Date

Common cauae Failuzs CCE)

. Minimalcut sela
S-indegendent (Thus means cach camponant wl-foil indepordat
of each othan)
4.Qualitatuia
5. Quantlate FMEA
CFailsz mode ejaclia Analysu)
Symbos n Fault Toce:

for top Exent Tec61Da5

O’
’ BasicEnent

Diskaihuton functions
T- tine to faiuz
Lpeo bable patamglerCRandom Variable)
RC)> pTZ)

dt
probability densiby functton
probabililiy distnbudion funckion

RC Jfdt
Aisa pacba bility noteF(o) - F(o)-0
possibiliby
 Date

Rollung oh aDice
prcbobilit p(x<) psa)
Faulue
23 4

This is discoeke
’ fadue Rate pCt<TsttAt/t >t)
’Instantaneous Faiuoc Rale
Density Funckion pltcrsta bt)
Assignment. unit-2
Bunomial diskahutiorn.
Quaisal distribution
Eaponenlialdistaibuion
Quacian distaibuteon
Nomal distibuhn
log-Normal distibution
wecbull distrbuton

fault Tolexance Efault Tolkrance SystemA

Modudar Syslem
ASng modules
Moluor pluggabl
Sys can be ethu. Sytheh Modlaa
Syamisa condnol sym(feud back Sym) all Compon.enla a
Aood Cond,e cant Say it is toult tolerand or Not
punjananca hthe Sylon
 Date

Cold
5tandby
Hot- Reody toto use
) Scheduled Mauntainance
Unscheduled Mauntanabiliy
pacnentie Mauitoukae
Hghis the sy sajetyuhigh issthe Syatim eliability
aloajas

fault Tolerane
Retiabililq pountof Veeus
Maudaunabity
Avadabiuty
System Sajty
Suenabty
Dependabiiyluchetrc
Toust

9w Eueni Some oh the Componenta pn Sybsycam

Cnen
fail and the Sys onks peulectly oka hondhe
Syslam is Soid to be fault Tolerar

TMR(Trple Modular Redurdany)

If we dot knou which one meng the Sysn is faulty th
Dip o eoch Subsym should be comped Comparator

Actual bo should be knousn to

Black bo

Mv-Mapy voer
|OO’ MV=o
MV’1
 Date

Design diaati must be-follousd in the designoa synto

makd it jault toleant ajter Comman caua faila
This is be couse Cubsymfrom
faom Same mankactua Cannot
Make Sy foulkCubsysm
foleront 'be cause oh hawig Same kype o
Faults,

Faults can be o folloungType

Syalzmadi Rondom
2 Exlant S(wear-out)
3. Duraten
Extent localised fauls ndegendent fautts
Clobal-fault aelated | distaibuted
permanont
Duxation
Transient
Lnteomdent
(Appenxs -dusageari -Apgeau)
Fault Moeh
Single
I-stuk-ato
stuck -at-foult. |lne stuck-at 4ault

s-atl
 Date

,Ch digtal ckla faut tolerante is calculalod using NMRfTMR

TMR2Dut o o Sysm
NMR

M N (6hould be an nteger)
2 TMR 5MR

Simplere

Reliabliy
O5
éomponent
Reliabilitay
0.5 Component <1
Reiabilit

S-a-oso
S-a-1|s/1

Tofp>l
but Tdeal D|p here ts ’0
postuos logic: iHigh oN Alegatie i Reuuik
the logic
 Date

Analasis o Suigle stuck -at fauksi

arise
Componen sent
eoe dzansient and
tuCk=at Model Cant
SiIntemalankfaulta
ngle permananttfaulla)
3.
Tealing for a woith KNlbdea theya
(only canxgpeh
ckt
npleity of
Single 3uck-at fua
fautt
2. Bridqung Modal:
T,

S Nis total no oq uipub

M- Pridqg faulk.
M2(Mi alue M)NCH
Feedback path

feed back path

Combiuaional ckta
" Sequential ckt

Reliablity compadalzu
 Date

Raliabilkty ofthe Syo p

Componnb aue ideol they dont faul only the communicalurm
lunks con ail
. one lunk fails the Siy oill oouk becouse the Commund calsn
hoe is possible th othday

Delay Fault:

3 Gate dela
2.
fault tolera Systems
MINs Mulistaqe TntrConnecladl Aleloorka
Lthese.aue foult tolerant Syc
Proceasos /Memorieo
Mem chips

M
m;cM
Dlthese p's shauld be connected to mis whase ingomalon
is from M. onythen the Syssm Con be fout tolerant.
Meshkin Architechure Mi
I ’ conneced to all Mis

3e 1

and Vtce-Versa
 Date
y Benign Faulks
3.
H Malaiauu Baganline Faults
fauld Tolexant
Redundanul Can be 'n the form oo
2. Sohtuoaue

3Infomabo
A. Tune

3s,(9(p)+3plp'
tp
3!

Hlandigone Aeundony mny Yange from Stmple duplalam to

tioadgone
Complicaled. struckub (uhualung Suoitchig fro aictuats
Spane unib) when one ot moie acue unit oila
`tai RedundanyDuplirot 2 Dynamic Redunclany
TVR NMR und 3.
This qiues prolzclim agauist Ranconfailues
Giiwes proleclan aqast One Dr mOe tailues
M

*Coverag Facor
Reliahe
Reliabilik
Availabilihy
 Date

Hw kle use TMR.

lWe Use TVR.

Assumptions
S-identical
| Componena ane
2. Sama identical inputa must be giuen
3. Ipount o failuse
s.
apply thguta, hpua aue Synchaonled (arplicd at
A.' ohen you
pacblems hen componenta oue S-idelical Some vistant time)
|: Common Cause failuzts 2. pout of faiue
Solukioin Havihg stand-bu çunib
LsBatic rdundony Call aue achecomponenl)
Stnsors - They haue analog atonmatuan
haa they.oe Considexo the use 'Floatung'Data
ist atleast 4 dit appicalions oht Stnas and.LMatiple.Senas
ane Used wthu Same
Inputs

64, ane pacically Tdealical

docank mean I,6I paoz- Ddonical
A hle e the plusalihy voter ikparamlrs ane identical
thax aue mox than Lfoiux due toSome Q4bn hen they
ait calleda'Corelatedjailues'

Dynamik Recundana
Unlike TMR it needs to be Deteced'
Ihenes no acine Redundany nthis caAe
Achue Module Faut Datecsn
Isolated| Remoned
Recouey- Replacement wth god Gnes
 Redundontt out Si_k
tsaTraaAAt Faultd
flipped.fau ig
bita hicd teopsrsy onmagoetic
todua Inteatçneleciotwel isEmT T
place dakex bih flippugo Hloa
-failuoe) into couad (hist
edudanu Iempoiady knbune
aa alaRedundancy
o is Tume
Redundanu' CoLD
coLD
Spek
Redunclany HoTCompane
Vs
HoT Redundants Acue
unit depandable
dete be
gougto theets MauntainabiJltu S.
all Availobit A- M
Madule dctse NMR R-Reliobihts
Modlule Spane le
deledliscnonjgu
Module Acive
deecb Fault
Date
Fault Tolerance fo fault Tolexant Systems Date

Rodundant Arxas o Independent Disks br DaielRATD)

RATDO -
Inerpense
Staiping" (tla, -Hal
RATDI
cnto the disks) i
MiorngSame -Same tato the diski)
dtleast 2 dis"
S
RATD t+o

A A A A,
A Ay

DiskI Disk 2
RAID 1O+0 Staipng t Mimoung
RATD 6|6 Stipung o data on 2d
When panih diska ane added
Actine &Passine Oobas5/t bos
Staic &passive
Missr Critical Sys" Fnancial Sys"
3. Banking sisten
2

trplan
4. Mars Misson
5. Nuelear plans
Replication'
LDato Duglicnbon.
V(penjozmanua shouidlat deqrade)
 Date

duantages o Replicatini
ttigh leilabilii întxca»cd Availabilats
Dmproedor uicoeased FT
Dncneased peakomonte (load Baloncung)
}Scalability
Cost Savung_ downtime)
cedibilits
} Reputalior
deces to all ntorm &senvers ’ Synchangatin
J,

Typa:
Monolithic Replicahan
2 Distaibuted Replicoation
ds faras storage is concerned
LRS (local Redindant Storage)
ZRS (Zonal Redndant Storae )
GRSGHeo Redundant Storag
G--RS
RA/GRS
Reod Acceas Cdon't haue itor but has aceoss