CHAPTER 17 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES A.C.

CIRCUITS

Exercise 108, Page 299

1. Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) a 50 Hz,

(b) a 600 Hz and (c) a 40 kHz supply.

(a) Inductive reactance, = 62.83 

(b) Inductive reactance, = 754 

(c) Inductive reactance, = 50.27 k

2. A coil has a reactance of 120  in a circuit with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate the

inductance of the coil.

hence, inductance, L = = 4.77 mH

3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across a pure inductance and the resulting current is 1.2 A.

Calculate the inductance of the coil.

Inductive reactance, = 200 Ω

hence, inductance, L = = 0.637 H

4. An e.m.f. of 200 V at a frequency of 2 kHz is applied to a coil of pure inductance 50 mH.

Determine (a) the reactance of the coil, and (b) the current flowing in the coil.

(a) Inductive reactance, = 628 

(b) Current, I = = 0.318 A

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5. A 120 mH inductor has a 50 mA, 1 kHz alternating current flowing through it. Find the p.d.

across the inductor

Inductive reactance, = 753.982 

P.d. across inductor, = 37.7 V

6. Calculate the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of 20 μF when connected to an a.c. circuit of

frequency (a) 20 Hz, (b) 500 Hz, (c) 4 kHz

(a) Capacitive reactance, = 397.9 

(b) Capacitive reactance, = 15.92 

(c) Capacitive reactance, = 1.989 

7. A capacitor has a reactance of 80  when connected to a 50 Hz supply. Calculate the value of

the capacitor.

Capacitive reactance, from which, capacitance, C =

= 39.79 F

8. Calculate the current taken by a 10 F capacitor when connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

Capacitive reactance, = 159.155 

Current, I = = 1.257 A

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9. A capacitor has a capacitive reactance of 400  when connected to a 100 V, 25 Hz supply.

Determine its capacitance and the current taken from the supply.

Capacitive reactance, from which, capacitance, C =

= 15.92 F

Current, I = = 0.25 A

10. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value of

each capacitor if the current is 0.628 A.

= 318.47 

i.e. , hence, total capacitance, = 0.50 F

Since for parallel connection of capacitors, , then = 0.25 F

i.e. each capacitor has a capacitance of 0.25 F

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Exercise 109, page 302

1. Determine the impedance of a coil which has a resistance of 12  and a reactance of 16 

Impedance, Z = = 20 

2. A coil of inductance 80 mH and resistance 60  is connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

Calculate the circuit impedance and the current taken from the supply. Find also the phase angle

between the current and the supply voltage.

Inductive reactance, = 50.265 

Impedance, Z = = 78.27  (see impedance triangle in the diagram

below)

Current, I = = 2.555 A

From the impedance triangle,

hence the circuit phase angle,  = = 39.95 lagging

3. An alternating voltage given by v = 100 sin 240t volts is applied across a coil of resistance 32 

and inductance 100 mH. Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.

across the resistance, and (d) the p.d. across the inductance.

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(a) Inductive reactance, = 24 

Circuit impedance, Z = = 40 

(b) Current flowing, I = = 1.77 A

(Note r.m.s. current = 0.707  maximum value)

(c) P.d. across the resistance, = 56.64 V

(d) P.d. across the inductance, = 42.48 V

4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20 V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c.

supply the current is 25 A. Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance and (c) inductance of the

coil.

(a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, R = =4

(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance, Z = =8

(c) From the impedance triangle,

from which, = 6.9282 

Also, from which, inductance, L = = 22.05 mH

5. A resistor and an inductor of negligible resistance are connected in series to an a.c. supply. The

p.d. across the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the supply voltage

and the phase angle between voltage and current.

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Supply voltage, V = = 30 V

Tan ϕ = from which,

phase angle between voltage and current, ϕ = = 53.13º lagging (i.e. current lags
voltage in an inductive circuit)

6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with a 100 

resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of the coil, (b) the

impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d) the p.d. across each component, and

(e) the circuit phase angle.

The circuit is shown in the diagram below.

(a) Inductive reactance of coil, = 200 

(b) Impedance, Z = = 223.6  (from impedance triangle)

(c) Current, I = = 1.118 A

(d) Voltage across resistance, = 111.8 V

Voltage across inductance, = 223.6 V

(e) From impedance triangle,

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 XL  200 
tan 1  tan 1  
from which, circuit phase angle,  = R  100  = 63.43 lagging

Exercise 110, page 304

1. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a C-R series circuit. If the voltage across the resistor is 21 V, find the

voltage across the capacitor.

Supply voltage, V = i.e.

i.e.

from which, voltage across the capacitor, = 28 V

2. A resistance of 50  is connected in series with a capacitance of 20 F. If a supply of 200 V,

100 Hz is connected across the arrangement find (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current

flowing, and (c) the phase angle between voltage and current.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

(a) Capacitive reactance, = 79.577 

Impedance, Z = = 93.98 

(b) Current, I = = 2.128 A

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(c) from which, phase angle,  = = 57.86 leading

3. A 24.87 μF capacitor and a 30  resistor are connected in series across a 150 V supply. If the current

flowing is 3 A find (a) the frequency of the supply, (b) the p.d. across the resistor and (c) the p.d. across the

capacitor.

(a) Impedance, Z = = 50 Ω

Also, impedance, Z = i.e. 50 =

from which, and = 40 Ω

Capacitive reactance, from which,

frequency, f = = 160 Hz

(b) P.d across the resistor, = 90 V

(c) P.d across the capacitor, = 120 V

4. An alternating voltage v = 250 sin 800t volts is applied across a series circuit containing a 30 

and 50 F capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.

across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle between voltage and

current.

The circuit is shown below.

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(a) Capacitive reactance, = 25 

Impedance, Z = = 39.05 

(b) Current, I = = 4.526 A

(c) P.d across the resistor, = 135.8 V

(d) P.d across the capacitor, = 113.2 V

(e) from which, phase angle,  = = 39.81 leading

5. A 400  resistor is connected in series with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.

Determine the supply frequency if the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA.

The circuit is shown below.

Impedance, Z = = 500 

From the impedance triangle (as in the previous problem),

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from which, capacitive reactance,

Hence, 300 =

from which, supply frequency, f = = 225 kHz

Exercise 111, Page 307

1. A 40 μF capacitor in series with a coil of resistance 8  and inductance 80 mH is connected to a 200 V,

100 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the phase angle between

voltage and current, (d) the voltage across the coil, and (e) the voltage across the capacitor.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

(a) Inductive reactance,

Capacitive reactance,

Impedance, Z = = 13.18 

(b) Current flowing, I = = 15.17 A

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(c) from which,

phase angle,  = = 52.63 lagging

(d)

Voltage across coil, = 772.1 V

(e) Voltage across capacitor, = 603.6 V

2. Find the values of resistance R and inductance L in the circuit shown.

Circuit impedance, Z =

Hence, resistance, R = 131 

and Now, = 79.577

Hence, from which,

i.e. and inductance, L = = 0.545 H

3. Three impedances are connected in series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The impedances

comprise: (i) an inductance of 0.45 mH and resistance 2

(ii) an inductance of 570 H and 5  resistance, and

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 (iii) a capacitor of capacitance 10 F and resistance 3 

Assuming no mutual inductive effects between the two inductances calculate (a) the circuit

impedance, (b) the circuit current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d) the voltage across each

impedance. Draw the phasor diagram.

The circuit is shown below.

Total resistance, = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10 

Total inductance,

The simplified circuit is shown below.

Inductive reactance,

Capacitive reactance,

(a) Impedance, Z = = 11.12 

(b) Current, I = = 8.99 A

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(c) from which,

phase angle,  = = 25.92 lagging

(d)

Voltage across first impedance, = 53.92 V

Voltage across second impedance, = 78.53 V

from earlier

Voltage across third impedance, = 76.46 V

4. For the circuit shown below determine the voltages and if the supply frequency is 1 kHz.

Draw the phasor diagram and hence determine the supply voltage V and the circuit phase angle.

and lagging

Voltage, = = 26.0 V at 67.38 lagging

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 and leading

Voltage, = = 67.05 V at 72.65 leading

The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram (i) below.

(i) (ii)

The supply voltage V is the phasor sum of voltages and . V is shown by the length ac in

diagram (ii).

In triangle abc, b = 180 - 72.65 – 67.38 = 39.97

Using the cosine rule,

from which, ac = 50 V

Using the sine rule, from which,

from which, and from diagram (ii), leading.

Hence, supply voltage, V = 50 V at 53.14 leading

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Exercise 112, Page 310

1. Find the resonant frequency of a series a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of resistance 10  and inductance

50 mH and capacitance 0.05 μF. Find also the current flowing at resonance if the supply voltage is 100 V.

Resonant frequency, = 3.183 kHz

At resonance, current, I = = 10 A

2. The current at resonance in a series L-C-R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied voltage is 250 mV at

a frequency of 100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 F, find the circuit resistance and

inductance.

At resonance, current, I = i.e. resistance, R = = 1.25 k

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At resonance, resonant frequency, i.e. and

Hence, inductance, L = = 63.3 H

3. A coil of resistance 25  and inductance 100 mH is connected in series with a capacitance of

0.12 F across a 200 V, variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the resonant frequency, (b) the

current at resonance and (c) the factor by which the voltage across the reactance is greater than

the supply voltage.

(a) Resonant frequency, = 1.453 kHz

(b) At resonance, current, I = =8A

(c) Q-factor = = 36.51

4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8  resistance is connected in series with a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz

supply. If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, determine the capacitance of the capacitor and the

p.d. across its terminals.

If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, then the circuit is resonant.

At resonance, i.e. from which,

capacitance, C = = 20.26 μF

P.d. across the capacitor terminals,

= 3928 V = 3.928 kV

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5. Calculate the inductance which must be connected in series with a 1000 pF capacitor to give a resonant

frequency of 400 kHz.

Resonant frequency,

from which, and

and LC = and inductance, L =

= 158 H or 0.158 mH

6. A series circuit comprises a coil of resistance 20  and inductance 2 mH and a 500 pF capacitor.

Determine the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If the supply voltage is 1.5 V, what is the

voltage across the capacitor?

Q-factor = = 100

Q= hence, voltage across the capacitor, = 150 V

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Exercise 113, Page 314

1. A voltage v = 200 sin t volts is applied across a pure resistance of 1.5 k. Find the power dissipated in the

resistor.

Power dissipated in the resistor, P =

Current, I = = 0.09428 A (note that in the formula for power I has to be the r.m.s. value)

Hence, power dissipated = = 13.33 W

2. A 50 F capacitor is connected to a 100 V, 200 Hz supply. Determine the true power and the

apparent power.

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Capacitive reactance, = 15.915 

Current, I = = 6.283 A

True power, P = V I cos  = (100)(6.283) cos 90 = 0

Apparent power, S = V I = (100)(6.283) = 628.3 VA

3. A motor takes a current of 10 A when supplied from a 250 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power

factor of 0.75 lagging find the power consumed. Find also the cost of running the motor for 1

week continuously if 1 kWh of electricity costs 12.20 p.

P = V I cos  = (250)(10)(0.75) since power factor = cos 

= 1875 W

Energy = power  time = (1.875 kW)(7  24) = 315 kWh

Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week = 315  12.20 = 3843 p = £38.43

4. A motor takes a current of 12 A when supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power

factor of 0.70 lagging find the power consumed.

Power consumed, P = V I cos  = (240)(12)(0.70) since power factor = cos 

= 2016 W or 2.016 kW

5. A transformer has a rated output of 100 kVA at a power factor of 0.6. Determine the rated power output and

the corresponding reactive power.

VI = 100 kVA = 100 × 103 and p.f. = 0.6 = cos 

Power output, P = VI cos  = (100 × 103)(0.6) = 60 kW

Reactive power, Q = VI sin 

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If cos  = 0.6, then  = cos 0.6 = 53.13

Hence sin  = sin 53.13o = 0.8

Hence reactive power, Q = (100 × 103)(0.8) = 80 kvar

6. A substation is supplying 200 kVA and 150 kvar. Calculate the corresponding power and power

factor.

Apparent power, S = V I = VA and reactive power, Q = V I sin  = var

Hence, sin  = from which, sin  =

and = = 48.59

Thus, power, P = V I cos  = cos 48.59 = 132 kW

and power factor = cos  = cos 48.59 = 0.66

7. A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the reactive power.

True power P = 50 kW = VI cos  and power factor = 0.8 = cos 

Apparent power, S = VI = = = 62.5 kVA

Angle  = cos 0.8 = 36.87o hence sin  = sin 36.87o = 0.6

Hence, reactive power, Q = VI sin  = 62.5 × 103 × 0.6 = 37.5 kvar

8. A coil of resistance 400  and inductance 0.20 H is connected to a 75 V, 400 Hz supply.

Calculate the power dissipated in the coil.

Inductive reactance, = 502.65 

Impedance, Z = = 642.39 

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Current, I = = 0.11675 A

From the impedance triangle, and = 51.49

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos  = (75)(0.11675) cos 51.49 = 5.452 W

Alternatively, P = = 5.452 W

9. An 80  resistor and a 6 μF capacitor are connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz supply. Calculate

(a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.

(a) Capacitive reactance, = 132.63 

Impedance, Z = = 154.9 

(b) Current, I = = 0.968 A

(c) From the impedance triangle, and = 58.90

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos  = (150)(0.968) cos 58.90 = 75 W

Alternatively, P = = 75 W

10. The power taken by a series circuit containing resistance and inductance is 240 W when

connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the values of the

resistance and inductance.

Power, P = i.e. 240 = from which, resistance, R = = 60 

Impedance, Z = = 100 

From the impedance triangle,

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from which, = 80 

i.e. 2 f L = 80 from which, inductance, L = = 0.255 H or 255 mH

11. The power taken by a C-R series circuit, when connected to a 105 V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and the

current is 15 A. Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance, (d) the capacitance,

(e) the power factor, and (f) the phase angle between voltage and current.

(a) Power, P = i.e. from which, resistance, R = =4

(b) Impedance, Z = =7

(c) From the impedance triangle,

from which, capacitive reactance, = 5.745 

(d) Capacitive reactance, i.e. 5.745 =

from which, capacitance, C = = 11.08 μF

(e) Power factor, p.f. = = 0.571

(f) Tan ϕ =

and the phase angle between voltage and current, ϕ = = 55.15º leading

12. A circuit consisting of a resistor in series with an inductance takes 210 W at a power factor of

0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the circuit phase angle, (c) the

resistance, (d) the impedance and (e) the inductance.

(a) Power, P = V I cos  i.e. 210 = (50) I (0.6) since p.f. = cos 

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 Hence, current, I = =7A

(b) If cos  = 0.6 then circuit phase angle,  = = 53.13 lagging

(c) Power, P = i.e. 210 = from which, resistance, R = = 4.286 

(d) Impedance, Z = = 7.143 

(e) From the impedance triangle,

from which, = 5.71425 

i.e. 2 f L = 5.71425 from which, inductance, L = = 9.095 mH

13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2 A and the

power dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the values of the resistance and capacitance.

150

150 =  
2
2 2
2 R
Power, P = i.e. from which, resistance, R = = 37.5 

Impedance, Z = = 100 

From the impedance triangle,

from which, = 92.702 

i.e. 92.702 = from which, capacitance, C = = 28.61 F

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