ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

INITIAL AND FINAL VALUE THEOREMS

Initial value theorem
Statement: If𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → ∞ on both sides, we have
∞
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞
∞
= lim [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→∞
∞
= ∫0 lim [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→∞

= 0 + 𝑓(0) ∵ 𝑒 −∞ = 0
= 𝑓(0)
= lim𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→0

∴ lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim𝑓(𝑡)

𝑠→∞ 𝑡→0

Final value theorem

Statement: If the Laplace transforms of 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) exist and 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠),then
lim 𝑓 (𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
= 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
∴ 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝑓(0)
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
Taking limit as 𝑠 → 0 on both sides, we have
∞
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim[∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0
∞
= lim[∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→0
∞
= ∫0 lim[𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)
𝑠→0
∞
= ∫0 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑓(0)

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= [𝑓(𝑡)]∞
0 + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓(∞) − 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(0)

= 𝑓(∞)
= lim 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑡→∞

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

Example: Verify the initial value theorem for the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒂𝒆−𝒃𝒕
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]
1
=𝑎 𝑠+𝑏
𝑎𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠+𝑏

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏𝑡

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑎𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim [𝑠+𝑏]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞

𝑎𝑠 𝑎
= lim [ 𝑏 ] == lim [ 𝑏 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ ) 𝑠→∞ (1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

= 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Example: Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒕 [𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕].
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
= 𝐿[1] + 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+1
1 1 𝑠
= 𝑠 + [𝑠 2+1 + 𝑠 2+1]
𝑠→𝑠+1

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1 1 𝑠+1
= 𝑠 + (𝑠+1)2 +1 + (𝑠+1)2 +1
1 1 𝑠+1
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2
𝑠 𝑠 2+𝑠
𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = 1 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞
−𝑡 [
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[1 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡]]
𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝑠 𝑠 2+𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 + 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞
1
1 (1+ )
𝑠
= 1 + lim [ 2 2 + 2 2 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠(1+ 𝑠 + 2 ) (1+ + 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠

= 1 + 0 + 1 = 2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim (1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡])

𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 1 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑠
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [1 + + ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 𝑠 2+2𝑠+2

= 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

Example: Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝟏
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 ]

Solution:
1
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] ⋯ (1)
𝑠(𝑠+2)2
𝑡 1 𝑡 1
= ∫0 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)2] 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠 2] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡 (1)𝑒 −2𝑡
= [𝑡 ( )− (−2)2
]
−2 0

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𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 1
= −𝑡 − −0+4
2 4
1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
∴ 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 4 − −
2 4
1
From (1), 𝐹 (𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+2)2
1
𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑠+2)2

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim [4 − − ]
𝑡→0 𝑡→0 2 4
1 1
=4−0−4=0

∴ lim𝑓(𝑡) = 0 ⋯ (2)
𝑡→0
1
lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = lim =0
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞ (𝑠+2)2

∴ lim 𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = 0 ⋯ (3)

𝑠→∞

From (2) and (3), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0
1 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡
lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim [4 − − ]
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 2 4
1 1
= 4 − 0 − 0 = 4 ⋯ (4)
1
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+2)2 ]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0
1
= 4 ⋯ (5)

From (4) and (5), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified

Example: Verify the initial value theorem and Final value theorem for the function
𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆−𝒕 (𝒕 + 𝟐)𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 + 2)2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
= 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]
= 𝐿[𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4]𝑠→𝑠+1
= [𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 4𝐿(𝑡) + 4𝐿(1)]𝑠→𝑠+1

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2! 1 1
= [𝑠 3 + 4 𝑠 2 + 4 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
2 1 1
= (𝑠+1)3 + 4 (𝑠+1)2 + 4 𝑠+1
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
𝑠𝐹 (𝑠) = (𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1

Initial value theorem is lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)

𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim[𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]

𝑡→0 𝑡→0

= 4 ⋯ (1)
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠→∞

2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
= lim [ 1 3
+ 1 2
+ 1 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 3(1+ ) 𝑠 2(1+ ) 𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

2 4 4
= lim [ 3 + 1 2
+ 1 ]
𝑠→∞ 𝑠 2(1+1) 𝑠(1+ ) (1+ )
𝑠
𝑠 𝑠

= 0+0+4
= 4 ⋯ (2)
From (1) and (2), lim𝑓(𝑡) = lim 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→0 𝑠→∞

∴ Initial value theorem is verified

Final value theorem is lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim [𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 4)]

𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

= 0 ⋯ (3)
2𝑠 4𝑠 4𝑠
lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠) = lim [(𝑠+1)3 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠+1]
𝑠→0 𝑠→0

= 0 ⋯ (4)
From (3) and (4), lim 𝑓(𝑡) = lim𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡→∞ 𝑠→0

∴ Final value theorem is verified.

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