INFLORESCENCE

RACEMOSE/INDEFINITE CYMOSE/DEFINITE
! Position of flower = Lateral ! Position of flower = Terminal
! Growth of stem = Unlimited ! Growth of stem = Limited
! Arrangement of flower = Acropetal order ! Arrangement of flower = Basipetal
order
1
3
2
2
3

Type of Racemose Type of Cymose

(1) Raceme (1) Uniparous cyme /

Monochasial cyme
(2) Spike
(2) Biparous cyme /
(3) Catkin/Amentum Dichasial cyme
(3) Multiparous cyme /
(4) Spadix
Polychasial cyme
(5) Corymb

(6) Umbel

(7) Capitulum/Racemose head

(Anthodium)

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 RACEMOSE INFLORESCENCE
1. Raceme Compound raceme (Raceme of racemes)
Flowers are pedicellate When peduncle is branched and each
branch bear pedicellated flowers

Flower

Floral axis (Peduncle)

Pedicel

Eg. Radish, Mustard

Eg. Gulmohar, Neem

2. Spike :- flowers are sessile Spike of spikelets

Bract

Eg. Achyranthes Eg. Grass family (Gramineae = Poaceae)

3. Catkin/Amentum :- Peduncle is thin,

long and weak, and flowers are sessile
and unisexual
Unisexual flowers
develop on
separate catkin

Mulberry (Shahtoot), Individual pistils (female flowers)

each with a stigma, style & ovary

Eg. Mulberry (Shahtoot), Bhojpatra (Betula), Oak (Quercus suber)

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4. Spadix
Peduncle is thick,
long and fleshy and
it has small sessile
and unisexual
flowers covered
with one or more
large green or
colourful bracts
(spathe)

Eg. Colocasia, Aroids, Palms

Maize

5. Corymb Compound corymb or corymb of corymbs

Eg. Candytuft (Iberis amara)

Eg Pyrus terminalis, Pyrus malus,

Cauliflower

6. Umbel Compound umbel or umbel of umbels

At the base of
flowers stalk,
there is whorl of
bracts forming
the involucre

Eg. Coriandrum (Coriander or Dhania),

Foeniculum (Fennel or Saunph),
Cuminum (Cumin or Jeera)
(Umbelliferae family)

Eg. Centella (Brahmi)

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 7. Capitulum/Racemose head (Anthodium)
On it small sessile flowers are found. These flowers are called florets.

Ray floret

Disc floret

Stigmas
Anther
Corolla

Ovary

In this type of inflorescence florets may be unisexual,

bisexual and sterile.
Ray
florets

Disc
florets
Involucure
of bracts

Receptacle

It is most advanced type of inflorescence, because all flowers are pollinated

at the same time and due to surity of pollination

Cypsella
fruit with
pappus

Eg. Compositae / Asteraceae family [Sunflower, Zinnia, Marigold (Tagetus)]

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 CYMOSE/DEFINITE
1. Uniparous cyme/Monochasial cyme
The peduncle ending in a flower producing one lateral branch at a time ending in a flower.
It is two types -
Helicoid cyme Scorpioid cyme
In this type one lateral branch develops When all lateral branches
on one side and the other branch develops develop on the same side
opposite to first one
5
4
3 2
4 3
1 2
5
6
1

Eg. Heliotropism, Drosera, Eg. Freesia, Tecoma

2. Biparous cyme / Dichasial cyme

3 3

2 1 2

3 3

Eg. Bougainvillea, Jasmine, Teak

3. Multiparous cyme / Polychasial cyme

43 3 4
4 2 2 4
3 3
3 1
3
4 4
2 2
4 4
3
3

Eg. Calotropis (madar), Asclepias

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 SPECIAL TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE
1. Cyathium - The bracts or the involucres become fused to form a cup shaped structure

Small
achlamydous
male flowers

Eg. Euphorbiaceae family - Euphorbia, Poinsettia, Pedilanthus.

Ratio of female & male flowers ® One : many

2. Verticillaster - In this type of inflorescence each dichasial cyme changes into

monochasial (scorpioid) cyme

3 4 3
4
2
2

1 1
2 2

3 4 4 3

Eg. Labiatae/Lamiaceae family-Salvia, Ocimum (Tulsi)

3. Hypanthodium - All three types of flowers (male, female, sterile female) are present
in this inflorescence
Pore (Ostiole) Hypanthodium inflorescence
having unisexual flowers
Male Ostiole
flowers Fleshy bract
Male flower
Female
flower Female
Fleshy flower
inflorescence axis
(Receptacle)
Bract
Eg. Ficus species - Banyan, Fig, Peepal

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 FLOWER

Anther Stigma Connective Androecium

Gynoecium
Corolla
Vertical
Calyx
section of
Filament an anther Pedicel

Stamen

Style
Pollen
Calyx
Ovary
Corolla
Petal
Ovule Sepal

Receptacle Bracteole

Bract Pedicel

Androecium Gynoecium

Calyx and corolla are accessory organs or accessory whorls while androecium and
gynoecium are reproductive organs or reproductive whorls or essential whorls.
Complete flower : All 4 whorls are present.
Incomplete flower : Any whorl is absent Eg. Unisexual flower
Bisexual flower : Perfect flower
Unisexual flower : Imperfect flower
A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous when the floral
appendages are in multiple of 3, 4 or 5 respectively. In dicots flowers are usually
pentamerous while in monocots flowers are trimerous.

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 SYMMETRY OF FLOWER
1. Actinomorphic/Radial/Regular

Eg. Mustard
Datura
Chilli

2. Zygomorphic/Bilateral

Eg. Pea
Bean
Gulmohur
Cassia

3. Asymmetrical/Irregular
Flower cannot be divided into
two equal (similar) halves

Eg. Canna

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 TYPES OF FLOWERS ON THE BASIS OF INSERTION OF FLORAL LEAVES
The relative position of gynoecium changes with respect to floral parts and on this basis it is divided into three types

Hypogynous flower ® G Perigynous flower ® G– Epigynous flower ® G

Ovary superior
Ovary half inferior Ovary inferior
Eg. Mustard, China rose,
Brinjal Eg. Rose, Plum, Peach. Eg. Guava, Apple,
Cucumber and the rayflorets
& disc florets of Sunflower

BRACT
Bracteate flower (Br) Spathe Petaloid bract Glumes
Ebracteate flower (Ebr)

Involucre
Eg. Banana, Maize Eg. Bougainvillea Eg. Wheat, Grass
(Gramineae family)

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 CALYX
Polysepalous condition Gamosepalous condition Advertisement flag/advertising flag
Eg. Cotton, Datura, Brinjal Eg. Mussaenda

Calyx is modified into spines Pappus

Eg. Trapa Eg. Sunflower

Papus

Fruit

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 FORMS OF COROLLA
ACTINOMORPHIC POLYPETALOUS COROLLA
Cruciform Caryophyllaceous Rosaceous
Eg. Radish, Mustard (Cruciferae) Eg. Caryophyllum Eg. Rose

ACTINOMORPHIC GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA

Campanulate/Bell shaped Tubular Funnel shaped or infundibuliform Wheel shaped/Rotate

Eg. Campanula. Eg. Disc florets Eg. Datura Eg. Brinjal
of sunflower

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 ZYGOMORPHIC POLYPETALOUS COROLLA

Standard or Vexillum
(Posterior petal)

Wing or Alae
(Lateral petals)

Keel or Carina
(anterior petals)

Fruit

Stigma
Ovary
Ovule Seed

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 ZYGOMORPHIC GAMOPETALOUS COROLLA
Bilabiate Personate
Eg. Ocimum (Holy basil = Tulsi), Salvia (Labiatae family) Eg. Antirrhinum (Dog flower)

Ligulate
Eg. Ray florets of sunflower.

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 AESTIVATION
Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary or Quincuncial
Descending imbricate
or Papilionaceous

Eg. Calotropis plant, Eg. Cotton (Gossypium), Eg. Caesalpinaceae Eg. Pea, Bean Eg. Murraya
Cruciferae, Solanaceae Ladyfinger (Abelmoschus), such as Cassia, (Papilionatae
& Liliaceae family China rose (Hibiscus) Gulmohur (Delonix) sub-family
(Malvaceae family) (Caesalpinoidae of leguminosae
sub-family of family)
leguminosae)

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 ANDROECIUM
ATTACHMENT OF FILAMENT TO ANTHER LOBE

Adnate Basifixed Dorsifixed Versatile

Versatile stamens
can swing freely
Eg. Grass (Gramineae family)

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 COHESION OF STAMENS
When stamens are united by their filament only, then it is called adelphy. It is of following types-
Monoadelphous Diadelphous Polyadelphous

Eg. China rose (Malvaceae family) Eg. Pea (Papilionatae) Eg. Citrus

Syngenesious Synandrous
Only anthers are Anthers as well as filaments
united in bundle, of stamens are united through
but filaments remain free their whole length.
Eg. Compositae family Eg. Cucurbitaceae family

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 ADHESION OF STAMENS
Epipetalous Epiphyllous Gynandrous

Eg. Brinjal Eg. Onion, Lily Eg. Calotropis, Aristolochia

LENGTH OF STAMENS
Didynamous Tetradynamous
(two long & two short stamens) (two short stamens & four long stamens)

Eg. Lamiaceae/Labiatae family (Salvia) Eg. Cruciferae family (Mustard, Capsella).

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 GYNOECIUM
Monocarpellary Polycarpellary/multicarpellary

When all the carpels in When all the carpels in

polycarpellary polycarpellary /
condition are free, multicarpelary
then this condition is condition are fused,
called apocarpous. then this condition is
called syncarpus

Eg. Lotus, Rose, Michelia. Eg. Mustard and Tomato.

PLACENTATION
The manner in which placenta or ovules are arranged on ovary wall is known
as placentation
or
The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
It is of following types:

Marginal :-
The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne
on this ridge forming two rows, as in pea.

Fruit
Stigma
Ovary
Ovule Seed

Eg. Pea and other leguminous plants (Leguminosae family)

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Parietal :-
The ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part.
Ovary is one-chambered but it becomes twochambered (in some plants) due to
the formation of the false septum is called replum (Mustard & Argemone)

Locule

Eg. Cruciferae family (Mustard, Capsella), Cucurbitaceae family (Cucurbita) & Argemone

Axile :-
Multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium. Ovary is multilocular and the ovules
are borne on the central axis. Number of chambers are equal to the number
of carpels fused.
Ovary wall
Locule
Ovule

Eg. China rose, Lemon, Tomato

Central / Free central :- Syncarpous gynoecium ovary is unilocular (septa are absent)
and the ovules are borne on the central axis.

Locule
Ovule

Eg. Primrose, Dianthus

Basal :- Unilocular and a single ovule is attached at the base of ovary.

Ovary wall Ovary wall

Ovule Ovule
Locule

Eg. Marigold (Tagetus), Sunflower (Helianthus) (Asteraceae / compsitae family),

Gramineae / Poaceae family
Superficial :-
In multicarpellary, syncarpous, Ovary wall
multilocular gynoecium.
Ovule
The ovules are attached on
the entire inner surface or walls of loculii
Eg. Nymphaea (Water lily)

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 FRUIT
When the fruit is developed from ovary it is called true fruit or eucarpic fruit
When it is developed from other than ovary, known as false fruit or pseudocarpic fruit.
In some fruits like grapes, banana seeds are not found because they are produced without
fertilisation, so such type of fruits are called parthenocarpic or seedless fruits.
PERICARP (Fruit wall) :-
After ripening, the ovary wall changes into pericarp.
This pericarp may be thick and fleshy or thick and hard or thin and soft.
Pericarp is made up of 3 layers :-
Outermost layer = Epicarp or Rind, thin or thick, hard or soft.
Middle layer = Mesocarp, thick and fleshy in mango and fibrous in
coconut.
Innermost layer = Endocarp, thick and hard in mango and coconut and
thin and membranous in organge

Epicarp

Mesocarp
Seed
Endocarp

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 FRUIT

SIMPLE FRUIT AGGREGATE FRUIT COMPOSITE FRUIT

• Produced from one flower • Produced from one flower (Multiple Fruits)
• Produced from monocarpellary • Produced from bicarpellary
• Produced from one entire
or multicarpellary and to multicarpellary but always
inflorescence
syncarpous ovary Apocarpous ovary
• G1 or G(2 – µ) • G2 – µ, Apocarpous
• They are also called
Etaerio fruits Syconus (Syconium) Sorosis
Fleshy fruits / Pulpy (From hypanthodium) (From spike,
– Etaerio of follicles
spadix and
– Drupe – Etaerio of achenes
catkin)
– Berry Dry fruits – Etaerio of berries
– Pepo – Etaerio of drupes
– Pome
– Hespiridium Indehiscent Dehiscent Schizocarpic
– Balausta – Cypsela – Legume/Pod – Lomentum
– Amphisarca – Caryopsis – Follicle – Cremocarp
– Achene – Siliqua – Regma
– Nut – Silicula – Carcerulus
– Samara – Capsule – Utricle

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DRUPE FRUITS :
In these fruits endocarp is hard and stony,
so these fruits are also called stony fruits. Epicarp
Eg. Almond, peach, walnut, plum (Ber). Mesocarp
Seed
Endocarp
Coconut,
Mango

BERRY :
These fruits develop from mono Pericarp Seeds
or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. wall
Placentation is axile. Generally epicarp
is thin membrane like and seeds are
embedded in fleshy part. Septa
Persistent,
Initially seeds are attached with placenta Calyx
of fruit but after maturation these seeds Locular
are detached from placenta and cavity Placenta
are spread randomly in fleshy part.
Eg. Grapes, Guava, Banana Tomato Brinjal

PEPO :
These fruits develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous
and inferior ovaries. These fruit are unilocular and have
parietal placentation but looks like axile due to swelling
of placenta.
Eg. Fruits of cucurbitaceae family like cucumber (Khira),
water melon (Tarbooz), bitter gourd (Karela),
muskmelon (Kharbuja).
Cucurbita maxima (Pumpkin)

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POME :
This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary, Thalamus
syncarpous, inferior ovary. The rind and sponge
Seed within
are made up of thalamus. ovary (core)
Eg. Apple, Pear. These are false fruits.
Fleshy swollen thalamus of these fruits Stalk (Pedicel)
is edible part.
Apple
Pear

CARYOPSIS :
These are small, one seeded dry fruits,
which develop from monocarpellary, superior ovary. Endosperm
In these fruits Pericarp is fused with the seed coat and
form a joint surface. These fruits are present in Embryo
family Gramineae.
Eg. Wheat, rice, maize etc.

Maize

NUT :
This is a single seeded fruit which develops from bi
or multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary.
In it pericarp is hard. Pedicel
Eg. Quercus (oak), Anacardium occidentale Calyx
(Cashewnut), Trapa (Water chest-nut), Litchi.
In Litchi epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give
leathery appearence. Endocarp is membrane like thin. Achene
An additional coat arround the seed is formed which
is called aril.
Actually it is a sort of third integument.
Litchi
In mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part.

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LEGUME OR POD :
Eg. Pea, Beans, Gram. Seed

Fruit

CAPSULE :
In it, axile placentation is found.
Eg. Papaver (Poppy = opium plant),
Gossypium (Cotton),
Datura, Abelmoschus (Lady finger)

Poppy Datura

SOROSIS :
This fruit develops from
spike (Pineapple),
spadix (Jack fruit) or
catkin (Mulberry) inflorescence.
Eg. Jack fruit (Kathal),
Pineapple (Annanas),
Mulberry (Shahtoot).
Kathal Annanas Shahtoot

SYCONUS OR SYCONIUM :
This fruit develops from hypanthodium inflorescence.
Many achenes develop from the pistillate flowers.
Eg. Ficus species like Fig [Anjeer/Gooler
(Ficus carica)], Peepal (Ficus religiosa),
Banyan (Ficus bengalensis).
Anjeer

35
 SEED
Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
! The seed coat has two layers, the outer testa and the inner tegmen
! Inside the seed coat embryo is presents which is made of an embryonal axis and two
cotyledons.
! The cotyledons are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials.
! In plants such as bean, gram and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds
and such seeds are called non-endospermous/non-albuminous. Eg. Pea, Gram, Bean.

Seed coat Cotyledon

Plumule

Hilum
Radicle
Micropyle

Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed

! Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic/albuminous but some as in
orchids are non-endospermic.
! In the seeds of cereals such as maize the seed coat is membranous and generally
fused with the fruit wall. The endosperm is bulky and stores food.
! The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called
aleurone layer.
! The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm. Embryo
consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum and a short
axis with a plumule and a radicle.
! The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called coleoptile and
coleorhiza respectively. Eg. Maize (zea mays)

Seed coat Endosperm

& fruit-wall
Aleurone
Endosperm layer Scutellum
Coleoptile
Embryo Plumule

Radicle
Coleorhiza

36
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