S8 Q4 W3-W4 Sci 8 Learning Module

OUR LADY OF THE MOST HOLY ROSARY
ACADEMY, INC.
Loyal, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro
LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 8
FOURTH QUARTER
S.
Y.
20
21
-2
0 22
Module 2 CELL DIVISION AND
LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 8 – 4TH Quarter MENDELIAN GENETICS S.Y. 2021-2022
Name of Learner: ____________________
Mr Julius Ivann Ebora
MODULE CELL DIVISION AND Science Teacher
MENDELIAN
2 GENETICS
Content Standard: Performance Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of the identity of The learners should be able to report on the importance of
1. how cells divide to produce new cells variation in plant and animal breeding.
2. meiosis as one of the processes producing genetic variations
of the Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-division cycle.
 Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number.
 Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance.
 Gather and present data on the applications of genetics in plant and animal breeding.
Time frame: 2 weeks (ALL THE ATTACHMENTS AND PERFORMANCE TASK IN THIS MODULE SHOULD BE SUBMITTED
AFTER TWO WEEKS)
Learning Targets:
1. Differentiate mitosis and meiosis.
2. Discuss the events taking place in each stage.
3. Explain meiosis and its stages as an important process to ensure variation of life.
4. Explain the crossing-over process in the cell cycle.
5. Solve problems involving inheritance of contrasting traits.
6. Express the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring formed by crossing contrasting traits.
7. Demonstrate awareness on the application of meiosis in plant and animal breeding in the industry.
8. Create an infographic material about the plant and animal breeding.
Name of Student: ____________________________________________
Let’s Do Some Word Search!

Find the words given below in the pool of letters. The words may be formed horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Use a crayon to
find the words. Good Luck!
Did you find all the words? What word/s

are familiar to you? Share your insights
about the word/s.
Continue browsing this module. Learning science MR.

OUR LADY OF THE MOST HOLY ROSARY ACADEMY, Inc.
should never be
JULIUS IVANN EBORA
Loyal, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro complicated. EnjoyTeacher
learning!
Recall a time when you has a wound. How did the wound look
at the start? What did it look like as it gradually heals? What
Why is cell division an important process? do you think happens during healing?
How does meiosis differ from mitosis?
How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?
How can everyone be similar yet different in so many
ways?
Have you seen the plant on the right? This

plant is locally called katakataka. Take note of tio
Introduc
the leaflets emerging from its margins. Do they n
look like the original leaf where they came
from?
One important life process is called cell division.
PRE-ACTIVITY! MOTHER AND FATHER

FIGURE!
Given in the first column are traits and their corresponding characteristics. Do not worry about your answer.
1. Look for the kind of characteristics your father and mother have per trait.
2. Then take a look at yourself in front of the mirror and find out your own characteristic per trait.
Traits Father Mother Yourself
Eye color
(black, brown, or others)
Skin Complexion
(Fair, dark, brown, or others)
Color of Hair
(black, brown, or others)
Condition of the Hair
(curly, wavy, or straight)
Shape of Frontal Hairline
(Straight, pointed, or widow peak)
Presence of Freckles
Shape of Nose
(flat, pointed, or aquiline)
3. Where did you get most of your traits, from your mother? Or your father?
4. Among the traits enumerated in the first column, are there traits that you have which both your mother
and father do not have? What are they?
THINK THIS OVER!

What explanation can you think of why you differ from your parents in terms of the trait that you
have?
OUR LADY OF THE MOST HOLY ROSARY ACADEMY, Inc. MR. JULIUS IVANN EBORA
Loyal, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro Teacher
LECTURE 1
CELL CYCLE
Essential Questions:
What are the major events that characterize each of the phases of the
cell cycle? Organisms grow, develop ,
How are sex cells produced through the different stages of meiosis? reproduce, and maintain their
uniqueness through cell division.
The Cell Cycle
The entire cycle is divided into two main stages, interphase and M- A living cell undergoes different stages of
phase where M stands for either mitosis or meiosis. During development. This can be represented as a cell
interphase, the cell grows, accumulates nutrients, and replicates cycle. During the entire life span of a particular
its genetic material-all important events that prepare the cell for cell, it undergoes repeated steps. of cellular
division. The interphase is divided into three Stages: G1 phase, 5 growth, development, and division.
phase, and G2 _ phase. Depending on the cell type, around 90
percent of the entire cell cycle is devoted to the interphase. The
remaining time is spent on the M-phase or cell division. The major
events and important characteristics of each stage during the
interphase are summarized as follows.
M (Mitosis/Meiosis) Phase
 The cell undergoes division
 Division of the nucleus is
called karyokinesis, while
division of the cytoplasm is
called cytokinesis.
G1 (Growth or Gap 1) Phase
G2 (Growth) Phase The cell at this stage is Still young and

it undergoes rapid growth. The cell
 Preparations for cell attains its normal size.
division . Organelles are formed.
 Assembly of proteins such Proteins are produced such as the
as microtubules, Which are enzymes needed in S phase.
hollow protein fibers that This is the longest phase in most cells.
cause the chromosomes to Cells that are not dividing (muscle and
move during cell division. nerve cells) remain at this stage
throughout their life cycle.
S (Synthesis) Phase
ORGANELLES INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION
 The DNA, the main The nucleus contains the DNA that is
composition of the replicated prior to cell division.
chromosomes inside the The centriole forms the spindle fibers that
nucleus of the cell, doubles guide the separation of chromosomes
at this stage by a process
called replication.
 At the end of this stage,
each chromosome 18 made
up of two sister chromatids
attached at the centromere.
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Mitosis is a process by which two identical daughter Meiosis ensures that the number of chromosomes is maintained
cells are produced from a single parent cell. Mitosis among the same species by reducing the chromosome number by
occurs only in eukaryotes and it is used by multicellular half (haploid, n) in an organism’s sex cells or gametes. Mitosis and
organisms for growth and development, repair of meiosis share some similarities but they differ in two aspects
tissues, and in asexual reproduction. Mitosis is a which include the following: recombination of genetic material
continuous process but it is traditionally divided into occurs in meiosis, which results in variation; and four haploid cells
four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and are produced at the end of meiosis. Unlike mitosis, meiosis
telophase. involves two divisions—Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
PROPHASE I- Chromosomes start to coil and

PROPHASE During the prophase stage, the shorten.
long and thread-like chromatids during the Exchange of genetic material (crossing-
interphase Start to coil and become visible over) occurs between homologous
under a compound microscope as individual chromosomes when the chromatids are
chromosomes. Each chromosome at this stage broken. Crossing-over contributes to genetic
s
contains two identical sister chromatids, the variability.
result of DNA synthesis. The membrane of the
nucleus (nuclear membrane) dissolves and the METAPHASE I
spindle fibers are formed. Centrioles migrate
at opposite poles of the cell. The paired homologous chromosomes align
At the metaphase plate.
The chromosomes in pair are attached to
spindle fibers.
METAPHASE- During. this stage,
chromosomes move and align themselves at
the center of the cell called metaphase plate. ANAPHASE I
Spindle fibers connect each chromosome on
its centromere to the centrioles located at Homologous chromosomes separate.
opposite poles. The chromosomes move toward opposite
poles of the cell by the spindle flbers.
ANAPHASE During this phase, the proteins TELOPHASE I

that bind the two sister chromatids of each
chromosome divide. This will be followed by Chromosomes reach opposite poles.
the movement of the separated chromosomes In most organisms, the nuclear membrane
toward opposite poles due to the shortening forms. .This Is followed by cytokinesis.
of the spindle fibers.
PROPHASE II
TELOPHASE- During telophase, the
chromatids (now called cbromosomes) are The nuclear membrane disintegrates.
located on opposite poles. Nuclear membrane New spindle fibers are formed around the
forms around the .chromosomes which start chromosomes.
to uncoil. The spindle fibers dissolve and
disappear. It is important to note 'at this METAPHASE II
point that each chromosome in a daughter
cell is composed only of one chromatid. The chromosomes align at the metaphase
plate and are attached to their centromeres.
to the spindle fibers.
After the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), the ANAPHASE II
cytoplasm starts to divide, a process called cytokinesis.
Cytokinesis in animal cells and other cells that laCk cell walls Each chromosome is divided into two sister
starts at the exterior of the cell movirig inwards until the cell chromatids
is divided into two cells. This process is called cleavage The chromatids (now called chromosomes)
furrow formation. In plant cells and other . cells with cell move to opposite poles
wall, cytokinesis starts at the middle of the cell and moves
outward by a process called cell plate formation. Telophase II
Nuclear membrane is formed around each

MITOSIS occurs only in body/somatic cells. MEIOSIS, on the
other hand occur only in sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell) set of chromosomes
Spindle fibers disintegrate
The cell undergoes cytokinesis.
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Sperm cells in males are formed in the process
of spermatogenesis. Egg cells in females are
Meiosis may also be called gametogenesis because it is formed in the process of oogenesis
responsible for the formation of gametes: egg and sperm.
Spermatogenesis results in the formation of four
spermatids and oogenesis results in the formation of only
one ovum or egg and three polar bodies that eventually
disintegrate. Meiosis results in the formation of cells that
are haploid meaning they contain half the complete set of
chromosomes that an organism has.
Importance of Meiosis
The process of meiosis is important because it produces
genetic variations among sexually reproducing organism.
Genetic variations are the reasons why no two individuals
are identical. Because of these genetic variations, every
individual is unique when compared to others.
Three mechanisms contribute to genetic variation:
independent assortment, crossing –over, and random
fertilization. Independent assortment takes place during
the alignment of the homologous chromosomes during LOOKING BACK! WHAT’S THE PHASE?
metaphase I. The process of crossing-over or the exchange
of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, MITOSIS: Read the process below. Identify what part of
adds even more variation. Making the situation more mitosis it falls under. Write P if prophase, M is metaphase, A
complicated is the process of random fertilization. During if anaphase, and T if telophase.
the fertilization, the fusion of this, random fertilization
involves a random process.
MEIOSIS: Illustrate how the following phenomena during

meiosis ensures variation of organism. Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
Spindle fibers form
Chromosomes move toward opposite poles due to
Lining up of homologous chromosomes at the center of the shortening of spindle fibers.
cell Chromosomes are now located at the opposite poles and
nuclei starts to reappear.
LECTURE 2
MENDELIAN GENETICS
Sex cells are the physical carriers
What are Mendel’s Principles of genetics? of randomly selected genes from
How does meiosis explain the variation in organisms? parents to the offspring.
Gregor Johann Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) paved the way to our understanding of how
traits are passed on from one generation to the next. Mendel is an Augustinian
monk of St. Thomas’s Abbey in Brno, Czech Republic. It is in this monastery’s garden
where Mendel performed his experiments on garden peas.
Based on his garden pea experiments, Mendel formulated the following basic
genetic principles:
There are two factors that control certain traits to appear. For example the
inheritance of seed shaped is controlled by the two factors; seed color is controlled
by another two. This is also known as the principle of unit character. Today,
Mendel’s factors are known as genes
A factor may be dominant or recessive. This is called the principle of dominance
and recessiveness. In a pair of factors that causes a certain trait to appear, the
dominant factor covers up the effect of the recessive factor. Thus, in Mendel’s
Test Crosses
experiment, the short characteristic disappeared in F 1 generation because the tall Mendel’s testing on the height of
characteristic dominated. garden peas is an example of a
During the formation of gametes in meiosis, the two factors for each trait separate monohybrid cross. A monohybrid cross is
and independently assort into separate gametes. Each gamete contains only one a cross involving a single trait
copy of each factor. This is the principle of segregation and independent determined by a single gene with two
assortment—the separation of factors of one trait does not influence the alleles. The figure below summarizes
separation of other factors of traits. the monohybrid cross performed by
The pattern of inheritance that follows Mendel’s genetic principles later became Mendel in his experiments on the treat
known as Mendelian genetics. height in garden peas.
LOOKING BACK! ILLUSTRATE IT!
MEIOSIS: Illustrate how the following phenomenon during

meiosis relates to Mendelian Principles of Genetics
Crossing over
LECTURE 3
THE PUNNETT SQUARE

Punnett Square is a graphical way of predicting
all of the possible combination of genotypes that
can occur in an offspring based on the genotypes How do you predict ones offspring based on the traits and
of their parents. It also shows the odds of each genotypes of parents?
of the offspring genotypes occurring.
Solving Monohybrid
POINTS TO REMEMBER IN USING THE PUNNETT SQUARE!
1. One trait is represented by one letter. The
Crosses
Let us study the first cross used by Mendel in his experiment With
dominant trait is always represented by capital green peas. A pure tall plant has the two alleles for tallness (TT). Each
letter and the recessive trait is represented by a gamete from this plant Will have the allele T. A pure short pea plant
small letter has the two alleles for shortness (TT), and each of its gametes Will
2. If in the problem, one parent is homozygous have a t allele. Look at the test cross shown below.
dominant, it is represented by a both capital
letters(BB). If the parent is heterozygous,
automatically, it is represented by a capital
letter first, then followed by a small letter (Bb).
If the parent is homozygous recessive, it is
represented by both small letters (bb). Note:
Homozygous dominant and heterozygous
always has the same phenotype/trait. Only that
heterozygous is a hybrid of two trait and it still The alleles of the genes for a trait from the female ( ) are written
carries the recessive trait. down the left side. The. alleles of the genes for the same trait from the
3. Find the genotypes of the offspring as a result male ( ) are written across the top of the grid. There are four boxes
of a cross between parents. Identify the in which each box shows the combination of alleles in a fertilized egg.
number of the same genotypes and put it into
ratio/percentage. If the resulting genotypes A single allele of the gene for tallness T from the tall plant Will pair up
represent the same trait, then the phenotypic With an allele of the gene for shortness t from the short plant. This
ratio is 100%. If not, find the percentage for the combination is the only one possible in this test , cross. The Punnett
different phenotypes. square shows that the probability of the offspring being tall is 4 out of
4. Read and analyze the given sample problem 4 or 100%. The genotypic ratio of the offspring is 4Tt:4Tt or 100% TT,
below to understand this note! and the phenotypic ratio is 1:1 or all tall. The genotypic ratio shows
the probable allele combination of any two gametes.
Let’s try this!

It’s your Turn!
In garden peas, the allele for round seed is dominant over wrinkled seed. A
plant that is homozygous for round seeds is crossed with a plant that is 1. In humans, the genes for having dimples is
heterozygous. What are the possible genotypes that will result from this
cross? What percentage of plants will have round seeds? What is the chance dominant over the no dimple gene. When
of the offspring being heterozygous? two parents are both heterozygous for
(NOTE: Round seed is dominant over wrinkled seed, thus we use capital letter
R for round trait, while small letter r for wrinkled seed. Also one plant is dimples are crossed, what is the probability
homozygous for round seed, thus its genotype is represented by RR, while that their child would have dimples? What is
other one is heterozygous, thus it is represented by Rr. Now you are ready to the chance that the child will have no dimple
use the Punnett square. Be guided by the solution below. )
at all? Use the letter D to represent the
Genotypes: alleles. Genotypes:
RR – homozygous or pure round seed
Rr – heterozygous or hybrid round seed
Genotypic Ratio –
Genotypic Ratio – 2 RR: 2Rr or 50% RR: 50% Rr
Phenotypic Ratio – 4/4 or 100% round seeds Phenotypic Ratio –
Answers:
The possible genotypes are homozygous or pure round seed RR and Answers:
heterozygous or hybrid round seeds Rr.
All plants (100%) will have round seeds.
An offspring has a 50% chance being heterozygous.
EXIT SLIP
Topic: ______________________________________
Three concepts that I fully understand.
Two things I am very interested about.
One concept I am still confused.
References:
Ferriols-Pavico, M. J. et. al, 2015. Experience Life Through Science Series The new Grade 8. 927 Quezon
Avenue, Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Madriaga, E. A. et. al., 2017. SCIENCE LINKS Work text for Scientific and Technological Literacy. 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Answer and Accomplish

Attachments 1 - 3
(To be submitted after two weeks)
Attachment
Name : ____________________________________ Score: _______
Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date:
1 THE CELL CYCLE: A Very Important Process
______________
Activity 1: SEEING MITOSIS IN REAL LIFE. Below are illustration of the cell that undergoes cell cycle. Label what stage of
mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) is shown by each picture. Below it, describe what happens to the
cell as the picture shows. Good Luck!
Activity 2: SEEING MEIOSIS IN REAL LIFE. Below are illustration of the cell of a squash anther that undergoes MEIOSIS.
Label what stage of meiosis (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
and Telophase II) is shown by each picture. Below it, describe what happens to the cell as the picture shows. Good
Luck! The first one is given.
PROPHASE I
Chromatin condenses to
become shorter.
Activity 3: COMPARING MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS. Differentiate mitosis from meiosis by completing the table below.
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of daughter cells

produced
Number of chromosomes is
halved. (Yes/No)
Pairing of homologous
chromosomes take place.
(Yes/No)
The daughter cells produced are

always identical in terms of
genetic material. (Yes/No)
Activity 4: COMPLETING THE TABLE. Complete the table below by explaining how the given phenomena during the
Meiosis ensure the Variations of organism.
Phenomena during Meiosis How it ensures the Variation in organisms?
Crossing-Over during Prophase I
Lining up of homologous pairs at the center of the cell

during Metaphase I
Activity 5: LIFE BEGETS LIFE. Using 5 sentences, explain the importance of meiosis to reproduction of humans.
Attachment
Name : ____________________________________ Score: _______
Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date:
2 APPLYIN PUNNETT SQUARE: What will Be?
______________
Direction: Read the following problems. Using the Punnett Square, answer the questions for each situation. Use the space
below.
Your uncle, who has the ability to roll his tongue, marries a woman who cannot roll her tongue. Both his parents (your
grandparents) are tongue rollers. After genetic testing, your uncle found out that he homozygous dominant for tongue
rolling, while his wife is homozygous recessive. Before they have children, he wants to find the possible genotypic and
Genotypes:
phenotypic ratios for their offspring. Help him find the answer.
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Answer:
Attachment
Name : ____________________________________ Score:
_____________
3 PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING IN THE INDUSTRY
Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________
Direction: Search on the internet about the applications of meiosis and mitosis in plant and
animal breeding. If you don’t have internet connection, please go to your teacher to give you
some articles and sites to read from about the said theme. After reading, you are now tasked
to create a poster about the application of meiosis and mitosis from the article you have read.
Your poster must illustrate clearly what the article have presented. Your poster will be
evaluated based on its Relevance to the Theme, Creativity and Use of Colors, and
Presentation. Use another sheet of paper or illustration board with a size of 8.5 in x 11.0 in.
Do not forget to write your name, subject, name of teacher, and the title of the activity. Good
Luck!
Attachment
Name : ____________________________________ Score:
_____________
4 WHAT TO PERFORM: PERFORMANCE TASK COMPLETION
Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________
Performance Task: INFOGRAPHIC MATERIAL

Topic: Cell Division and Mendelian Genetics
Goal: To explain the importance of variation in plant and animal breeding

Role: You will assume to become a
1. Biologist and/or Writer
Audience: Grade 7 Learners of OLMHRA
Situation: Cell division—mitosis and meiosis are two important processes that regulate growth, development,
and reproduction in all forms of life. It has been used in the industry to produce hybrids combining two or more
traits in a single crop or animal. It has been proven effective and successful especially for crop growers and animal
breeders. Like for example, nowadays, there are rice crops which are more effective and efficient than the rice
crops before because of breeding. Bred cows are now produced to have leaner meats and more milk. Those are
just some of the applications of cell division and cross breeding to the crops and animal industry. Your team is
tasked to create an Infographic Art that shows how a hybrid is important to human consumption. You are
expected to present them to grade 7 learners of OLMHRA. You should be as creative as possible to catch the
audiences’ attention.
Product: an Infographic Art explaining the importance of hybrid to human consumption

.
Standards: Your product will be assessed based on the accuracy of content, organization, clarity of message,
and creativity.
IMPORTANT NOTE! If you have any question regarding this PETA, ask you
teacher!
“In the end, it is not how long you lived, but how you lived the years. Be good! Do Good!”
 -sir ivann
Names:__________________________
Date Submitted:_______________
Rating:____ /_60_
Evaluation of Product/ Performance
*Do not write on the table. The table is to be filled out by your teacher. –sir ivann
Attach this page to the output.
Criteria Multiplier 4 3 2 1 Score
The student
The student The student The student
shows
shows deep shows shallow shows limited
considerable
understandin understanding understanding
understanding
g of the of the of the
Accuracy of of the
x5 application of application of application of
Content application of
cell division in cell division in cell division in
cell division in
plant and plant and plant and
plant and
animal animal animal
animal
breeding. breeding.. breeding..
breeding.
There is one
The are some
Most missing
All elements elements
elements in element in
in the product mentioned in
Organizatio the product the output.
x4 are logically the product
n are logically But the rest of
presented and that are not
presented and the elements
consistent logically
consistent are logically
presented.
presented
There are
some
A very clear A clear The message
discrepancies
Clarity of message is message is conveyed to
x3 in conveying
the Message conveyed to conveyed to the audience
the message
the audience. the audience. is not clear.
to the
audience.
The product is The product
Creativity The product is The product is
x3 somewhat lacks
and Effort very creative. creative
creative creativity.
TOTAL /60

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OUR LADY OF THE MOST HOLY ROSARY

LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 8

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Name of Student: ____________________________________________

Let’s Do Some Word Search!

Did you find all the words? What word/s

Continue browsing this module. Learning science MR.

Have you seen the plant on the right? This

One important life process is called cell division.

PRE-ACTIVITY! MOTHER AND FATHER

THINK THIS OVER!

G1 (Growth or Gap 1) Phase

G2 (Growth) Phase The cell at this stage is Still young and

PROPHASE I- Chromosomes start to coil and

ANAPHASE During this phase, the proteins TELOPHASE I

Nuclear membrane is formed around each

MEIOSIS: Illustrate how the following phenomena during

LOOKING BACK! ILLUSTRATE IT!

MEIOSIS: Illustrate how the following phenomenon during

THE PUNNETT SQUARE

Let’s try this!

Three concepts that I fully understand.

Two things I am very interested about.

One concept I am still confused.

Answer and Accomplish

1 THE CELL CYCLE: A Very Important Process

Number of daughter cells

The daughter cells produced are

Phenomena during Meiosis How it ensures the Variation in organisms?

Crossing-Over during Prophase I

Lining up of homologous pairs at the center of the cell

2 APPLYIN PUNNETT SQUARE: What will Be?

3 PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING IN THE INDUSTRY

Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________

4 WHAT TO PERFORM: PERFORMANCE TASK COMPLETION

Grade/ Section : _______________________ Date: ______________

Performance Task: INFOGRAPHIC MATERIAL

Goal: To explain the importance of variation in plant and animal breeding

Product: an Infographic Art explaining the importance of hybrid to human consumption

You might also like

Grade/ Section : _________ Date:

Grade/ Section : _________ Date: