General Chemistry

Laboratory Manual
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences

Instructor
Dr. Amal Abu-Almakarem

1444H

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 Contents
Safety In the General Chemistry Laboratory
General Chemistry Laboratory Glassware
Experiment 1: Densities of Some liquids& Solids
Experiment 2: Physical Methods for Separation mixture
Experiment 3: Identification of Solutions (acidic, basic, neutral)
Experiment 4: Types of Chemical Reactions
Experiment 5: Identification of Metal ions and Inorganic
Compounds by their Chemical Reaction
Experiment 6: Identification of Common Chemicals
Experiment 7: Determination of Molecular Weight of a Volatile
Liquid
Experiment 8: Determination of Acid Content in
Vinegar

‫ تعال إلى املختبر وأنت‬.‫ربما تكون أفضل قاعدة لسالمة املختبر يمكن أن نقدمها لك هي التفكير والتفكير في املستقبل‬
‫مستعد واعرف بالضبط ما تريد القيام به ؛ قم بإعداد مخطط تفصيلي للعمل املخبري الخاص بك حتى تعرف ما هو‬
‫ الوقت اإلضافي املستثمر في العمل بعناية وبوتيرة‬.‫ ال تحاول تسريع األمور في املختبر‬.‫ اعمل ببطء وحذر‬.‫التالي‬
.‫ وستكون نتائجك بال شك أفضل‬، ‫محسوبة يتم تعويضه أكثر من خالل الكفاءة الناتجة عن التخطيط املسبق الدقيق‬
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 ‫اللهم ال سهل اال ما جعلته سهال و أنت تجعل الحزن إذا شئت سهال‬

‫السالمة في معمل الكيمياء العامة‬

I
Safety In the General Chemistry Laboratory
Dear Student, our primary goal in the General Chemistry Laboratory is
your safety and wellbeing..🫵 ‫ هدفنا األساسي في معمل الكيمياء العامة هو سالمتك ورفاهيتك‬، ‫عزيزي الطالب‬

Perhaps the best rule for laboratory safety we can give you is to think,
and to think ahead. Come to the laboratory prepared and know exactly what
you want to do; prepare an outline of your lab work so you know what’s
next. Work slowly and carefully. Don’t try to rush things in the laboratory.
The extra time invested in working carefully and at a measured pace is
more than compensated by the efficiency resulting from careful prior
planning, and your results will undoubtedly be better.
Lab Coats or Aprons: The Chemistry Laboratory requires that students
wear laboratory coats or aprons when working in an instructional
laboratory..‫ يتطلب مختبر الكيمياء أن يرتدي الطالب معاطف أو مآزر املختبر عند العمل في مختبر تعليمي‬:🥼 ‫معاطف أو مآزر املختبر‬ 7
Shose must be worn in the labratory at all times these must be covered-top.
No sandals, no clothes you love more than life, no contact lenses, and long
pants are preferable to shorts or short skirts. Tie long hair back. Wear safety
‫ وال مالبس تحبينها أكثر من‬، ‫ ال صنادل‬.‫يجب ارتداء األحذية في املختبر في جميع األوقات التي يجب أن تكون مغطاة‬
goggles and a lab coat. ‫ وال‬، ‫الحياة‬ِ ‫ ارتد نظارات‬.‫ اربطي الشعر الطويل للخلف‬.‫ والسراويل الطويلة أفضل من السراويل القصيرة أو التنانير القصيرة‬، ‫عدسات الصقة‬
.‫واقية ومعطفًا للمختبر‬
Safety Equipment: Walk through the laboratory and learn the locations of
all the safety equipment well enough so that you can indicate their locations
on a map of the laboratory. You should know the place of :
II • Exit Doors ‫• أبواب الخروج‬ ‫ تجول في املختبر وتعرف على مواقع جميع معدات السالمة‬:‫معدات السالمة‬

2• Fire Extinguishers. .‫• طفايات الحريق‬

2 .‫جيدًا بما يكفي بحيث يمكنك اإلشارة إلى مواقعها على خريطة املختبر‬

3• Safety Showers. .‫اآلمن‬ ‫الدش‬ •

:‫يجب أن تعرف مكان‬
• Eyewash .‫• محطات غسيل العني‬
Stations.
4
4 talk
.‫الحريق‬ ‫ • بطانية‬as
5• Fire Blanket. 6 sick ‫• حقيبة إسعاف أولي‬
8• First Aid Kit.
6 am cow
.‫ والحصول على اإلسعافات األولية‬، ‫ قم باإلبالغ عن جميع الحوادث إلى "معيد" أو من يتولى املسؤولية مهما كانت طفيفة‬:‫الحوادث‬
EH Accidents: Report all accidents to a Teaching Assistant or whoever is in
charge, no matter how minor, and get first aid.
‫ ال يُسمح مطل ًقا بإجراء تجارب غير مصرح بها في املختبر في‬:‫التجارب غير املصرح بها‬
.‫ والتي تم تعيينها من قبل مدرب املختبر‬، ‫ قم بإجراء التجربة فقط‬.‫أي وقت وألي سبب‬
Unauthorized Experiments: Absolutely no unauthorized experiments are
permitted in the laboratory at any time, for any reason. Do only the
experiment, which has been assigned by the laboratory instructor. Never
do any unauthorized experiment in place of the one assigned by the
instructor. Do not change the designated procedure without the advice of
the instructor. .‫ ال تقم بتغيير اإلجراء املعني دون استشارة املدرب‬.‫ال تقم أبدًا بأي تجربة غير مصرح بها بدالً من التجربة املعينة من قبل املدرب‬

Don't Play Mad Scientist: Don't haphazardly mix chemicals! Pay

attention to the order in which chemicals are to be added to each other
and do not deviate from the instructions. Even chemicals that mix to
produce seemingly safe products should be handled carefully. For
‫ ال تخلط املواد الكيميائية عشوائيا ً! انتبه لترتيب إضافة املواد‬:‫ال تلعب عالم مجنون‬
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‫ حتى املواد الكيميائية التي‬.‫الكيميائية لبعضها البعض وال تحيد عن التعليمات‬
.‫تختلط إلنتاج منتجات تبدو آمنة يجب التعامل معها بعناية‬
 ‫ لكن‬، ‫ سيعطيك حمض الهيدروكلوريك وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم امللح واملاء‬، ‫على سبيل املثال‬
!‫حريصا‬
ً ‫التفاعل قد يكسر األواني الزجاجية أو ينثر املواد املتفاعلة عليك إذا لم تكن‬

example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide will give you salt and
water, but the reaction could break your glassware or splash the reactants
onto you if you aren't careful!
.‫ بالتأكيد لن يتم التسامح مع أي خداع أو لعب عبث في املختبر‬:‫التسكع بالجوار‬

Horsing Around: Absolutely no fooling around or horse play will be

tolerated in the laboratory. ‫ ال‬، ‫ في واقع األمر‬.‫ ال تستخدم املاصة الفموي ؛ استخدم ملبة مطاطية‬:‫سحب العينات‬
.‫تدخل أي جهاز معمل أو أواني زجاجية أو لوازم أو أدوات في أي من فتحات الجسم‬
Pipetting: Do not mouth-pipet; use a rubber bulb. As a matter of fact, do
not insert any laboratory apparatus, glassware, supplies, or instrumentation
into any of your bodily orifices.
‫ ال تضع أبدًا أي شيء في فمك أو أنفك أو أي فتحة جسدية أخرى في هذا الشأن في‬:‫االبتالع‬
.‫ الطعام أو الشراب أو األكل ممنوع منعا باتا في املختبر‬.‫ وال حتى اصبعك‬.‫املختبر‬
Ingestion: Never put anything into your mouth or nose, or any other bodily
orifice for that matter, in the laboratory. Not even your finger. Food, drinks,
drinking, or eating is strictly forbidden in the laboratory.

Don't Taste or Sniff Chemicals: For many chemicals, if you can smell
them then you are exposing yourself to a dose that can harm you! If the
safety information says that a chemical should only be used inside a fume
hood, then don't use it anywhere else. This is not cooking class - don't taste
your experiments!
Waste: Use the proper container to dispose of all waste generated in the
laboratory. .‫ استخدم الحاوية املناسبة للتخلص من جميع النفايات املتولدة في املختبر‬:‫النفايات‬

‫ إذا كان‬، ‫ بالنسبة للعديد من املواد الكيميائية‬:‫ال تتذوق أو تشم املواد الكيميائية‬
‫ فأنت تعرض نفسك لجرعة يمكن أن تؤذيك! إذا كانت معلومات‬، ‫بإمكانك شمها‬
‫ فال‬، ‫السالمة تنص على أنه يجب استخدام مادة كيميائية داخل غطاء دخان فقط‬
!‫ ال تتذوق تجاربك‬- ‫ هذه ليست صف طبخ‬.‫تستخدمه في أي مكان آخر‬

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

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 ‫زجاجيات مختبر الكيمياء العامة‬

General Chemistry Laboratory Glassware

I 2 3 4

Erlenmeyer Flask
Beaker (Conical Flask) Test Tube Measuring
Cylinder

5 6 7 8
a

Burette Graduated s Funnel

Volumetric Pipette
Pipette
9 10 11 12

i
Buchner am Tripod
Digital Balance
Funnel Thermometer Na
13 14 15 16
w
250

Round
Bottom Volumetric flask
Test tube Bunsen Burner Flask
holder

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 ‫تجارب‬

Experiments

6
 1

‫ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ‬

Experiment 1
Densities of some Liquids and Solids ‫أھﺪاف‬
Objectives .‫ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ واﺣﺪة‬، ‫• ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
.‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬:‫• اﻹﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬
• To determine the density of a sample of a liquid, a single solid
object, and a collection of irregularly shaped solid objects.
• Familiarization with the laboratory: working in the lab. :‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
Theory Background: .‫ ھﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻮن واﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﺼﮭﺎر وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن‬، ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
Density, like color, odor, melting point, and boiling point, is a.‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬، ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
physical property of matter. Therefore, density may be used in identifying
matter.
The density of a sample of matter represents the mass contained within
a unit volume of space in the sample. Then, density is defined as mass per
‫ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬.‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ وﺣﺪة ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬
unit volume and is expressed mathematically as: :‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة ﺣﺠﻢ وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ رﯾﺎﺿﯿًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
d = m/V (d is density, m is mass, and V is volume) ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿًﺎ‬
The system of measurement used universally by scientists is the metric ، ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ھﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮي‬
system. In the metric system, the unit of mass is the gram (g), the unit of ‫ووﺣﺪة ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﯿﻠﺘﺮ‬ ، (g) ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺠﺮام‬

volume for a liquid is milliliters (mL), and the unit of volume for a solid is ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ ووﺣﺪة ﺣﺠﻢ‬، (mL)
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ھﻲ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
a cubic centimeter (cm3). Therefore, the density of a liquid is usually ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮﻟﻜﻞﻋﻦ‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ‬، ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.(cm3)
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﺎدةً ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬
expressed as grams per milliliter (g/mL), and the density of asolid is ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬ ‫ وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬، (‫ ﻣﻞ‬/ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻠﺘﺮ )ﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). [Note: 1 mL =1 cm3] [3 ‫ ﺳﻢﺳﻢ‬/1‫)ﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
= ‫ ﻣﻞ‬1 :‫ ]ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬.(3
Procedure
Part A: Determining the Density of Water
1. Record the mass of a clean and dry 10.00 mL graduated cylinder to
0.001g.‫ ﺟﻢ‬0.001 ‫ ﻣﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ‬10.00 ‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ ﻧﻈﯿﻔﺔ وﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬-1
2. Fill this 10 mL graduated cylinder approximately halfway with
distilled water. Record the mass of your graduated cylinder with
this volume of water in it. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒًﺎ‬10 ‫ اﻣﻸ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ‬-2
‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‬
3. Calculate the mass of the water..‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬-3
4. Read the volume of water using the bottom of the meniscus as
demonstrated by your instructor. Record your volume to the
hundredth decimal place value (i.e. 4.23 mL). ‫ ﺳﺠﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ‬ ‫ اﻗﺮأ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎع اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ أوﺿﺢ‬-4
.(‫ ﻣﻞ‬4.23 ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ )أي‬
5. Calculate the density of the water. (Remember: density =
mass/volume). .(‫ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬/ ‫ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ = اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬:‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء )ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬-5
.‫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺠﺰء ب‬
‫ ﯾﺘﻢ وﺻﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل أﺣﯿﺎﻧًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
Part B: Determining the Density of a Solution. ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬5 ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ‬NaCl) ٪5 ‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻠﺢ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫أﺳﺎس اﻟﻮزن‬
.‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬95 ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ‬5 ‫ وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺎدل‬، ‫ ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬100 ‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻟﻜﻞ‬
NOTE: The concentration of a solution is sometimes described in terms of
the solution's percentage composition on a weight basis. For example,a
5% salt (NaCl) solution contains 5 g of NaCl per 100 g of solution, which
corresponds to 5 g of salt per 95 g of water.
1. Use the clean and dry (the same 10 mL) graduated cylinder. Fill the
graduated cylinder halfway with the 5% NaCl solution. Record the
mass of the graduated cylinder and salt solution.
2. Calculate the mass of the salt solution. (You determined the mass
‫ اﻣﻸ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ‬.(‫ ﻣﻞ‬10 ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﻔﺔ واﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ )ﻧﻔﺲ‬.1
7 .‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ وﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬.٪5 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ )ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪدت ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﺎرﻏﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء أ )ﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬.2
.(‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض ؛ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬
 .‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻞ‬.3
.٪5 ‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.4
.‫ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬٪20 ‫ و‬٪15 ‫ و‬٪10 ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻠﻮل‬4 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬1 ‫ ﻛﺮر اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻣﻦ‬.5
.‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬4 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬1 ‫ ﻛﺮر اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻣﻦ‬.‫ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬.6

of the empty graduated cylinder in part A.) (Dispose of the solution

in the sink; do not return to reagent bottle).
3. Record the volume of the solution.
4. Calculate the density of the 5% NaCl solution.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 for the 10%, 15%, and 20% NaCl solutions.
6. Obtain an unknown solution. Repeat steps 1-4 forthe unknown
solution.

Part C: Determining the Density of a Solid.

1. Obtain an unknown solid and record its identity.
1. Pour about 30 ml (it does not have to be exact) of distilled water into
a clean and dry 50.0 ml graduated cylinder. Record the volume of
water to the tenth-place value (i.e. 31.2 ml) by reading the bottom
of the meniscus.
2. Record the mass of the graduated cylinder and water.
3. Carefully add the solid to the cylinder so that no water is lost. Add
enough solid so that between 10-20 ml of water is displaced. Record
the new volume.
4. Record the mass of the graduated cylinder, water and solid.
5. Calculate the mass of the solid from the above data.
6. Calculate the volume of the solid from the above data.
7. Calculate the density of the solid.
8. Determine the actual density of your solid in the Handbook of
Chemistry.
9. Determine your percent error: (Actual – Experimental) /
(Actual) x 100%.

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:
1. Compare a 50 mL beaker and a 50 mL graduated cylinder. :POSTLAB ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Which is more precise? Why? .‫ﻣﻞ‬ 50 ‫ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫واﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬ 50 ‫ﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ دورق‬.1
‫ اﺷﺮح اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺑﻚ اﻟﺨﺎص‬.3 ‫أﯾﮭﻤﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ؟ ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬
3. Explain density in your own words

.‫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺠﺰء ج‬

.‫ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﮭﻮل وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ ھﻮﯾﺘﮫ‬.1

‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ‬.‫ ﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺪرﺟﺔ‬50.0 ‫ ﻣﻞ )ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﺗﻜﻮن دﻗﯿﻘﺔ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻧﻈﯿﻔﺔ وﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬30 ‫ ﺻﺐ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.1
.‫ ﻣﻞ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬31.2 ‫اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة )أي‬

.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ واﻟﻤﺎء‬.2

‫ ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ‬20-10 ‫ أﺿﻒ ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ إزاﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ‬.‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.3
.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬

.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬.4

.‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﻋﻼه‬.5

.‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أﻋﻼه‬.6

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬ 8 .‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬.7
.‫ ﺣﺪد اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‬.8
‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬ .٪100 × (‫ )ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬/ (‫ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ‬- ‫ )ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬:‫ ﺣﺪد اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺄ‬.9
 ‫ طﺮق ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‬2 ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
Experiment 2
Physical Methods for Separation of the Components of a Mixture
.‫ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﺪة طﺮق ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻘﯿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬
Objective: To examine several methods used to separate mixtures into
pure substances. ‫ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ھﻲ‬.(‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ )أي ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬:‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن‬، ‫ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن‬، ‫ أي ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬.‫طﺮق ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
:‫ ﯾﺴﺮد أدﻧﺎه ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﯿﻮﻋًﺎ‬.‫واﻟﺬوﺑﺎن‬
Theoretical Background: Mixtures can be separated into their
constituents by using physical methods (i.e. no chemical reaction
involved). Separation techniques are physical methods. Which technique
to use depends on the different properties of the constituents. That is,
different states, solubility, boiling and melting points. Below lists some of
the most common separation techniques: ‫ إذا ﺗﻢ‬.‫ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬- ‫ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬-١
.‫ ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺎرﻛًﺎ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻔﮫ‬، ‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
• Evaporation - This method is suitable to separate a soluble solid
I from a liquid. If the solution is heated, the liquid evaporates leaving
the solid behind. .‫ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ورق اﻟﺘﺮﺷﯿﺢ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻮرق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق‬.‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬- ‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﯿﺢ‬-٢

2 • Filtration - To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The solid

remains in the filter paper and the liquid goes through the paper into
the beaker. .‫ ﯾﺴﺨﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﻲ دورق ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻐﻠﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬.‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬- ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬-٣
.‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻲ )ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ( ﻓﻲ دورق‬.‫ﯾﻤﺮ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه وﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
• Distillation - to separate and collect a liquid from a solution of a
3
soluble solid. The solution is heated in a flask until the liquid boils.
The vapour produced passes into the condenser where it is cooled
and condenses to a liquid. The pure liquid (distillate) is collected in
a beaker. ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ‬، ‫ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬.‫ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ ھﻮ ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬- ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬-٤
‫ واﻟﺬي ﯾﻀﻤﻦ أن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎﻧﮫ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﺑﻌﻤﻮد ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬.‫ﺗﻐﻠﻲ وﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﻲ أوﻗﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

4 • Fractional Distillation - This is a special type of distillation used to

separate a mixture of liquids. Different liquids boil at different
temperatures. When heated, they boil off and condense at different
times. The apparatus features a fractionating column, which ensures ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮاﻓﯿﺎ أو‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮاب أو‬
that only the liquid boils at its boiling point will pass into the ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬

condenser. ‫ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ورﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬- ‫ اﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬-٥
.‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬، ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬.‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬
• Chromatography - To separate different coloured dyes. The dyes
travel upthe chromatography paper at different distances before they
cannot remain in solution. The more soluble dyes move further up
than the less soluble ones, hence separating from each other.
• Adsorption/desorption – This is used to separate liquid or gaseous
mixtures that contain at least one component that adsorbs.
Some of the example mixtures that can be separated using the above
‫ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ أو اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬- ‫ ازاﻟﮫ اﻻﻣﺘﺰاز‬/ (‫آﻟﯿﮫ اﻻﻣﺘﺰاز)اﻻدﻣﺼﺎص‬
mentioned techniques: :‫ وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة أﻋﻼه‬، ‫ﻣﻜﻮن واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﯾﻤﺘﺺ‬
(1) separating dyes in inks, or chlorophyll in plants (ethanol as
solvent) - chromatography;
(2) separating sand from water - filtration; ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻷﺻﺒﺎغ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﺒﺎر أو اﻟﻜﻠﻮروﻓﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت )ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬1
‫اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل( ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ ؛‬
(3) separating ethanol and water - fractional distillation; ‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﯿﺢ ؛‬- ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬2)
(4) separating water from ink - simple distillation; ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل واﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ؛‬3)
‫ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ؛‬- ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﺮ‬4)
(5) separating salt from water – evaporation ‫ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬- ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬5)

9
 (‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺲ )اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺲ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ وﻟﯿﺲ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬- ‫( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬6

(6) separating iron from sand – using magnet ( The magnet sticks
the iron but not the sand)

Diagrams below show suggested experiment setting for the various separation
techniques. .‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ أدﻧﺎه إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح ﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

Filtration Evaporation

10
 ‫ اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ وراء‬.‫ وﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮة‬، ‫ ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻷﻗﻞ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮرق‬.‫ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت ھﻮ أن اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ذوﺑﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺳﯿﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﺳﻮف ﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل أﺑﻄﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬، ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﯿﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪًا‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن‬.‫ﺑﻘﻊ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم اﻟﻨﻘﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻢ ﺟﺪًا‬
In chromatography technique, only a small amount of
mixture samples are required, often as little as a drop.
The concept behind this techniques is that different
constituentin a mixture have different solubility. As the
solvent moves up the paper the less soluble constituent
will travel at a slower rate than those of more soluble
constituents. Hence the mixture will eventually separate
into different colored spots as the solvent moves to the
top. Sometimes, more sophisticated medium is used,
such as thin plastic sheets coated with very fine pure
aluminium oxide.
‫ ﯾﻜﻮن‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدي‬.‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ھﻮ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬.‫ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﻋﺪا أﻧﮫ ﺗﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬، ‫اﻹﻋﺪاد ﻣﺸﺎﺑ ًﮭﺎ‬
.‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻤﻮد أﺣﯿﺎﻧًﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻌﺒﺄ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮز اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬.‫وﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ ﺗﻜﺜﯿﻒ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﻨﻘﺎط ﻏﻠﯿﺎن أﻋﻠﻰ‬
Diagram on the left shows
equipment set-up for fractional
distillation. For normal
distillation, the set-up is similar,
except that the fractionating
column is being removed. The
curving structure of the
fractionating column is to increase
the surface area and encourage
condensation of liquids with
higher boiling points.
Sometimes the column consists of
a tube tightly packed with glass
beads.

Some porcelain chips should be

added into the conical flask to
prevent hot spots and sudden
boiling. The thermometer reading
ensures that suitable temperature
is reached at the boiling point of
the desired liquid to condense out.
This should be the liquid with a
lower boiling point in the mixture.
‫ﯾﺠﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ رﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺒﻮرﺳﻠﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪورق اﻟﻤﺨﺮوطﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺒﻘﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ واﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن‬
‫ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺮاءة ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن‬.‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬
.‫ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‬.‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺜﯿﻒ‬

11
 ‫أ( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬، ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬ً ‫ ﯾﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﻼب‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
A) Separating sand and salt .‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن‬
In this experiment students separate a mixture of sand and salt,
illustrating the fundamental means of separating a mixture of an
insoluble material from one which is soluble.
‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ دورق‬، ‫ ورق ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺢ‬، ‫ ﻗﻤﻊ ﻓﻠﺘﺮ‬، ‫ ﻗﻀﯿﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ زﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬، (3 ‫ ﺳﻢ‬250) ‫دورق‬
Apparatus and chemicals .‫ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬، ‫ ﻣﻮﻗﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﻦ‬، ‫ ﺣﻮض ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬، (3 ‫ ﺳﻢ‬250) ‫ﻣﺨﺮوطﻲ‬
Beaker (250 cm3), Glass stirring rod, Filter funnel, Filter paper,
Conical flask (250 cm3), Evaporating basin, Bunsen burner, Mixture
of sand and salt.
Procedure
a) Pour the sand-salt mixture into the beaker so that it just covers
thebase.
b) Add about 50 cm3 of water or add water until the beaker is about
a) ‫ﺻﺐ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ واﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬.
one- fifth full. b) ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء أو أﺿﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻤﺘﻠﺊ اﻟﺪورق ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‬3 ‫ ﺳﻢ‬50 ‫أﺿﻒ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.
c) Stir the mixture gently for a few minutes. c) ‫ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺑﻠﻄﻒ ﻟﺒﻀﻊ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬.
d) ‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ دورق ﻣﺨﺮوطﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.
d) Filter the mixture into a conical flask. e) ‫ﺻﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮض اﻟﺘﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬.
f) ‫ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺮب ﻛﺜﯿﺮا‬:‫ رﻋﺎﯾﮫ‬.("‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺑﺮﻓﻖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺾ "اﻟﺒﺼﻖ‬.
e) Pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin. g) ‫أﻏﻠﻖ ﻣﻮﻗﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﻦ واﺗﺮك اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺮطﺐ ﯾﺠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻖ‬.
f) Heat the salt solution gently until it starts to decrepitate “spit”). CARE:
do not get too close.
g) Turn off the Bunsen burner and let the damp salt dry in the dish.
.‫ب( ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ‬
B) separation of water from a salt by simple distillation. :‫أھﺪاف‬
.‫• اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺷﯿﺢ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
Objectives: .‫• اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺔ‬
• To learn about filtration techniques for the separation of solids
fromliquids.
• To learn about distillation techniques for the separation of a
dissolvedsubstance from the dissolving substance.
Background:
Distillation consists of heating a liquid until it vaporizes, and then
condensing the vapor and collecting it in a separate container. Distillation
is used to purify liquids, or to separate mixtures of liquids that have
different boiling points. There are many types of distillation, each of which
has a distinct purpose. For this experiment you will do a simple distillation :‫ﺧﻠﻔﯿﺔ‬
.‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻜﺜﯿﻒ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬، ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬
in order to obtain pure water from salt water. ‫ ھﻨﺎك‬.‫ أو ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻏﻠﯿﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬، ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
Materials: ‫ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬.‫ وﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻏﺮض ﻣﻤﯿﺰ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬
.‫ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎء ﻧﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬
100 mL round-bottom flask, water condenser, distillation head,
thermometer adapter, vacuum adapter, thermometer, heating mantle,
power supply, 50 mL graduated cylinder, 2 beakers, 3 test tubes, small
clamps for organic, blue glassware clamps, boiling chips, salt water, silver :‫ﻣﻮاد‬
nitrate. ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬ ، ‫ﻓﺮاغ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ، ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬ ، ‫ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬ ‫رأس‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻒ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻞ‬ 100 ‫داﺋﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻚ‬، ‫ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬3 ، ‫ أﻛﻮاب‬2 ، ‫ ﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺪرﺟﺔ‬50 ‫ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﺼﺪر طﺎﻗﺔ‬، ‫ ﻋﺒﺎءة ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬،
‫دورق‬

Safety Precautions: .‫ رﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن واﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ وﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻚ اﻷواﻧﻲ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء‬، ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬

Remember not to touch the glassware when it is very hot. Let it cool down
before you disassemble it. :‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎطﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬
12 ‫ اﺗﺮﻛﮫ ﯾﺒﺮد ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻔﻜﯿﻜﮫ‬.‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أﻻ ﺗﻠﻤﺲ اﻷواﻧﻲ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ‬
Procedures:
1. Set the 100 ml round-bottom flask in the heating mantle and clamp it to
a ring stand. Place two boiling chips in the flask, measure out 50 ml of the
salt-water solution, and transfer it to the flask.
2. Assemble the rest of the distillation apparatus .
connecting the pieces with the clips provided. Make sure the entire
thermometer bulb is below the sidearm of the distillation head. Water
should go in on the lower side of the condenser and exit on the upper side.
Clamp the loose hose end over the sink so it doesn’t spray the lab. Place a
beaker below the end of the condenser to receive the condensed liquid.
3. Heat the flask with the heating mantle so that the liquid boils gently. The
very first liquid collected might be contaminated with organic material or
salt from the glassware, so you will throw out the first ml of distillate. To
do this, switch to a fresh beaker after about 1 ml has been collected. Record
the temperature at this point as the beginning of the collection phase.
Throw out the liquid in the first beaker, but keep the beaker at you work
area because you will use it again.
4. Continue collecting liquid until about half of the original mixture has
been distilled (it is never safe to distill to dryness). Record the temperature
as the end of the collection phase, turn off the heating mantle. Liquid will
continue to collect for a while. Switch the beakers again, putting the
original beaker in place to catch the last of the liquid – this is just so it
doesn’t end up on the counter. Remove the heating mantle. Let the
apparatus cool before taking it apart.
5. Prepare three test tubes for chloride ion testing, one 2 mL sample
(approx.) of each of the following: deionized water from the lab, the
original mixture, and the distillate.
6. Add 5 drops of silver nitrate solution to each test tube. The presence of
chloride ion in solution is indicated by formation of the white precipitate
AgCl. Relative concentrations are indicated by the amount of precipitate
formed. Record your observations. Remove any tape from your test tubes,
pour the solutions into the waste beaker and rinse the tubes in the sink
before placing them in the dirty glassware bin.
.‫ واﻧﻘﻠﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪورق‬، ‫ ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬50 ‫ وﻗﻢ ﺑﻘﯿﺎس‬، ‫ ﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻐﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق‬.‫ ﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎءة اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ وﺛﺒﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﻣﻞ داﺋﺮي‬100 ‫ ﺿﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرورة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﯾﺮة ﺳﻌﺔ‬.1

‫ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن ﻟﻤﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺴﻼح اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﺮأس اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬.‫ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬.‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬.2
.‫ ﺿﻊ ﻛﻮﺑًﺎ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬.‫ ﺛﺒﺖ طﺮف اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺤﻮض ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺮش اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ وﯾﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬

‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯿﻠﺘﺮ اﻷول ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻷول اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ ﻣﻠﻮﺛًﺎ ﺑﻤﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺔ أو ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻷواﻧﻲ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬.‫ ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻘﺎرورة ﺑﻌﺒﺎءة اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻐﻠﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺮﻓﻖ‬.3
‫ ﺳﺠﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻞ‬1 ‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺪﯾﻞ إﻟﻰ دورق طﺎزج ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬، ‫ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻧﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﺣﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺪورق ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ﻷﻧﻚ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬، ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق اﻷول‬.‫ﻛﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬

‫ وأوﻗﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻋﺒﺎءة‬، ‫ ﺳﺠﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬.(‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ )ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻣﻦ أﺑﺪًا اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬.4
‫ ﻗﻢ‬.‫ وھﺬا ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﮫ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻀﺪة‬، ‫ ﺿﻊ اﻟﺪورق اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮫ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط آﺧﺮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬، ‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺒﺪﯾﻞ اﻷﻛﻮاب ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬.‫ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬
.‫ دع اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﯾﺒﺮد ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻔﻜﯿﻜﮫ‬.‫ﺑﺈزاﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺎءة اﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ‬

.‫ وﻧﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬، ‫ واﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬، ‫ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻨﺰوع اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬:‫ ﻣﻞ )ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒًﺎ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬2 ‫ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺳﻌﺔ‬، ‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻋﺪاد ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر أﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬.5

‫ ﺗﺘﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰات اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬.AgCl ‫ ﯾﺸﺎر إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد أﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ‬.‫ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬5 ‫ أﺿﻒ‬.6
‫ وﺻﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺎﯾﺎت واﺷﻄﻒ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض ﻗﺒﻞ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ اﻷواﻧﻲ‬، ‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈزاﻟﺔ أي ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ‬.‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺨﺔ‬
13
 Post-Lab Questions:
In the following table examples of some mixtures, write down the
proper method of separation the components of these mixtures.
Mixture Method of separation Explanation
Iron and Sulfur
Muddy river water
coffee
Salt, sand, water
Oil and water
Ethanol and water
Ink and water
Dyes in plants

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

14
 (‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﯾﮫ أو ﻣﺤﺎﯾﺪة‬، ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل )ﺣﻤﻀﯿﺔ‬3 ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

Experiment 3
Identification of Solutions (Acidic, basic or Neutral) ‫ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ھﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬:‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬
Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to identify an unknown solution ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬

Theoretical Background: .‫ زاﺋﺪة‬+ H ‫( وطﻌﻢ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ وأﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬7.0>) ‫ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ‬
Acidic solution: is the solution which has low pH (<7.0), sour taste,
and excess H+ ions. -OH ‫( وطﻌﻢ ﻣﺮ وﻣﻘﺪار‬7.0 <) ‫ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي‬
.‫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔ ًﺮا‬+ H ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬، + H ‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
Basic Solution: is the solution which has high pH (> 7.0), bitter taste
and the amount of OH- ions are greater than the amount of H+, even
if the amount of H+ is equal to zero. ‫ أو أي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬.7.0 ‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻨﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬:‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺤﺎﯾﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى ﻓﯿﮫ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬
Neutral solution: an aqueous solution with pH equal to 7.0. or any
aqueous solution in which the activities of the hydrogen and
hydroxide ions are equal.
‫اﻹﺟﺮاء‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺎء‬-5 ، ‫ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬-4 ، ‫ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ‬-3 ، ‫ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬-2 ، ‫ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﯾﻚ‬-1 :‫* ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
Procedure Na2CO3 -8 ، ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ‬7 ، ‫ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻚ‬-6 ، ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‬
* Prepare the following 8 solutions:1- HCl, 2- Amonia, 3- Salt
water, 4- NaOH, 5- Distilled water, 6- Acetic acid, 7- Sugar, 8-Na2CO3
1- test each solution with litmus paper. Record the results in the data
table below. .‫ ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت أدﻧﺎه‬.‫ اﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮرق ﻋﺒﺎد اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬-1
.‫ ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬5 ‫ ﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب اﺧﺘﺒﺎر وأﺿﻒ‬-2
2- Take little of each solution in a test tube and add 5 drops of silver
nitrate to each solution. Record the results in the data table.
Observations:
Unknown solution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No.
red
Litmus blue
test
Silver nitrate
(AgNO3)
Test
Sodium Carbonate
(Na2CO3) test
Phenolphthalein test
Methyl Orange Test
Identity of
Solution

15
 ‫ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬4 ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ :‫أھﺪاف‬
‫ دراﺳﺔ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ‬-
.‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
Experiment 4 ‫ إﺑﺪاء اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت واﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬-
Types of Chemical Reactions .‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬
.‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬-
Objectives: .‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ‬-
- To study types of chemical reactions and to develop laboratory
skills for carrying out some chemical reactions.
- Making observations about the results of these reactions and
become familiar with the observable signs of a chemical reaction.
- Identify the products formed in chemical reaction.
- Write a balanced chemical equation for the reactions studied.

Theoretical background: .‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ آﻻف اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬

We can group thousands of chemical reactions into just a few classes of

reactions.
• Combination Reactions. Two or more substances (Elements)
combine to form another substance (compound).
• Decomposition Reactions. One compound breaks down into two or
more substances.
• Double Displacement Reactions. The ions in two compounds
exchange parts.
• Single Displacement Reactions (or Substitution Reaction). One
substance (generally an element) displaces a part of another
substance (element) from a compound. (Or one element being
displaced from a compound by another element.)
• Oxidation Reduction Reactions. One substance loses electrons
(oxidation) while another substance simultaneously gains electrons
(reduction).
• Acid-Base Reactions. Hydrogen ions from acids combine with
hydroxide ions from bases to form water.

.(‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﺎدﺗﺎن أو أﻛﺜﺮ )اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ( ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى )ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬.‫• ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ واﺣﺪ ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫• ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﺒﺎدل اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﯿﻦ اﻷﺟﺰاء‬.‫• ردود ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺰوح اﻟﻤﺰدوج‬
‫ )أو‬.‫ ﻣﺎدة واﺣﺪة )ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم( ﺗﺰﯾﺢ ﺟﺰ ًءا ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى )ﻋﻨﺼﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬.(‫• ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﺰوح اﻟﻔﺮدي )أو ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬
(.‫ﯾﺘﻢ إزاﺣﺔ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﺧﺮ‬
.(‫ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺎدة واﺣﺪة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت )اﻷﻛﺴﺪة( ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ‬.‫• ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض ﻣﻊ أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫• اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﯾﺔ‬

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There are often accompanying observable changes as a chemical reaction
occurs. These include:
• Color change.
• Formation of a precipitate—noted as the formation of a
cloudy solution, formation of a gel, or an obvious solid.
• Evolution of a gas—noted as bubbling in the solution.
• Appearance or disappearance of distinct separation between
two or more liquids.
• Evolution of heat—noted as a temperature increase.
• Absorption of heat—noted as a temperature decrease.
• Decomposition, pitting, or the disappearance of a solid metal
One or more of these changes may occur in the reactions that are
performed in this experiment. .‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺤﺪث واﺣﺪ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاؤھﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
.‫ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ وأوﺻﺎف ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻈﮭﺮ أدﻧﺎه‬.‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
Some relatively simple but common types of chemical reactions are
illustrated in this experiment. Examples and descriptions of each type
appear below. :‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬-‫أ‬
A- Direct Combination Reactions:‫( ﺣﺮق ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﯿﺴﯿﻮم وﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬1
1) Burning a piece of Magnesium in air, where magnesium oxide is
formed according to the following chemical equation:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
2) Reacting iron with sulfur to produce ferrous sulfide ‫( ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪوز‬2
Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)

:‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ھﺬه‬.‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬
.‫• ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻠﻮن‬
.‫ أو ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ‬، ‫ أو ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺎدة ھﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬، ‫ ﯾُﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻌﻜﺮ‬- ‫• ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ راﺳﺐ‬
.‫ ﯾُﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬- ‫• ﺗﻄﻮر ﻏﺎز‬
.‫• ظﮭﻮر أو اﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
.‫ ﯾُﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬- ‫• ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬- ‫• اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫• ﺗﺤﻠﻞ أو ﺗﺄﻟﯿﺐ أو اﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﻣﻌﺪن ﺻﻠﺐ‬

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• In the following table Write down all the observations you can
make about what happens in these reactions
Reaction Observation
Before the reaction After the Reaction

B- Double displacement:
1- Reaction between sodium sulfate and barium chloride
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4 ↓
2- Reaction between silver nitrate and potassium iodide :‫ إزاﺣﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ‬-‫ب‬
AgNO3 (aqu) + KI(aqu) → KNO(3) + AgI ↓ ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم وﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم‬-1
‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ وﯾﻮدﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم‬-2
3- Reaction between Silver nitrate and sodium chloride ‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﻔﻀﺔ وﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬-3
AgNO3 (aqu) + NaCl(aqu) → NaNO(3) + AgCl↓

• In the following table write down all the observations you can
make about what happens in these reactions
Reaction Observation
Before the reaction After the Reaction

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

‫ال حول وال قوه اال باهلل‬

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 (‫ اﻟﻨﺰوح اﻟﻔﺮدي )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬-‫ج‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﺪن اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬-1
‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﯿﻮم ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﯾﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ‬-2
C- Single Displacement (Substitution Reactions)
1- Reaction of Zinc Metal with Copper sulfate solution
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aqu) → ZnSO4 (aqu) + Cu(s)↓

2- Reaction of Magnesium Metal with dilute hydrochloric acid

Mg(s) + HCl (aqu)→ MgCl2 (aqu) + H2 (g) ↑

In this reaction the hydrogen obtained is flammable.

• In the following table write down all the observations you can
make about what happens in these reactions
Reaction Observation
Before the reaction After the Reaction

1
2

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 ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻻﺧﺘﺰال‬-‫د‬
D- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions ‫ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬.‫ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻻﺧﺘﺰال ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ ﺟﻨﺒًﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ‬
Oxidation and reduction reaction occur simultaneously side by side. :‫اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻻﺧﺘﺰال‬
Example for an oxidation-reduction reaction:
2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)
.(‫ )ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬Ag (s) ‫ إﻟﻰ‬Ag + (aq) ‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬.(‫ )أﻛﺴﺪة‬Cu2 ‫ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ‬Cu (s) ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺮى أن‬
:‫ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪة واﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻻﺧﺘﺰال‬، ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻻﺧﺘﺰال إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﻦ ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ‬
2+ +
We can see that Cu(s) converts to Cu (Oxidation). While Ag (aq) changes
to Ag(s) (reduction). The oxidation-reduction reaction can be divided into
two half reactions, one for oxidation and the other is reduction reaction:
Cu(s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)
2Ag+ (aq) + 2e- 2Ag (s) (Reduction)
ً
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ‬، ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﯿًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫ ﻷن اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ ھﻮ أن اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬
:‫ ﯾﺘﻢ "إذاﺑﺔ" اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬، ‫ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬
Another Example is Zinc reacts with copper sulphate, because zinc is more
reactive electrochemically than copper. Therefore, when a strip on zinc in
placed in a copper sulphate solution, the strip is "solvated" into solution
according to the equation:
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Also we can write this reaction into two half reactions
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu (s) (reduction).
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e- (oxidation).

Materials and equipments required:

CuSO4 solution 1M, Zn strip, 200 mL beaker, 100 mL graduated cylinder'
.‫ ﻣﻞ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ‬100 ، ‫ ﻣﻞ‬200 ‫ ﻛﻮب‬، Zn ‫ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ‬، CuSO4 1M ‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
Thermometer.

Experimental procedure:
1. Your teacher is about to add Cu coil into a test tube containing
AgNO3 solution.
A. What do you expect will happen to the coil and to the solution
B. Watch the teacher's demonstration. Writ down your observations
C. Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction accrued.
:‫طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬
.AgNO3 ‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺷﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬.1
‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﮫ ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ واﻟﺤﻞ‬.‫أ‬
‫ اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‬-‫ب‬
.‫ اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬-‫ج‬

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 2. Use the graduated cylinder to measure 100 ml of the CuSO4 solution
and transfer it to the beaker.
I A. What it the color of the solution?
2 B. Use the thermometer to measure the solution's temperature.
C. Write down the temperature.
D. Leave the thermometer in the beaker and add the Zn strip.
5 E. Watch the changes in temperature and color and write the temperature
every 20 seconds, until it stabilized and does not change any more.
6 F. What is the maximal temperature value?
7 G. Explain the color change during the experiment.
H. Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction accrued.
q I. Is it an endothermic or an exothermic reaction? Explain.
.‫ واﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪورق‬CuSO4 ‫ ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬100 ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺟﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬.2
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻮن اﻟﺤﻞ؟‬.‫أ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬.‫ب‬
.‫ اﻛﺘﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬.‫ج‬
.‫ اﺗﺮك اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق وأﺿﻒ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬3
.‫ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻵن‬20 ‫راﻗﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻠﻮن واﻛﺘﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻞ‬
4
-‫د‬

F. ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻘﺼﻮى؟‬

.‫ اﺷﺮح ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻠﻮن أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬.‫ز‬
7
.‫ اﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬.‫ح‬
.‫ھﻞ ھﻮ رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎص ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة أم ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ طﺎرد ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة؟ ﯾﺸﺮح‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮫ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﮫ ان ﺷﺎء ﷲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ اﻏﻼط‬

🫶 ‫بالتوفيق‬،‫دعواتكم‬

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