
alternative energy production methods. In Pakistan, natural gas was introduced as a
Biomass is one of the alternatives that has replacement for expensive imported residual
enormous potential to help Pakistan combat furnace oil. In 2011, 50 per cent of Pakistan's
its growing energy crisis. power generation was based on natural gas,
According to The Energy Security Action and since the gas reserves are largely on the
Plan of the Planning Commission, Pakistan decline, Pakistan relies heavily on imported
will be facing a shortfall in gas supplies LNG. But the main ingredient of LNG is
rising from 1.4 billion cubic feet (BCF) per methane; a component known to be 80 times
day in 2012 to 2.7 BCF in 2015, and more pollutant than carbon dioxide.
escalating to 10.3 BCF per day by the year On the contrary, the Gharo-Jhimpir wind
2025. It is, therefore, a matter of economic corridor in Sindh was identified as the most
security to develop alternative hydrogen lucrative site for wind power plants. The wind
resources to avoid mid-century energy power potential covered an area of 9,700
crises in the country. square kilometre with a gross wind power
potential of 43,000MW. The corridor is now
expanding rapidly and touching the
boundaries of even Jamshoro and Badin
districts.
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On July 29, the Earth broke its record for Impact and solution
the shortest day as it completed a full spin · If the Earth continues to spin at an
in 1.59 milliseconds less than its standard increasing rate it could lead to the
24-hour rotation. introduction of the negative leap
Background seconds, in a bid to keep the rate that
· Earth recently has been increasing its the Earth orbits the Sun consistent
speed. Back in 2020, the Earth saw its with the measurement from atomic
shortest month that has ever been clocks.
recorded since the 1960s. On July 19 of
that year, the shortest of all time was Negative leap seconds, the
measured. It was 1.47 milliseconds
shorter than a typical 24-hour day. opposite of regular leap
Cause of increase in speed seconds, involve subtracting
· The cause of the differing speed of
Earth's spin is still unknown. But time from the Earth's
scientists speculate that this could be timekeeping system so that it
because of processes in the inner or
outer layers of the core, oceans, aligns with astronomical time,
tides or even changes in climate. or the time it actually takes
· Some researchers also believe that this the Earth to complete a
could be related to the movement of
Earth's geographic poles across its rotation. Co-ordinated
surface, known as the "Chandler universal time, or UTC, is the
wobble". In simpler words, this is
similar to the quiver one sees when a time standard used to adjust
spinning top starts gaining clocks on Earth
momentum or slows down.
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· However, the negative leap second Scientists have several ideas regarding what
would have potentially confusing could be causing Earth to suddenly begin
consequences for smartphones, speeding up its rotation and shortening its
computers and communications days. These ideas can involve processes in the
systems. planet's inner or outer layers, oceans, tides, or
· The leap second "mainly benefits even its climate
scientists and astronomers" but that it is The shortening of days could be related to a
small irregular movement in the Earth's
a "risky practice that does more harm
geographical poles and its axis of rotation that
than good". This is because the clock shifts them by a minuscule amount across its
progresses from 23:59:59 to 23:59:60 surface called the 'Chandler wobble.'
before resetting to 00:00:00. A time If the decrease in day length continues then it
jump like this can, therefore, crash may necessitate the introduction of a negative
programmes and corrupt data due to leap second to keep 'civil time' measured by
the timestamps on the data storage. highly reliable atomic clocks in sync with solar
· Should a negative leap second occur, time, the movement of the sun through the sky
the clock will change from 23:59:58 to from sunset to sunrise.
00:00:00, and this could have a
"devastating effect" on the software
relying on timers and schedulers. Publishers
· To s o l v e t h i s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l
timekeepers may need to add a
negative leap second - a "drop
second".
In recent years, however, this long-term
trend has been reversing. The Earth
seems to be speeding up and taking
progressively less time to complete its
spin meaning days are shortening.
In December 2020, the website Time and Date
reported (opens in new tab) that during that
year the Earth had experienced its 28 shortest
days since scientists began measuring the
length of a day with atomic clocks in the 1960s.
July 19, 2020, was a record-breaking short day
that year with Earth completing a rotation in
1.47 milliseconds under 24 hours. The record
remained unchallenged during 2021 before The earth rotation on its axis
being broken by a minus 1.59 millisecond day is from
on June 29, 2022. (A) South to North
And July 19, 2020, would not stay in the
(B) North to South
second-fastest day placement for long either.
Just a month after the record for the fastest day (C) East to West
was shattered, that second place day was once (D) West to East
a g a i n d e t h ro n e d f u r t h e r w h e n E a r t h Answer: (d)
experienced a -1.50 millisecond day on July 26,
2022.
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Hepatitis
Context: World Hepatitis Day (July 28) and C, effective medications are
Theme: “Bringing hepatitis care closer to available. The vaccine is available for
you” Hepatitis B.
About Hepatitis
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver.
The liver is a vital organ that processes
nutrients, filters the blood, and fights
infections. When the liver is inflamed or
damaged, its function can be affected.
· Causes: Heavy alcohol use, toxins,
some medications, and certain medical
conditions can cause hepatitis.
· Types: It is caused by a group of
viruses known as the “hepatotropic”
(liver-directed) viruses and can be of
type A, B, C, D and E. It may also be
caused by 'Varicella Virus' (which is
responsible for Chickenpox)
· Treatment: Hepatitis A and E go away
on their own) and require no specific
antiviral medications. For Hepatitis B
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Severity: It can be of Hepatitis and in every 31st minute, a
· Acute(inflammation of the liver that woman loses her life during childbirth in
presents with sickness — jaundice, Pakistan.
fever, vomiting)
· Chronic(inflammation of the liver According to the World Health
that lasts more than six months, but Organization's estimates, 100,000 people
essentially shows no symptoms) die from Hepatitis A and 60,000 from
Pakistan: Hepatitis E. The death rate is much higher
Pakistan almost 12 million people are in pregnant women. Hepatitis A accounts
suffering from hepatitis B or C. Each year for 50 to 60 per cent of acute viral
brings about 150 000 new cases. The
majority of people catch this infection in Hepatitis in children in the country.
health care settings without being aware Almost 96 per cent of children under the
of it. In every 16th minute, a person dies age of five years are exposed to Hepatitis
A while approximately 98 to 100 per cent
adults are exposed to Hepatitis A at
adulthood.
· Global Target is to eliminate viral
hepatitis as a public health threat
by 2030.
· Integrated Regional Action Plan
for viral hepatitis, HIV and Sexually
Transmitted Infection STIs
2022–2026 (by WHO)
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CSS Times Geography 31
New Study on Continent Formation

Earth's continents were formed by massive meteorite impacts that were prevalent during the
first billion years of our planet's four and a half billion-year history, according to a new study.
Meteorite impacts generated massive energy to form oceanic plates, which later evolved into
continents, the study published August 10, 2022 in Nature journal found.
Further findings of the new Study
· Meteorite impacts generated massive energy to form oceanic plates, which later evolved
into continents.
· The most commonly accepted theory in place attributes continent formation to the
movement of tectonic plates.
· The theory that giant meteorite impacts formed continents had been
around for decades, but until now, there was little solid evidence for its support.
· The new study provides some concrete evidence supporting the big impact theory.
The Research
· The researchers looked for evidence in zircon crystals embedded in rocks from the
Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. This craton is the remnant of an ancient crust that
began forming more than three billion years ago.
· Zircons are formed by the crystallisation of magma or are found in metamorphic
rocks. They act as tiny time capsules, recording the period of geologic activity. Newer
zircon adds to the original crystal as time progresses.
· Johnson and his colleagues studied the variants or isotopes of oxygen within these
crystals: oxygen-18 and oxygen-16. The ratio between the two variants helped scientists
estimate past temperatures.
· Older grains of zircon possessed the lighter oxygen-16. The younger ones contained the
heavier oxygen-18.
· This pattern suggests the Pilbara Craton began with extensive melting of shallow, near-
surface rocks, with subsequent melting occurring at successively deeper levels.
· The giant meteorite hit Earth and melted the outer shell of the Earth or the lithosphere,
according to the study.
· This impact released the pressure on the underlying mantle. As a result, the mantle likely
melted, creating an oceanic plateau.
· This is similar to a lump forming after being struck on the head by a stone or a cricket
ball, according to the expert.
· If the oceanic plateau gets big enough, it can melt at its base to form granite, which is
what the continents are made of. Granite requires both water and energy to form.
· Other rocky planets and the moon have had a history of meteorite impacts. But they had
little or no water by the time the flux of effects declined.
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CSS Times Climate Change 32
U.S. Bill on Climate Action

The U.S. Senate passed the Inflation Brief Summary
Reduction Act of 2022 on Sunday, August 7, The Inflation Reduction Act has consumed
2022. The IRA has a special focus on more than a year of work and negotiations in
climate, healthcare, and tax provisions to th
the 117 Congress. As of this writing, the
address inflation.
Details: Senate has passed it as an amendment that
· The Bill marks the largest American replaces the House bill passed in November
investment aimed toward making the 2021; expectations are that the House will
U.S. a leader in clean energy. agree to the Senate amendment on Friday,
· It provides a tax deduction to low and August 12, 2022, and send it to President
middle-income households to go Biden to be signed into law. If so, the IRA
electric and seeks to lower the energy 2022 will provide nearly $44 billion in funding
bills of U.S. households.
· For disadvantaged low-income to agricultural conservation, rural
communities and tribal communities, development and forestry programs as
the Bill provides funding to benefit follows:
from zero-emission technologies. · $19.5 billion for farm bill conservation
· It also imposes a fee on methane leaks programs;
from oil and gas drilling. · $13.3 billion for rural development
· However, climate advocates criticise
programs;
the bill for coupling the development
of renewable energy, which is the · $6 billion for FSA farm loan borrower
cause of global warming, with land assistance; and
leasing for oil and gas drilling. · $5 billion for forestry programs.
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What are the climate change provisions? land for onshore and offshore drilling
· The Bill marks the largest American as a prerequisite for developing
investment aimed toward making the renewable energy.
U.S. a leader in clean energy. · Thus, it handcuffs the expansion of oil
· It includes packages worth $369 billion and gas with renewable energy
for the clean energy transition. development.
· It provides a tax deduction to low and
middle-income households to go
electric and seeks to lower the energy
bills of American households.
· It also aims to bolster the domestic
production of heat pumps and critical
minerals.
· For disadvantaged low-income
communities and tribal communities,
the Bill provides funding to benefit
from zero-emission technologies
which reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, enhance climate resilience, Why does the U.S. want to invest in
and mitigate risks from extreme heat. addressing climate change?
· The Bill provides significant investment · The U.S is currently facing extreme
in renewable energy through heavy tax climate threats. This includes
credits for wind and solar energy heatwaves, wildfires, cyclones, floods,
projects and electric vehicles. and hurricanes that have become
frequent and intense in the past few
years.
· Additionally, President Joe Biden has
also undertaken certain climate
commitments. Climate action has been
a priority since he came into office. In
2021, he committed to the new
ambitious target of cutting emissions
by 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030
and signed a new methane deal to
curb methane emissions from the oil
and gas industry.
· He introduced the Build Back Better
· Additionally, the Bill imposes a tax on plan which was a multi-trillion deal
the largest and most profitable with key provisions for climate change.
· In May 2022, the Biden administration
companies in order that they pay their
revoked the Alaska oil and gas drilling
fair share, without levying any taxes on
lease sales in the backdrop of soaring
households with income less than
fuel prices, a move that is consistent
$40,000 per annum.
with its climate commitment.
· It also imposes a fee on methane leaks
Criticism:
from oil and gas drilling.
· The legislation faced criticism not only
· At the same time, the Bill also aims at
from Republicans but also from a
more investments in fossil fuels.
section within the Democrats along
· It seeks to expand oil and gas drilling, with fossil fuel supporters, and climate
with the federal government offering advocates.
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· Climate advocates criticise the bill for · As part of the plan, the country aims
coupling the development of to transition to clean energy and
renewable energy, which is the cause achieve 46% reduction in greenhouse
of global warming, with land leasing gas emissions by 2030.
for oil and gas drilling. The Bill still · In June 2021, the European Union (EU)
contains giveaways to the fossil fuel proposed a similar 'Fit for 55' plan to
sector. reduce emissions by 55% by 2030. The
How does the Bill help the U.S. achieve plan is expected to become law soon.
its climate targets? Being the largest emitters, both the
· The Bill being the largest-ever U.S. and the EU can play a significant
investment in addressing the climate role in taking responsibility for
crisis in U.S. history, will help the historical emissions.
nation get closer to its climate target Conclusion
of reducing 50-52% emissions below The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has been
2005 levels by 2030. passed by the U.S. Senate and awaits a vote
· According to an estimate by the in the House. If, as expected, the House
Rhodium Group, the investments in agrees the bill will go to President Biden to
the Bill could reduce greenhouse gas be signed into law. Part 1 of this review has
emissions by 31 to 44% by 2030. covered the basics of the reconciliation
Have similar climate packages been process and the instructions that put in
announced by other countries? motion the effort in Congress to negotiate,
· In May 2022, Japan announced its write and pass the Inflation Reduction Act.
'Invest in Kisida' plan which aims for a Part 1 has also reviewed the $19.5 billion in
$1.1 trillion investment to bolster the additional funding appropriated to
Japanese economy. conservation programs in the farm bill. Part 2
will review the funding provided to other
programs in the jurisdiction of the Senate
Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and
Forestry.
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CSS Times Politics 36
Kangaroo Court
· It is defined as an unofficial court managed by a group of
people to try someone as guilty even without good evidence.
· It ignores acknowledged standards of law or justice.
· The first kangaroo courts originated in the United States in
1849.
· It was first mentioned in 1853 in a book in the USA.
· It undermines the importance of the Judiciary and poses a serious
challenge to the law and order situation.
· It also goes against the principle of “Rule of Law”.
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CSS Times Current Affairs 37
Iran Nuclear Deal

A European Union proposal to revive the · The Islamic Republic has sought to
2015 Iran nuclear deal “can be acceptable if obtain guarantees that no future U.S.
it provides assurances” on Tehran's key President would renege on the deal if it
demands, the state news agency IRNA said. were revived, as former President
Iran has sought to obtain guarantees that no future Donald Trump did in 2018 and restored
US president would renege on the deal if it were harsh U.S. sanctions on Iran.
· However, President Joe Biden cannot
revived, as then-President Donald Trump did in
provide such ironclad assurances
2018 and restored harsh US sanctions on Iran. because the deal is a political
Details: understanding rather than a legally
· The EU said it had put forward a “final” binding treaty.
text following four days of indirect talks Background:
between U.S. and Iranian officials in · Diplomats from Iran and world powers
Vienna. are seeking a deal to revive the
· No more changes could be made to the Tehran's 2015 nuclear accord.
text, which has been under negotiation · The United States has participated
for 15 months. He said he expected a indirectly in the talks because it
final decision from the parties within a withdrew from the accord in 2018 under
“very, very few weeks.” then President Donald Trump.
· IRNA quoted the unidentified Iranian · The accord, formally known as the Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action,
d i p l o m a t a s s a y i n g Te h r a n w a s g ra n te d I ra n s a n c t i o n s re l i e f i n
reviewing the proposal. exchange for curbs on its nuclear
program.
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The 2015 JCPOA agreement: · It sought to cut Iran off a
The 2015 pact seemed near revival in possible path to a nuclear
March. But 11 months of indirect talks bomb in return for lifting of
between Tehran and the Biden economic sanctions.
administration in Vienna were thrown · Iran agreed to cut its stockpile
into disarray chiefly over Iran's of enriched uranium by 98% to
insistence that Washington remove its 300 kg and keep them at a low
elite Revolutionary Guards Corps from
purity level of 3.67%. In return,
the US Foreign Terrorist Organizations
the Obama administration lifted
list.
sanctions.
Under the 2015 agreement, Iran
curbed its disputed uranium · Restrictions were introduced on
enrichment program, a possible the number of centrifuges it
pathway to nuclear weapons, in return could keep and Iran agreed to
for relief from US, EU and US sanctions. open all its facilities to the
Tehran says it wants nuclear power inspection of the International
only for peaceful purposes. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
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Russia-Ukraine
Grain Deal
Publishers
Russia and Ukraine signed separate

agreements with Turkey and the U.N., clearing
the way for exporting millions of tons of
desperately needed Ukrainian grain — as well
as Russian grain and fertilizer — ending a
wartime standoff that had threatened food
security around the globe. Russian Defense
Minister Sergei Shoigu and Ukrainian
On July 22, Ukraine and Russia reached an Infrastructure Minister Oleksandr Kubrakov
agreement to allow exports of grain and signed separate deals with U.N. Secretary
other agricultural products to resume from General Antonio Guterres and Turkish
selected Ukraine Black Sea ports after months Defense Minister Hulusi Akar.
of Russian blockade. The agreement comes at The agreement could help to alleviate rising
a time when storage capacity is reaching its food insecurity and global hunger concerns.
limits, with the much of the 2022 wheat Hundreds of millions of people in the Middle
harvest and the approximately 20 million East and North Africa (MENA) region and
metric tons of grains and oilseeds harvested elsewhere depend on Black Sea wheat
in 2021 remaining in storage—unable to ship imports as an essential part of their diets and
because of the blockade. are contending with high prices.
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The World Food Programme (WFP) estimates lasts for 120 days but could be extended if
that 47 million people have moved into a agreed to by Russia and Ukraine.
stage of acute hunger as a consequence of
the Ukraine war, and Western officials have
accused Russia of using food as a weapon
during its invasion.
The deal will also allow the unimpeded access
of Russian fertilizers to global markets. Russia
is a major producer of fertilizers, which are
vital to maximizing food production, and the
cost of the product has spiralled since the
invasion.
Significance: The agreement will allow

millions of tonnes of grain, currently trapped
in Ukraine by the war, to be exported.
· The world shortage of Ukrainian grain
since Russia's 24 February invasion has
left millions at risk of hunger.
What is in the agreement? What is the grain export deal?
The deal to resume Black Sea exports involves The deal makes provisions for the safe
two separate agreements: One between passage of ships. It foresees the
Ukraine and Turkey covering grain exports establishment of a control center in Istanbul,
from Ukraine, and one between Russia and to be staffed by U.N., Turkish, Russian and
Turkey covering food and fertilizer exports Ukrainian officials, to run and coordinate the
from Russia. Under the Ukraine agreement, process, Turkish officials have said. Ships
safe passage of export ships would be would undergo inspections to ensure they are
allowed from the ports of Odessa, not carrying weapons. Podolyak insisted that
Chornomorsk, and Pivdennyi. Significantly, no Russian ship would escort vessels and that
the agreement does not extend to the port of there would be no Russian representative
Mykolaiv, which accounts for about one fifth present at Ukrainian ports. Ukraine also plans
of annual Black Sea exports, but is closer to an immediate military response “in case of
combat zones within Ukraine. Under its provocations,” he said.
agreement with Turkey, Russia gets
assurances that its exports of food and
fertilizer will not be affected by export
sanctions. This latter point is important, as
Russia, like Ukraine is also a major exporter of
agricultural products and fertilizers. The
agreement does not extend to natural gas
which is an important feedstock for
nitrogenous fertilizers. Finally, the agreement
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Why is the grain agreement important? inventories. This rebuilding process would be
Black Sea ports have been effectively blocked greatly accelerated if Ukraine manages to
since mid-February, first by Russian military recover its role on global market. Yet the war
exercises, then by mines placed by Ukraine to is ongoing, with continuing adverse impacts
prevent possible Russian sea-based attacks on production and daily uncertainty—a single
after the invasion. Ukraine ships almost 75% errant rocket could cause insurers to balk at
of its agricultural exports through the ports providing insurance.
on the Black Sea. About half of those exports In the short run, implementing the agreement
go out through the ports of Odessa, at scale and for the rest of year is essential to
Chornomorsk, and Pivdennyi (Yuzhny) avoid storage issues that could ultimately
Conclusion drive both prices and production down in
Ukraine. The deal is tenuous; nevertheless, it
Despite its shaky start, many hope the Russia- remains the beacon of hope as the first step
Ukraine agreement will result in increased towards a normalization of trade out of the
exports of agricultural and fertilizer products. Black Sea region, and improved food security
This will help mitigate some of the impacts of for hundreds of millions.
the war on the world's poorest households. Is
it enough to restore the pre-war status quo?
No. The current crisis in supplies of wheat and
other agricultural products is driven by many
factors and there is a need to rebuild global
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The ICJ's Latest

Judgment in the
Case of Genocide
against Myanmar
About ICJ:
· ICJ was established in 1945 by the
United Nations charter and started
working in April 1946.
· It is the principal judicial organ of the
United Nations, situated at the Peace
Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
· Unlike the six principal organs of the
Myanmar's military launched what it called a United Nations, it is the only one not
clearance campaign in Rakhine state in located in New York (USA).
2017 in the aftermath of an attack by a
Rohingya insurgent group. More than
700,000 Rohingya fled into neighbouring
Bangladesh and Myanmar security forces
have been accused of mass rapes, killings and
torching of thousands of Rohingya homes.
Amid international outrage at the treatment
of the Rohingya, Gambia filed the case with
the world court in November 2019, alleging
that Myanmar is breaching the genocide
convention.
So far, only three cases of genocide
worldwide have been recognised since World
War II: Cambodia (the late 1970s), Rwanda
(1994), and Srebrenica, Bosnia (1995).
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· It settles legal disputes between States 'never again' after the atrocities committed
and gives advisory opinions in during the Second World War.
accordance with international law, on · The definition of the crime of
legal questions referred to it by genocide, as set out in the Convention, has
authorized United Nations organs and been widely adopted at both national and
specialized agencies. international levels, including in the 1998
The Genocide Convention: Rome Statute of the International Criminal
The Convention on the Prevention and Court (ICC).
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide · The Rome Statute established four
(Genocide Convention) is an instrument of core international crimes: genocide,
international law that codified for the first crimes against humanity, war crimes,
time the crime of genocide. and the crime of aggression. Those
According to the Genocide Convention, crimes “shall not be subject to any
genocide is a crime that can take place statute of limitations”.
both in times of war as well as in the time · Importantly, the Convention
of peace. establishes on State Parties the
· The Genocide Convention was the obligation to take measures to
first human rights treaty adopted by the prevent and punish the crime of
General Assembly of the United Nations genocide, including by enacting
on 9 December 1948 and signified the relevant legislation and punishing
international community's commitment to perpetrators, “whether they are
constitutionally responsible rulers,
public officials or private individuals”
(Article IV).
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CSS Times Whistleblowing 47
Whistleblowing has to do with ethics because

it represents a person's understanding, at a
deep level, that an action his or her
organization is taking is harmful—that it
interferes with people's rights or is unfair or
detracts from the common good.
Ethical issues with Whistleblowing:
Being disloyal towards organization v/s
sharing knowledge of wrongdoing for the
benefit of others and moral commitment
After it came to light that the source of the towards society. He may also gain mistrust of
Uber Files investigation was Mark McGann his fellow workers.
a senior lobbyist who worked for Uber, the
whistleblower of the 2016 Panama Papers
has given his first interview.
The Panama Papers, exposed how the rich
and powerful parked and moved their money
in and out of global tax havens.
About Whistleblowers:
Whistleblowing refers to calling attention to
wrongdoing happening in an organization.
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The values that are shown by whistleblowers:
· Courage – It takes moral courage to stand against your organization and be
ready to lose out on stability in one's life.
· Self-sacrifice – They work for the public interest at the cost of themselves.
· Duty bound and respecting the law – However, there is a dilemma of breaching
the ethics by breaching the contract with the organization as well.
Publishers
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How can government encourage whistle-
blowing:
· Create a policy about reporting illegal
or unethical practices
o Formal mechanisms for
reporting violations, such as
hotlines and mailboxes.
o Clear communications about
the process of voicing concerns,
such as a specific chain of
command, or the
identification of a specific
person to handle complaints.
L e g i s l a t i o n s i n Pa k i s t a n r e g a r d i n g
Whistleblowing:
Pakistan yet lacks a law for protection of
whistleblowers.
The Government of Pakistan introduced, on 2
May 2019, a bill ('the Bill') to establish the
Whistleblower Protection and Vigilance
Commission ('the Commission'), to the
National Assembly. In particular, the Bill aims
to facilitate whistleblowers in providing
information relating to corruption to the
Commission and provides protection and
redress for any disadvantageous measures
that whistleblowers may face, including
dismissal from employment, blacklisting, and
intimidation. In addition, the Bill empowers
the Commission to make regulations,
provides the Commission with all the powers
of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil
· Get endorsement of the Procedure, 1908 (Act No. V of 1908) when
policy from top officials and assessing whistleblowing complaints, and
publicize the organization's states that every proceeding before the
commitment to the process. Commission will be deemed a judicial
Elected and administrative proceeding.
leadership must encourage Furthermore, the Bill incentivises
ethical behaviour and hold whistleblowers to submit information to the
everyone within the Commission with a financial reward while
organization to the highest providing that false whistleblowing claims
standards, including the may result in imprisonment for up to two
disclosure of activities that years, a fine of PKR 500,000 (approx. €3,000),
would have a negative impact or both.
on the public's business.
· Investigate and follow up promptly
on all allegations of misconduct.
Report on these investigations to the
council or board.
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CSS Times CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs 51
National & International

MCQs
Publishers
CURRENT
July
2022
1 Who won Pakistan's first-ever medal in The 25-year-old created the games record
javelin thrower at Commonwealth Games with the throw of 90.18m to clinch the gold
2022? medal leaving behind his closest competitor
(a) Fatima Hussain and World Athletics Championship 2022 gold
(b) Arshad Nadeem medallist Grenada's Anderson Peters.
(c) Nooh Dastgir Butt 2 Sharif Tahir won silver medal in which
(d) Tayyab Aslam sport at Commonwealth Games 2022?
Answer: (b) (a) Weightlifting
(b) Squash
(c) Judo
(d) Wrestling
Answer (a)
Explanatory Note: Olympian javelin thrower

Arshad Nadeem created history as he
became the first South Asian to cross the 90m
barrier in the sport and the first ever Pakistani
to claim the athletics gold medal at the Explanatory Note: Wrestler Sharif Tahir had
Commonwealth Games in Birmingham on to content himself with a silver medal in his
August 08, 2022. debut event, when he went down to India's
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Naveen Kumar 0-9 in the 74kg final of the Explanatory Note: The Pakistani passport
men's freestyle wrestling competition of the continues to be the fourth-worst in the world,
Commonwealth Games not changing its position from a year ago and
3 Inam Butt who won silver medal for providing access to only 32 destinations,
Pakistan at Commonwealth Games 2022 is according to the Henley Passport Index for
associated with which sport? 2022.
(a) Boxing The Henley Passport Index is a ranking of all
(b) Wrestling the world's 199 passports according to the
(c) Weightlifting number of destinations their holders can
(d) Badminton access without a prior visa.
Answer © In the newly unveiled ranking, Pakistan is
ranked only higher than conflict-ravaged
Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, which occupies
the bottom spot.
As for Bangladesh, it occupies the 104th
position — five spots higher than Pakistan —
with its passport holders having access to 41
countries.
5 Who will become the 29th Chief Justice
of Pakistan?
(a) Justice Munib Akhtar
(b) Justice Qazi Faez Isa
(c) Justice Yahya Afridi
(d) Justice Syed Mansoor Ali Shah
Explanatory Note: Pakistan's star wrestler Answer: (b)
Inam Butt bagged a Silver medal for his
country after a final loss against an Indian
opponent in Men's Freestyle 86kg event in
the Commonwealth Games 2022 on August 5,
2022.
4 What was Pakistan's rank on Henley
Passport Index 2022?
(a) 67
(b) 109
(c) 87
(d) 104
Answer (b)
Explanatory Note: Justice Isa took oath as a
judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan on
September 5, 2014, and is scheduled to
become the chief justice on September 18,
2023, for 13 months.
6 When did the Earth break its shortest
day record?
(a) July 27th
(b) July 28th
(c) July 29th
th
(d) July 30
Answer: (c)
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Bin Laden's death. Bin Laden was also killed in
2011 during a raid on his compound by US
forces. Ayman al-Zawahri was killed in a
counter-terrorism operation led by Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Afghanistan.
8 'Danuri' is the moon mission of which
country?
(a) Malaysia
(b) Japan
(c) South Korea
Explanatory Note: Earth broke its shortest (d) Singapore
day record on July 29, 2022, by completing its Answer: ©
full rotation in a time that was 1.59
milliseconds shorter than the regular 24
hours' time on July 29th. Noticeably, the Earth
has been rotating faster than in earlier years.
The Earth had recorded the shortest month in
2020 and July 19 of that year was recorded as
the shortest day of all time. On July 19, 2020,
the Earth completed its rotation in a time 1.47
milliseconds lesser than a standard 24-hour
day.
7 The US confirmed the killing of terrorist
leader Ayman al-Zawahri recently in a
drone strike. He was the leader of which Explanatory Note: South Korea launched its
terror outfit? maiden spacecraft to the moon and joined
(a) Al-Qaeda the race with other countries. South Korean
(b) ISIS moon mission- Danuri is worth USD 180
(c) JeM million and is the country's first step in lunar
(d) LeT exploration. Danuri features a boxy, solar-
Answer: (a) powered satellite that has been designed to
slide above 62 miles above the lunar surface.
The scientists will collect the geologic and
other data from the low polar orbit for at
least a year.
9 The Geldingadalir volcano, which
erupted recently, is located in which
country?
(a) Indonesia
Explanatory Note: US President Joe Biden

confirmed recently that the United States had
killed Ayman al-Zawahri in a drone strike
carried over the weekend in Kabul,
Afghanistan. Ayman al-Zawahri had taken
over as the leader of al-Qaeda after Osama
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(b) Malaysia
(c) Iceland
(d) Japan
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: The Geldingadalir volcano
erupted in an uninhabited valley near
Iceland's capital, Reykjavik on August 3,
2022 after days of continuous seismic activity.
10 Who is Nancy Pelosi?
(a) White House Chief of Staff
(b) US House of Representatives
Speaker Sri Lankan President after receiving 134 votes,
(c) State Secretary while his competitor SLPP parliamentarian
(d) Defence Secretary Dullas Alahaperuma received 82 votes and
Answer: (b) National People's Power (NPP) leader Anura
Kumara Dissanayake received three votes.
Ranil Wickremesinghe had been sworn in as
the interim President of Sri Lanka earlier on
July 15 in place of Gotabaya Rajapaksa who
submitted his resignation from the post.
12 Which English cricketer has announced
his retirement from ODI Cricket?
(a) Jason Roy
(b) Joe Root
(c) Ben Stokes
(d) Jos Buttler
Explanatory Note: Nancy Pelosi, visited Answer: ©
Taiwan (officially the Republic of China) on 2
August 2022.
Nancy Pelosi is an American politician serving
as the 52nd speaker of the US House of
Representatives since 2019. She had served at
the same position previously from 2007 to
2011. She has served as a U.S. representative
from California since 1987. She is the only
woman to serve as the US House of
Representatives Speaker. She has served as a
US representative from California since 1987.
11 Who has been elected as the new Explanatory Note: Ben Stokes, England's all-
President of Sri Lanka? rounder, announced his retirement from ODI
(a) Ranil Wickremesinghe cricket on July 18, 2022. The 31-year-old took
(b) Dullas Alahapperuma to social media to make the shocking
(c) Anura Dissanayake announcement. He said that the first ODI
(d) Sajith Premadasa between England and South Africa in Durham
Answer: (a) will be his last match in the format. Ben
Explanatory Note: The six-time Sri Lanka Stokes was recently named captain of
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe was England's Test team. He said in his note that
elected as the new Sri Lankan President on he will give everything he has to Test cricket
July 20, 2022. He was elected as the new and T20 format.
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13 A mysterious sinkhole has been Australia's RAAF bases -Darwin and Tindal.
discovered in which nation? The exercise will see participation from about
(a) Chile 100 aircraft and 2,500 military personnel from
(b) Iceland 17 nations including Australia, US, UK, France,
(c) Greenland Canada, Germany, Japan, Indonesia,
(d) Mexico Netherlands, New Zealand, Malaysia,
Answer: (a) Singapore, Philippines, S Korea, Thailand,
India and the UAE.
15 Who among the following won gold in
weightlifting event at Commonwealth
Games 2022?
(a) Nooh Dastagir Butt
(b) Talha Talib
(c) Shujauddin Malik
(d) Hussain Shah
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: The Chilean authorities

started investigating a mysterious sinkhole,
bigger than a tennis court, on August 1, 2022.
The hole is about 25 meters (82 feet) in
diameter and it appeared over the weekend
in a mining area in the north of the country.
The sinkhole has appeared near a copper
mine in the Atacama desert.
14 Which country will organise Exercise
Pitch Black?
(a) Indonesia
(b) Malaysia
(c) Australia
(d) Japan
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: Weightlifter Nooh
Dastagir Butt has won the gold medal for
Pakistan in the Commonwealth Games 2022
with a record lift of 405kg.
Nooh Dastagir Butt has set a new
Commonwealth Games record by lifting
173kg in snatch in the 109+kg category. Butt
also set another record by lifting 232kg in
clean and jerk. Overall, he lifted 405kg -
another CWG record.
16 World's most durable Hydrogen Fuel
Cell has been developed by scientists from
Explanatory Note: The warfare exercise which university?
Exercise Pitch Black will be hosted by Royal (a) Hong Kong University of Science
Australian Air Force (RAAF). It takes place and Technology
once in every two years at Northern (b) University of Toronto
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(c) University of Iowa 31,000 feet over the ocean. The pilot said that
(d) University Sheffied he hasn't seen anything like that before.
Answer: (a) 18 Which two Asian nations were awarded
ICC Associate membership recently?
(a) Indonesia, Taiwan
(b) Uzbekistan, Cambodia
(c) South Korea, Japan
(d) Bhutan, Turkmenistan
Answer: (b)
Explanatory Note: The scientists from Hong

Kong University of Science and Technology
(HKUST) have developed world's most
durable Hydrogen Fuel Cell. The hydrogen
fuel is more cost cost-effective and make
ways for wider application of green energy in
chasing carbon-neutral world. Explanatory Note: The ICC awarded
17 A mysterious red glow was seen over membership status to three new countries
which ocean? during its ongoing annual conference in
(a) Arctic Ocean Birmingham on July 26, 2022. The three ICC
(b) Atlantic Ocean members include Cote D'Ivoire from Africa
(c) Pacific Ocean and Cambodia and Uzbekistan from Asia. The
(d) Indian Ocean addition of the three new member countries
Answer: (b) have taken the total number of ICC members
to 108 countries including 96 associates. The
two new Asian ICC members take the total
number of Asian countries with ICC
membership status to 25 including 5 full
members.
19 Which nation has decided to quit the
International Space Station after 2024?
(a) UK
(b) Russia
(c) Canada
Explanatory Note: A mysterious red glow

was spotted over the Atlantic Ocean by a
pilot, that has sent the Internet into a tizzy
without dozens of theories including a
comparison to the Stranger Things
underwater portal. The mysterious red light
over the Atlantic was seen and photographed
by pilot Dustin Maggard from a cockpit
Monthly
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Aug 2022
(d) Japan 21 Which country will host Asia Cup 2022?
Answer: (b) (a) Qatar
Explanatory Note: Russia has decided to (b) UAE
quit the International Space Station after (c) South Africa
2024. This was confirmed by Russia's newly- (d) India
appointed Roscosmos chief Yury Borisov. The Answer: (a)
announcement comes amid a spike in
tensions between Russia and the West over
Moscow's invasion of Ukraine. The
Roscosmos chief said that the space agency
will fulfill all its obligations to its partners but
will leave the space station after 2024. He also
mentioned putting together of a Russian
orbital space station. The ISS was launched in
1998 as a result of cooperation between US-
Russia following the end of the Cold War.
20 Who has been appointed as the new
Prime Minister of Kuwait?
(a) Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
(b) Dr. Ali Fahad Al-Mudhaf
(c) Ali Hussein Al-Mousa
(d) Dr. Abdulwahab Mohammad Al-
Rushaid
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: The Asian Cricket Council
confirmed on July 27, 2022 that Asia Cup
2022 will be held in the United Arab Emirates.
Sri Lanka, the original hosts, will retain their
hosting rights. The decision was taken after
extensive deliberation considering the
prevailing situation in Sri Lanka. The Asia Cup
2022 will be conducted from August 27th to
September 11, 2022. The Asia Cup was last
played in 2018. It will be played in the T20
format with nine teams.
22 When is World Hepatitis Day observed?
(a) July 26th
(b) July 27th
Explanatory Note: The Emir of Kuwait issued (c) July 28th
a decree on July 24, 2022 appointing Ahmad (d) July 29th
Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah as the new Prime Answer: (c)
Minister of Kuwait. He replaces caretaker
premier Sheikh Sabah Al Khalid. He will now
be required to form a new cabinet in the
country. Ahmad is the eldest son of Kuwaiti
Emir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and
had served as the Kuwait National Guard
Deputy Commander between November
2020-March 9, 2022.
Monthly
HSM
Aug 2022
Explanatory Note: World Hepatitis Day
(WHD) is observed every year on July 28th to
raise awareness of the global burden of viral
hepatitis and to influence real change. The
theme of World Hepatitis Day (WHD) 2022 is
'I Can't Wait'. The day calls on people from
across the world to take action and raise
awareness of hepatitis because Hepatitis Can't
Wait.
23 Which country's crown prince has
unveiled a futuristic eco-city, NEOM?
(a) UAE suspension. The ICC has also postponed
(b) Saudi Arabia Ukraine's application for ICC Membership till
(c) Bahrain cricket can safely resume within the country.
(d) Oman The ICC will though continue to support the
Answer: (b) Ukraine Cricket Federation through this
process.
25 Which nation will host the SCO Foreign
Ministers Meeting?
(a) Kazakhstan
(b) Kyrgyzstan
(c) Tajikistan
(d) Uzbekistan
Answer: (d)
Explanatory Note: Sauri Arabia's crown

prince has unveiled a futuristic eco-city
NEOM featuring parallel structures of mirror-
encased skyscrapers extending across a
swathe of desert and mountain terrain. The
eco-city was first announced in 2017. Several
architects and economists have questioned
its feasibility due to the proposed flourishes
like flying taxis and robot maids.
24 Which nation was stripped of its ICC
membership?
(a) Bulgaria Explanatory Note: The Shanghai
(b) Turkey Cooperation Organization (SCO) Council of
(c) Russia Foreign Ministers will be meeting in
(d) Israel Uzbekistan on July 28, 2022. The Union
Answer: © External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar is set to
Explanatory Note: Russia's ICC membership, visit Uzbekistan to take part in the meeting.
which was suspended during the 2021 AGM The Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto is
has been terminated during the ongoing ICC participating in the meeting at the invitation
annual conference after the country's cricket of the Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of
board failed to resolve the issues and Uzbekistan, Vladimir Norov.
demonstrate compliance following
Monthly
HSM
Aug 2022
26 Which country has the most powerful (c) Malaysia
passport in the world, as per Henley (d) Indonesia
Passport Index 2022? Answer: (a)
(a) US Explanatory Note: The postponed 19th
(b) Japan edition of Asian Games will be held in
(c) Australia Hangzhou, China from September 23-
(d) France October 8, 2023. This was announced by the
Answer: (b) Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) on July 19,
2022. The Asian Games were originally
scheduled to be hosted by Hangzhou from
September 10-25, 2022. They were
postponed by the OCA Executive Board (EB)
on May 6, 2022.
28 Who won Wimbledon 2022 Men's
Singles Final?
(a) Novak Djokovic
(b) Rafael Nadal
(c) Cameron Norrie
(d) Nick Kyrgios
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: Japan has the most
powerful passport in the world as per Henley
Passport Index 2022 from Henley & Partners.
The Japanese passport allows hassle-free
entry to 193 countries, one more than
Singapore and South Korea's passport. India's
passport is ranked 109th with visa-free access
to 32 nations, while China is placed 69th with
access to 80 countries and Russia is ranked at
50th place with access to 199 nations.
Afghanistan is ranked at the bottom of the
index with access to just 27 countries.
27 Which country will host Asian Games in Explanatory Note: Novak Djokovic won his
2023? 7th Wimbledon title and 21st Grand Slam on
(a) China July 10, 2022 with a four-set win over
(b) Japan Australian tennis player Nick Kyrgios. The 35-
year-old has become the fourth man in the
Open era to win four successive Wimbledon
titles after Bjorn Borg, Pete Sampras and
Roger Federer, remaining undefeated at the
tournament since 2017.
29 Two suspected cases of Marburg virus
have been reported by which West African
country?
(a) Burkina Faso
(b) The Gambia
(c) Guinea Bissau
(d) Ghana
Answer: (d)
Monthly
HSM
Aug 2022
surpassed one billion views mark on YouTube.
Baby Shark is currently the video with highest
views on YouTube. The video surpassed 7
billion views on October 29, 2020 and
overtook Despacito to become the most
viewed video on YouTube on November 2,
2020.
31 Who won Wimbledon 2022 Women's
Singles Final?
(a) Ons Jabeur
(b) Simona Halep
Explanatory Note: The World Health (c) Elena Rybakina
Organisation confirmed on July 7, 2022 that (d) Tatjana Maria
Ghana has reported two suspected cases of Answer: ©
deadly Marburg Virus. Marburg is a highly
infectious viral hemorrhagic fever, which
belongs to the same family as the Ebola virus
disease. Both the patients, now deceased,
tested positive for Marburg as per the
preliminary analysis of their samples. If
confirmed these would the first such
infections recorded in the Western African
country.
30 Which was the first-ever video to cross
one billion views on YouTube?
(a) Gangnam Style
(b) Baby
(c) Despacito
(d) Baby Shark
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: Elena Rybakina created
history by becoming the first Asian woman to
win the Wimbledon title on July 9, 2022. She
also became the first-ever player from
Kazakhastan to win Grand Slam singles title at
Wimbledon when she beat the Tunisian
player Ons Jabeur by 3-6, 6-2, 6-2 in the
Wimbledon women's singles final that lasted
for 1 hour and 48 minutes. The 23-year-old
also became the youngest player to lift the
Wimbledon title since 21-year-old Petra
Kvitova won the title in 2011.
32 Who won the Austrian Grand Prix 2022
The first-ever video to cross one billion views title?
of YouTube was South Korean rapper Psy's (a) Lewis Hamilton
'Gangnam Style' in 2012, becoming the (b) Max Verstappen
founding member of the billion views club. It (c) Mick Schumacher
was followed by Justin Bieber's 'Baby' in 2015. (d) Charles Leclerc
Since then, over 200 music videos have Answer: (d)
Monthly
HSM
Aug 2022
34 Which country is projected to surpass
China as the world's most populous nation
next year?
(a) US
(b) India
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Pakistan
Answer: (b)
Explanatory Note: Ferrari driver Charles

Leclerc beat Red Bull's Max Verstappen to win
the Austrian Grand Prix 2022 at the Red Bull
Ring. The racers who obtained the top-eight
finish include Charles Leclerc, Max
Verstappen, Lewis Hamilton, George Russel,
Esteban Ocon, Mick Schumacher, Lando
Norris and Kevin Magnussen. Explanatory Note: India is projected to
33 When is World Population Day surpass China as the world's most populous
observed? country next year. The UN released a report
(a) July 9th on July 11, 2022 that stated that the world
(b) July 10th population is forecast to reach eight billion by
(c) July 11th mid-November 2022.
(d) July 12th 35 Which nation's former Prime Minister
Answer: © tragically died after being shot at a
th
campaign event on July 8 , 2022?
(a) Israel
(b) Italy
(c) Japan
(d) South Korea
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: World Population Day is

observed every year on July 11, 2022. The day
seeks to raise awareness regarding global
population issues. The day aims to increase Explanatory Note: Japan's former Prime
people's awareness on various population Minister Shinzo Abe has been confirmed
issues such as the importance of family dead after he was shot at a campaign event
planning, gender equality, poverty, maternal on July 8, 2022. Shinzo Abe was shot while
health and human rights. giving a speech earlier today in Nara city near
Monthly
HSM
Aug 2022
Kyoto province. Japanese Prime Minister highlight the importance of equipping young
Fumio Kishida had said earlier that Japan's people with skills for employment and
former premier Shinzo Abe is fighting for his entrepreneurship. The UN General Assembly
life and he condemned the attack, calling it had declared the day on July 15 to provide a
absolutely unforgivable. unique opportunity for dialogue between
36 What is the name of the world's young people, technical and vocational
second-largest animal?
education and training (TVET) institutions,
(a) Salamander
(b) Giant Anaconda firms, employers' and workers' organizations,
(c) Fin Whale policy-makers and development partners.
(d) Humpback Whale 38 Scientists have discovered a large
Answer: © ozone hole over which region?
(a) Mediterranean
(b) Western Europe
(c) Tropics
(d) Africa
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: The scientists at Canada's
Waterloo University have discovered a large
ozone hole in the lower stratosphere, which is
seven times larger than the one over
Antarctica. The new ozone hole was
Explanatory Note: The world's second- discovered over the tropics, the area between
largest animal, fin whales, are second only to the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of
blue whales in length. The species were Capricorn, and has reportedly been there for
almost near-extinction during the 20th over 30 years.
Century due to hunting. Whaling was banned 39 Scientists in China's Wuhan laboratory
after this and for the first time since then, have warned of which new strain of
dozens of southern fin whales were caught COVID-19?
feasting together recently in a "thrilling" (a) NeoCoV
Antarctic spectacle. (b) MesCoV
37 When is World Youth Skills Day 2022
(c) Neomers
observed?
(d) ValCoV
(a) July 14th
(b) July 15th Answer: (a)
(c) July 16th Explanatory Note: Chinese scientists have
(d) July 17th warned of a deadly strain of COVID-19,
Answer: (b) NeoCoV, which has been discovered in bats in
Explanatory Note: The World Youth Skills South Africa. The virus strain has been linked
Day is celebrated every year on July 15 to to the MERS-CoV virus that was detected
previously in 2012 and 2015 in the Middle
Eastern countries.
This comes after the WHO's technical lead on
Covid-19, Maria van Kerkhove claimed that
Omicron will not be the last variant of the
coronavirus and there could be more in the
future.

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