LAB -1 CANTILEVER BEAM

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for cantilever beam
subjected to udl throught the span are as under.

w kN/mts
A mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmB
X
L

Ra

SF at A = (w x L) KN

BM at A= - (w xL x L)/2 KNm

SF at X = (w x X ) KN

BM at X= - (w x X x X )/2 KNm

Problem:Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for

the given case
a) L = 10mts w= 5Kn/ udl

Solution Data
a) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

Sl. No. x in mts SF at X BM at X

in KN in KNm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LAB -2 CANTILEVER BEAM

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for cantilever beam subjected tuniformly
varying load throught the span are as under.

w kN/mts Y

A B
X
L

Ra

Y= (w xX)/L
SF at X = (X x Y)2 KN

BM at X= (0.5 x Y x X) (X/3) KNm

Problem:Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for the given case

a) L = 10mts w= 0 to 5Kn/m varying loads

Solution: Data
b) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

SL no. x in mts y SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 8
9
10

LAB -3 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING UDL

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for simply supported
beams subjected to udl throught the span are as under.

w kN/mts
A mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmB
X
L

Ra Rb

Ra=Rb=( W x L )/2

SF at X = (Rb-(w x X )) KN

BM at X= (Rb x X ) - (w x X x X )/2 KNm

Problem:Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for

the given cases.
a) L = 10mts w= 5Kn/ udl

Solution: Data
a) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

Ra in KN = -25 Rb in KN=25

SL no. x in mts SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
0
1
2
 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

LAB 4 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING UNIFORMLY VARYING LOADS

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for simply supported
beams subjected to uniformly varying load throught the span are as under.
w kN/mts Y

A B
X
L

Ra Rb

Y= (w xX)/L
Ra= -(W x L /3)
Rb=0.5 x W x L - Ra

SF at X = Rb-(X x YKN

BM at X= (Rb x X) -(0.5 x Y xKNm

Problem:Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for the given cases.
L = 10mts w= 0 to 5Kn/m varying loads

Data
b) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

Ra in KN -16.67 in KN = 8.33
 SL no. x in mts y SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

LAB -5 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Theory: In singly reinforced beam the steel is provided only at the tension side.
The properties of the balanced sextion are as under

FOR BENDING MOMENT

1 Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

2 Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

3 dbal= Mu x 1000000
Qlib x b

4 Ast = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu )) }

fy fck x b x d2

Ast shall not be less than 0.85 b d

fy
 FOR SHEAR FORCE

5 µcmax from is 456 µv = Vu x 1000

b x d

6 µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß

ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) <1 Pt = 100 x Ast

bxd

7 Vuc = µc b d Vus = Vu - Vuc

Sv = 0.87 fy asv d
Vus
8 Check for minimum steel ( Sv shall be less than the below conditions)

0.75 d , 300mm, o.87 fy Asv

0.4 b

Problem:Design the singly reinforced beam for the parameters given below.

b 230 mm
Mu 120 KNm
Vu 180 KN
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
Asv 100 mm2
Cover 35 mm
Solution Es 200000 N/mm2

LAB 6 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Theory: In doubly reinforced beam the steel is provided at the tension side as well as on
compression side.The properties of the balanced sextion are as under
 FOR BENDING MOMENT
1 Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

2 Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

3 dbal= Mu x 1000000
Qlib x b

Actual depth of beam =d where d<dbal

Mu1= Qlib x b x d2
Mu2= Mu-Mu1

4 Ast1 = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu1 )) }

fy fck x b x d2

Ast1 shall not be less than 0.85 b d

fy

5 Ast2= Mu2
0.87 fy (d-dc)

Ast= Ast1 + Ast2

6 esc= 0.0035 { 1- (dc/ Xumax)}

fsc= esc x Es
fsc> 0.87 fy then fsc= 0.87 fy

7 Asc= Mu2
fse (d-dc)
FOR SHEAR FORCE

5 µcmax from is 456 µv = Vu x 1000

b x d

6 µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß
 ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) <1 Pt = 100 x Ast
bxd

7 Vuc = µc b d Vus = Vu - Vuc

Sv = 0.87 fy asv d
Vus
8 Check for minimum steel ( Sv shall be less than the below conditions)

0.75 d , 300mm, o.87 fy Asv

0.4 b

Problem:Design the doubly reinforced beam for the parameters given below.
D 400 mm
b 230 mm
d 365 mm
Mu 120 KNm
Vu 180 KN
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
Asv 100 mm2
cover=dc= 35 mm
Es 200000 N/mm2

LAB 7 TITLE- COMPUTATION OF EARTHWORK

Theory: The earthwork quantity can be worked out by two methods

1. Trapezoidal method

Total volume V= L/2 * {A1+2* A2 + 2* A3…….+2 * An-1 + An}

2 Prismoidal Method
The formula is based on assumption that A1 & A2 are tge areas at the ends Am is the area of m
parallel to ends. L is length between ends. This method is used for earthwork to be calculated fr
contur plans,
Total volume V= L/3 * {A1+An + 4* sum of A even + 2* sum of A odd}

V= { First area+ last area + 4x Even areas + 2x Odd areas}

 B

S:1
d

Sd Sd

Problem:
Determine the earthwork quantity for the given details

S 2 d at 0 chainage 4 mts
Chainage in mts
0 1% increaing gradient
100 1% increaing gradient
200 1% increaing gradient
300 1% increaing gradient
400 1% increaing gradient
500 1% increaing gradient
600 1.5%decreasing gradient
700 1.5%decreasing gradient
800 1.5%decreasing gradient
900 1.5%decreasing gradient
1000 1.5%decreasing gradient

GIVEN DATA d= 4 S= 2 B=
no chainage gradient C/c dist. Central Areas
in percentage depth Bd+Sd2
L d Sqm
1
2
3
4
5
6
 7
8
9 Curves are generally used in highways and railways to change the
10 directions of motions. A curve may be circular, parabolic or spiral Prismoidal Error
11 and is always tangential to the both straight directions. Curves
may be simple, compound or reverse.Single arc of acircle and
tangential to both the straight lines is called simple curve.Two or
more arcs that turn in the same direction and join at the common
LAB 8 tangent points isHORIZONTAL CURVE BY OFFSET METHOD.
called compound curve.Two or more arcs that
turn in the reverse direction and may be having same or different
Theory: radii
Designandof join
horizontal
at the curve by offset
common tangentmethod.
points is called compound
curve.

The perpendulkar ordinate for x distance from the centre of the simple curve long chord by offs
can be obtained from

Y= ( R2-x2 ) - { R2-(L/2)2 }

Problem:Determine the ordinates at 5 mts intervals for 180m radius arc of a curve for a long chord of 6

Solution:
DATA:

Interval in mts=5
Radius in mts= 180
Chord length
in mts= 60

Distance X Ordinate in
from Mid Mts
point in mts.
( left
side)
X Y
 The curves will be provided on roads in order to provide change in direction. But when
the vehicles encounters the curves, there is a tendency to overturn or skid on plane
LAB -9 road due to centrifugal
TITLE- DESIGN
action. InOF SUPER
order ELEVATION
to counter the centrifugal force acting on the
vehicles at horizontal curves the road edge is raised in crosss section to provide super
Theory: elevation.
e+f= v2/g R

e= Rate of super elevation

f= Coefficient of superelevation
v= velocity of vehicle in m/sec
g= 9.81 m/sec2
R= Radius of curve in mts
V= velocity of vehicle in KMPH v=0.278V

e+f= V2/127 R

Problem:
Calculate superelvation required for 7.5 mts wide road on a curve of 100mts radius for
permissible speed of 50 Kmph. Assume f=0.15. Also calculate the equilibrium
superelevation for the condition when the pressure on inner and outer wheels will be equal.
GIVEN DATA
When f=0.15
radius of
no widthof road curve Speed friction V2/127 R RateE for road width
b R V f X e=X-f E= e*b
in mts in mts Kmph In cms
1
2
3
4

When f=0 for equal pressure on wheels

radius of
no widthof road curve Speed friction V2/127 R RateE for road width
 b R V f X e=X-f E= e*b
in mts in mts Kmph In cms
1
2
3
4
m subjected tuniformly

ams for the given case

ARYING LOADS

ams for the given cases.

as well as on
the ends Am is the area of midsection
earthwork to be calculated from
B 5

5
1. Trapezoidal method

V= 0 m3

2 Prismoidal Method

V= 0 m3
 Prismoidal Error 0 m3

mple curve long chord by offset method

a curve for a long chord of 60 mts length.

 direction. But when
or skid on plane
rce acting on the
on to provide super

of 100mts radius for

equilibrium
uter wheels will be equal.

for road width

for road width

LAB -2 CANTILEVER BEAM

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for cantilever beam subjected tuniformly
varying load throught the span are as under.

w kN/mts Y

A B
X
L

Ra

Y= (w xX)/L
SF at X =(X x Y)2 KN

BM at X=(0.5 x Y x X) (X/3) KNm

Problem: Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for the given case

a) L = 10mt w= 0 to 5Kn/m varying loads

Solution: Data
b) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

SL no. x in mts y SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,------X-----
d tuniformly
LAB -3 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING UDL
Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for simply supported
beams subjected to udl throught the span are as under.

w kN/mts
A mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmB
X
L

Ra Rb

Ra=Rb=( W x L )/2

SF at X = (Rb-(w x X )) KN

BM at X= (Rb x X ) - (w x X x X )/2 KNm

Problem: Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for
the given cases.
a) L = 10mts w= 5Kn/m udl

Solution: Data
a) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

Ra in KN = -25 Rb in KN= 25

SL no. x in mts SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 8
9
10
LAB 4 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM CARRYING UNIFORMLY VARYING LOADS

Theory: The bending moment and shear force equations for simply supported
beams subjected to uniformly varying load throught the span are as under.
w kN/mts Y

A B
X
L

Ra Rb

Y= (w xX)/L
Ra= -(W x L /3)
Rb=0.5 x W x L - Ra

SF at X Rb-(X x Y)/2 KN

BM at X=(Rb x X) -(0.5 x Y x X) (X/3) KNm

Problem: Determine BM and SF at 1mts intervals and draw BM and sf diagrams for the given cases.
L = 10mt w= 0 to 5Kn/m varying loads

Data
b) L= 10
W= 5
X= 1

Ra in KN = -16.67 Rb in KN = 8.33

SL no. x in mts y SF at X BM at X
in KN in KNm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
 SFD

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Shear force

0.6
Column
0.5 H
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Dist in mts from free end

Bending Moment
BMD

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 Column
I
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Dist im mtrs from free end
LAB -5 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Theory: In singly reinforced beam the steel is provided only at the tension side.
The properties of the balanced sextion are as under

FOR BENDING MOMENT

1 Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

2 Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

3 dbal= Mu x 1000000
Qlib x b

4 Ast = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu )) }

fy fck x b x d2

Ast shall not be less than 0.85 b d

fy

FOR SHEAR FORCE

5 µcmax from is 456 µv = Vu x 1000

b x d

6 µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß

ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) <1 Pt = 100 x Ast

bxd
7 Vuc = µc b d Vus = Vu - Vuc

Sv = 0.87 fy asv d
Vus
8 Check for minimum steel ( Sv shall be less than the below conditions)

0.75 d , 300mm, o.87 fy Asv

0.4 b
Problem: Design the singly reinforced beam for the parameters given below.

b 230 mm
Mu 120 KNm
Vu 180 KN
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
Asv 100 mm2
Cover 35 mm
Solution Es 200000 N/mm2
Balanced depth
Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

,= 0.48

Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

= 2.76

dbal= Mu x 1000000

Qlib x b

,= 435.1

Ast = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu )) }

fy fck x b x d2

2411.635 0.60519
Ast = 952.1465 mm2
shall not be less than

Ast = 0.85 b d 204.989 mm2

fy
Therefore Ast = 952.1465 mm2
 FOR SHEAR DESIGN

Actual Shear stress µv = Vu x 1000 ,= 1.80 N/mm2

b x d
For µcmax
M 20 2.8

Check
If µv < µcmax OK

Pt = 100 x Ast ,= 0.95136

bxd

ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) < ,= 2.44094

µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß
,= 0.61 N/mm2

Vus = Vu - Vuc
,= 119 KN
,= 118804.8 N

Sv = 0.87 fy asv d ,= 132 mm

Vus

Sv = 331 mm
Sv = 300 mm
Sv = 392 mm
Hence provide minimum spacing= 132 mm

Results: b 230 mm
D 470 mm
Ast 952 mm2
Asv 100 mm2
Sv 132 mm
LAB 6 DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

Theory: In doubly reinforced beam the steel is provided at the tension side as well as on
compression side.The properties of the balanced sextion are as under

FOR BENDING MOMENT

1 Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

2 Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

3 dbal= Mu x 1000000
Qlib x b

Actual depth of beam =d where d<dbal

Mu1= Qlib x b x d2
Mu2= Mu-Mu1

4 Ast1 = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu1 )) }

fy fck x b x d2

Ast1 shall not be less than 0.85 b d

fy

5 Ast2= Mu2
0.87 fy (d-dc)

Ast= Ast1 + Ast2

6 esc= 0.0035 { 1- (dc/ Xumax)}

fsc= esc x Es
fsc> 0.87 fy then fsc= 0.87 fy

7 Asc= Mu2
fse (d-dc)
FOR SHEAR FORCE

5 µcmax from is 456 µv = Vu x 1000

b x d

6 µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß

ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) <1 Pt = 100 x Ast

bxd

7 Vuc = µc b d Vus = Vu - Vuc

 Sv = 0.87 fy asv d
Vus
8 Check for minimum steel ( Sv shall be less than the below conditions)

0.75 d , 300mm, o.87 fy Asv

0.4 b

Problem: Design the doubly reinforced beam for the parameters given below.
D 400 mm
b 230 mm
d 365 mm
Mu 120 KNm
Vu 180 KN
fck 20 N/mm2
fy 415 N/mm2
Asv 100 mm2
cover=dc= 35 mm
Solution Es 200000 N/mm2
Balanced depth
Xumax = 0.0035
d 0.0055+(0.87fy/Es)

,= 0.48
Xumax= 175 mm

Qlim = 0.36 x Xumax {1- 0.42 x Xumax } fck

d d

= 2.76

dbal= Mu x 1000000

Qlib x b

,= 435.1

Ast1 = 0.5 x fck x b x d x { 1- (1 - ( 4.6 x Mu )) }

fy fck x b x d2

2411.6347 0.74438
Ast1 = 616 mm 2

shall not be less than

Ast = 0.85 b d 204.989 mm2

fy
Therefore Ast = 616 mm2
Mu1= Qlib x b x d2 =
84431287 Nmm
Mu2= Mu-Mu1,= 35568713 Nmm

Ast2= Mu2 = 299 mm2

0.87 fy (d-dc)

Ast= Ast1 + Ast2 = 915 mm2

For Compression steel

esc= 0.0035 { 1- (dc/ Xumax)} 0.0028

fsc= esc x Es 559.899 N/mm2

0.87 fy= 361.05 N/mm2

fsc> 0.87 fy then fsc= 0.87 fy
Therefore fsc= 361.05 N/mm2

Asc= Mu2 = 299 mm2

fse (d-dc)

FOR SHEAR DESIGN

Actual Shear stress µv = Vu x 1000 ,= 1.80 N/mm2

b x d
For µcmax
M 20 2.8

Check
If µv < µcmax OK

Pt = 100 x Ast ,= 0.61596

bxd

ß=0.8 fck / (6.89 Pt) <1 ,= 3.77007

µc = 0.85 0.8 x fck x ( 1+ 5ß-1)

6ß
,= 0.52 N/mm2

Vus = Vu - Vuc
,= 128 KN
,= 128020.41 N

Sv = 0.87 fy asv d ,= 123 mm

Vus

Sv = 331 mm
Sv = 300 mm
Sv = 392 mm
Hence provide minimum spacing= 123 mm

Results: b 230 mm
D 400 mm
Ast 915 mm2
Asc 299 mm2
Asv 100 mm2
Sv 123 mm
LAB 7 TITLE- COMPUTATION OF EARTHWORK

Theory: The earthwork quantity can be worked out by two methods

1. Trapezoidal method

Total volume V= L/2 * {A1+2* A2 + 2* A3…….+2 * An-1 + An}

2 Prismoidal Method
The formula is based on assumption that A1 & A2 are the areas at the ends Am is the area of midsection
parallel to ends. L is length between ends. This method is used for earthwork to be calculated from
contur plans,
Total volume V= L/3 * {A1+An + 4* sum of A even + 2* sum of A odd}

V= { First area+ last area + 4x Even areas + 2x Odd areas}

S:1
d

Sd Sd

Problem:
Determine the earthwork quantity for the given details

S 2 d at 0 chainage 5 mts B 5
Chainage in mts
0 1% increaing gradient
100 1% increaing gradient
200 1% increaing gradient
300 1% increaing gradient
400 1% increaing gradient
500 1% increaing gradient
600 1.5%decreasing gradient
700 1.5%decreasing gradient
800 1.5%decreasing gradient
900 1.5%decreasing gradient
1000 1.5%decreasing gradient

GIVEN DATA d= 5 S= 2 B= 5
no chainage gradient C/c dist. Central Areas 1. Trapezoidal method
in percentage depth Bd+Sd 2

L d Sqm V= 174500
1 0 1 5 A1 75
2 100 1 100 6 A2 102
3 200 1 100 7 A3 133 2 Prismoidal Method
4 300 1 100 8 A4 168
5 400 1 100 9 A5 207
6 500 1 100 10 A6 250 V= 174000
7 600 -1.5 100 11 A7 297
8 700 -1.5 100 9.5 A8 228
9 800 -1.5 100 8 A9 168
Prismoidal
10 900 -1.5 100 6.5 A10 117 Error 500
11 1000 -1.5 100 5 A11 75
 area of midsection
lculated from

1. Trapezoidal method

m3
2 Prismoidal Method

m3

m3
LAB 8 HORIZONTAL CURVE BY OFFSET METHOD

Theory: Design of horizontal curve by offset method.

Curves are generally used in highways and railways to change the directions of motions. A curve may be
circular, parabolic or spiral and is always tangential to the both straight directions. Curves may be simple,
compound or reverse.Single arc of acircle and tangential to both the straight lines is called simple curve.Two
or more arcs that turn in the same direction and join at the common tangent points is called compound
curve.Two or more arcs that turn in the reverse direction and may be having same or different radii and join
at the common tangent points is called compound curve.

The perpendulkar ordinate for x distance from the centre of the simple curve long chord by offset method
can be obtained from

Y= ( R2-x2 ) - { R2-(L/2)2 }

Problem: Determine the ordinates at 5 mts intervals for 180m radius arc of a curve for a long chord of 60 mts length.

Solution:
DATA:

Interval in mts= 5
Radius in mts= 180
Chord length in
mts= 60

Distance X from Ordinate in Mts

X in mts.
Mid point Y
( left
side)
 LAB -9 TITLE- DESIGN OF SUPER ELEVATION

Theory:
The curves will be provided on roads in order to provide change in direction. But when the
vehicles encounters the curves, there is a tendency to overturn or skid on plane road due to
centrifugal action. In order to counter the centrifugal force acting on the vehicles at horizontal
curves the road edge is raised in crosss section to provide super elevation.
e+f= v2/g R

e= Rate of super elevation

f= Coefficient of superelevation
v= velocity of vehicle in m/sec
g= 9.81 m/sec2
R= Radius of curve in mts
V= velocity of vehicle in KMPH v=0.278V

e+f= V2/127 R

Problem:
Calculate superelvation required for 7.5 mts wide road on a curve of 100mts radius for
permissible speed of 50 Kmph. Assume f=0.15. Also calculate the equilibrium
superelevation for the condition when the pressure on inner and outer wheels will be equal.
GIVEN DATA
When f=0.15
radius of
no widthof road curve Speed friction V2/127 R Rate E for road width
b R V f X e=X-f E= e*b
in mts in mts Kmph In cms
1 7.5 100 50 0.15 0.19685 0.04685 35
2
3
4

When f=0 for equal pressure on wheels

radius of
no widthof road curve Speed friction V2/127 R Rate E for road width
b R V f X e=X-f E= e*b
in mts in mts Kmph In cms
1 7.5 100 50 0 0.19685 0.19685 148
2
3
4