Modulus Function

Definition:
- Modulus = absolute value = magnitude
- Ignore the sign
- Always positive (or at least 0)
 Modulus Function

There are always two possibilities: + / -

Modulus Function
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
 Modulus Function

Conclusion
When solving equations with Modulus symbols,
- Replace the Modulus with +/-
- Solve the equations
- Try all possible combinations
- Check the solutions
- There can be: 0 solution
1 solution
more than 1 solutions
 Modulus Function

Solving inequalities with Modulus symbols:

- Treat as equation
- Solve equation
- Check solutions
- Draw a sign diagram with critical values
- Check acceptable ranges for the inequality
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
 Modulus Function

Sketching the modulus of a linear function:

- Draw the usual linear function
- Flip the part under the x-axis upside-down
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
Modulus Function
 Remainder Theorem
Long division
 Remainder Theorem
Polynomial long division (algebraic)
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
 Remainder Theorem
Long division
 Remainder Theorem
Polynomial long division (algebraic)
 Remainder Theorem

What value of x should we use so that we can

find the remainder without doing long division?
Remainder Theorem
 Remainder Theorem
To find the quotient, use long division

To find the remainder only, simply replace the x

with the zero of the divisor
 Remainder Theorem
When the remainder = 0, the divisor = factor
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
 Remainder Theorem
When do we use the factor theorem?
When checking/proving the factor of a
polynomial
When finding unknown coefficients
When factorizing completely (using rational
root theorem)
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
Remainder Theorem
 Remainder Theorem
Conclusion:
- Use rational root theorem to find the
possible roots
- Use factor theorem to quickly check each
possibility
- Once a factor is confirmed, use long
division to find the quotient
- If the quotient is quadratic, use quadratic
formula
 Partial Fractions

Improper fractions such as

Can be turned into mixed numbers

such as

By doing long division

 Partial Fractions
Improper
algebraic fractions
such as

Can be turned into

mixed numbers
such as

By doing algebraic long division

 Partial Fractions

Order:
The highest power
of x in the polynomial

Improper algebraic fractions:

Order of numerator Order of denominator
Proper algebraic fractions:
Order of numerator Order of denominator
Partial Fractions
 Partial Fractions
Before doing partial fractions decomposition,
make sure the fraction is proper

If the fraction is improper:

- Use polynomial long division
- Ignore the quotient
- Decompose the proper fractions
 Partial Fractions
Forms of partial fractions:
- Distinct linear

- Repeated linear

- Unfactorizable quadratic
Partial Fractions
Partial Fractions
Partial Fractions
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion
Binomial expansion