2020 4th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM)

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) for Diagnosis of

Fault in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers
A case study

Syafruddin H Haryoto Prasetyo Nugroho

Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Universitas Sumatera Utara,
Medan, Indonesia Medan, Indonesia
Syafruddin7@usu.ac.id haryoto.nugroho@pln.co.id

Abstract—In an electric power system, a power From the values of these gases it can be predicted the impact
transformer is one of the most critical equipment and cannot be of abnormalities in the transformer, whether overheat, partial
separated from possible abnormal conditions due to fault. discharge or arcing. The gases detected from the DGA test
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is a reliable technique for results are hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Carbon monoxide
detecting the presence of a fault condition that just occurred in
(CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Ethylene (C2H4), Ethane
oil immersed transformer. Basically DGA is a process to
calculate the levels or values of hydrocarbon gases that are (C2H6), Acetylene (C2H2) [6]. Other gases such as propane
formed due to abnormalities. The gas inside the transformer can and propylene are also produced, but in the IEEE C57.104
function as a marker for various types of faults. In this paper, standard it does not count.
for DGA testing and evaluation of the type of fault in the power In this paper, for DGA testing and evaluation of the type
transformer using the interpretation of IEEE std C57.104 and of fault in the power transformer using the interpretation of
IEC 60599. The method used for DGA testing according to the IEEE std C57.104 and IEC 60599. The method used for
IEEE interpretation is total dissolved combustible gas (TDCG), DGA testing according to IEEE interpretation is TDCG, key
key gas, doernenburg ratio, and roger ratio. While the method gas, doernenburg ratio, and roger ratio. While the method
used for DGA testing at IEC 60599 is the duval triangle, the
used for DGA testing at IEC 60599 is the duval triangle,
basic gas ratio and CO2/CO ratio. From the results of DGA tests
that have been carried out, all of these methods will be used to basic gas ratio and CO2/CO ratio. All of these methods will
ascertain the type of fault that occurs in the power transformer. be used to ascertain the type of fault occurs in the oil
immersed power transformers.
Keywords: power transformers, dissolved gas analysis, gas Gas in oil is always produced from decomposition of
ratio, transformer fault diagnosis. electrical insulation materials (oil or paper), as a result of
fault or chemical reactions in the equipment. The transformer
I. INTRODUCTION which operates for some time, will detect a number of gases
in the DGA test results [7]. However, some gases may form
Power outages that are too often with long outages are a
in large or smaller amounts depending on the energy content
reflection of the reliability and poor quality of electricity,
of the fault. By looking at the relative proportion of gases
which can be felt directly by the customer. To improve
that appear in the DGA test results, it is possible to identify
service, it is necessary to maintain equipment at the plant,
the type of fault that occurs in the transformer during
one of which is maintenance of the power transformer. Power
operation. In Table 1 there are several types of faults that
transformers become one of the most critical and most
might occur in a transformer.
expensive equipment of electric power systems [1].
Transformer as a high voltage device cannot be separated TABLE 1. GAS GENERATED BY TYPE OF FAULTS [7]
from the possibility of experiencing abnormal conditions,
Faults CO CO2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 H2
where the trigger can come from internal or external
Cellulose aging √ √
transformers [2]. Mineral oil
One method to determine the presence or absence of √ √ √ √ √
decomposition
abnormalities in the transformer is to determine the impact of Leaks in oil
the transformer abnormality itself. Dissolved gas analysis expansion
√
(DGA) is used to determine the impact of abnormalities on systems, gaskets,
welds, etc.
the transformer. Over the years, DGA has been considered Thermal faults
worldwide as the best technique for evaluating the health √ √ √ √
cellulose
condition of power transformers [3]. In the event of Thermal faults in
abnormalities in the transformer, insulating oil as a oil 150°C - √ Trace √ √
300°C
hydrocarbon chain will decompose due to the abnormality of Thermal faults in
energy and will form hydrocarbon gases that are soluble in oil 300°C - √ Trace √ √ √
oil. Gas in the DGA transformer can function as a marker for 700°C
various types of faults [4]. Thermal faults in
√ √ √ √
oil >700°C
DGA is a reliable technique for detecting the presence of
Partial Discharge √ Trace √
new fault conditions in oil-immersed transformers [5] Arcing √ √ √ √
Basically, DGA is a process for calculating the value of
hydrocarbon gases that are formed due to abnormalities.
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 2020 4th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM)

II. METHODS OF ANALYSIS

In this paper the method used for DGA testing according
to the IEEE std C57.104-2008 [8] interpretation is

A. Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG) Method

The DGA test results are compared with the standard
limit values as shown in Table 2 to find out whether the
transformer is in normal conditions or there are indications
of conditions 2, 3 or 4. The default limit values are shown in
Table 2 :
(c) Partial Discharge (d) Arcing
TABLE 2. LIMITATION OF DISSOLVED GAS CONCENTRATION [8]
Status Figure 1. Key Gas Method [8]
gas
parameters Condition Condition Condition Condition
1 2 3 4 C. Doernenburg Ratios Method
H2 100 101-700 701-1800 >1800
CH4 120 121-400 401-1000 >1000 In the Doernenburg method, the value of the gases will be
C2H2 1 2-9 10-35 >35 compared to the concentration of the gas using the CH4/H2,
C2H4 50 51-100 101-200 >200 C2H2/C2H4, C2H2/CH4, and C2H6 /C2H2 ratios to diagnose the
C2H6 65 66-100 101-150 >150 type of fault that occurs in the transformer unit. Table 3
CO 350 351-570 571-1400 >1400 shows the identification of fault with this method.
CO2 2500 2500-4000 4001-10.000 >10.000
TDCG* 720 721-1920 1921-4630 >4630 TABLE 3. DOERNENBURG RATIOS [8]
* TDCG values do not include CO2 which is not a type of combustible
gas Suggested (R1) (R2) (R3) (R4)
Condition 1 : TDCG if it is below this level means the fault diagnosis CH4/H2 C2H2/C2H4 C2H2/CH4 C2H6/C2H2
transformer is operating properly. If any of the gases exceeds
this level, an investigation must be carried out immediately. 1. Thermal
>1.0 <0.75 <0.3 >0.4
Decomposition
Condition 2 : TDCG at this level indicates the level of
2. Partial
combustible gas has exceeded the normal limit. If one of the <0.1 - <0.3 >0.4
Discharge
gases exceeds this level limit, an investigation must be 3. Arcing >0.1-<1.0 >0.75 >0.3 <0.4
carried out immediately. Take action to get a trend
(tendencies). Possible fault has occurred.
Condition 3 : TDCG at this level indicates a high level of D. Rogers Ratios Method
decomposition. If one of the gases exceeds this level limit, an The Rogers ratio method follows the same general
investigation must be carried out immediately. Take action to procedure as the Doernenburg method. The Rogers Ratio
get a trend (tendencies). Possible fault has occurred. method is used when there is a gas concentration that exceeds
Condition 4 : TDCG exceeds the value limit, this the allowable limit (normal conditions). Table 4 shows the
indicates deterioration at a very high level. Continuing the values for the three ratios that correspond to the diagnosis of
operation of the transformer can result in damage to the the suggested case.
transformer.
TABLE 4. ROGERS RATIOS [8]

B. Key Gas Method (KGM) R2 R1 R5 Suggested fault

Case C2H2/C2H4 CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6 diagnosis
Based on the test results, an investigation could be made
of the possibility of abnormalities using the key gas method. 0 <0.1 >0.1 - <1.0 <1.0 Unit normal
The key gas concentration based techniques are summarized 1 <0.1 <0.1 <1.0 Low-energy density
shown in Figure 1 [8] : (a) overheated oil (key gas: C2H4), (b) arcing - PD
overheated cellulose (key gas: CO), (c) partial discharge (key 2 0.1 - 3.0 0.1 - 1.0 >3.0 Arcing-high-energy
gas: H2) and (d) arcing (key gas: H2 and C2H2). discharge
3 <0.1 >0.1 - <1.0 1.0 - 3.0 Low temperature
thermal
4 <0.1 >1.0 1.0 - 3.0 Thermal<700OC
5 <0.1 >1.0 >3.0 Thermal>700OC

In this paper, the method used in DGA testing according

to the interpretation of IEC 60599 [9] is
E. Duval Triangle Method
The duval triangle method shown in Figure 2 is used to
(a) Overheated Oil (b) Overheated Cellulose help other analytic methods. This method is a closed system
so as to reduce the percentage of cases outside the criteria or
incorrect analysis. The duval triangle method was created by
Michel Duval in 1974. Special conditions to consider are
concentrations of methane (C2H4), ethylene (C2H4) and
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 2020 4th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM)

acetylene (C2H2). The total concentration of these three gases TABLE 6. BASIC GAS RATIOS [9]
is 100%, changes in the composition of the three types of Characteristic
gases indicate the condition of fault phenomena that may Case fault
C2H2/C2H4 CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6
occur in the unit being tested. Table 5 gives an overview of Non
PD Partial Discharge <0.1 <0.2
the various regions in the Duval Triangle, where those areas Significant
represent the possibility of fault. D1
Discharge of low
>1 0.1 – 0.5 >1
energy
TABLE 5. ZONES OF DUVAL TRIANGLE [9] Discharge of high
D2 0.6 – 2.5 0.1 - 1 >2
energy
Region Fault Thermal fault Non
T1 >1 <1
t < 300OC Significant
PD Partial discharge
Thermal fault,
D1 Discharges of low energy T2 300OC< t < <0.1 >1 1-4
D2 Discharges of high energy 700OC
Thermal fault, t >
T1 Thermal fault, t < 300OC T3 <0.2 >1 >4
700OC
T2 Thermal fault, 300OC< t < 700OC
G. CO2/CO Ratios Method
T3 Thermal fault, t > 700OC
According to the IEC 60599 standard shown in Table 7
DT Mixtures of thermal and electrical faults
that the formation of CO2 and CO gases from paper
insulation can increase rapidly as temperatures rise. High CO
The meeting point of the line which is the third
values (for example 1000 ppm) and CO2/CO ratios less than
percentage of the gas (C2H2, C2H4 and CH4) will be in one of
3 are generally considered to be indicative of possible paper
the areas as in Figure 2, where the area represents the
involvement in a fault, possibly due to carbonization.
possibility of fault. The coordinates are determined by
However, in closed or open breathing systems (free
formulas (1), (2) and (3).
breathing) in some new transformers, CO can accumulate in
%C2H2 = C2H2 / (C2H2 + C2H4 + CH4) (1) oil. This is possible to lead to a CO2/CO ratio <3, although
no fault occurs if no other gases such as H2 or hydrocarbons
%C2H4 = C2H4 / (C2H2 + C2H4 + CH4) (2) are formed in the oil.
% CH4 = CH4 / (C2H2 + C2H4 + CH4) (3) A high CO2 value (>10000 ppm) and a high
CO2/CO ratio (>10) can indicate a paper that is too hot
these values are the coordinates of the triangle that will be
(<160°C) or undergoes oil oxidation, especially in
used on each side of the triangle.
transformers with an open respiratory system. CO2 can
accumulate faster than CO in open transformers operating at
changing loads due to differences in solubility in oil.

TABLE 7. CO2/CO RATIOS [9]

CO2/CO Status
<3 Excessive
3-10 Normal
>10 Excessive

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2. Duval Triangle Method [9]
F. Basic Gas Ratios Method
In diagnosing this type of transformer fault this method is
considered as one of the effective methods [10]. There are six
types of fault as recommended in Table 6 and based on the
use of three basic gas ratios: (C2H2/C2H4; CH4/H2; and
C2H4/C2H6). Table 6 shows the relationship between the three
ratios and the type of fault in the power transformer
according to the IEC standard. The basic gas ratio is actually
almost similar to the Rogers ratio method, because it uses the
same three basic gas ratios. Only the limits of the value of the
gas ratio that distinguish in determining the type of fault.
The power transformer GT 2.1 in the Belawan combine
cycle power plant used as research, 172 MVA was made in
1993 with the type of cooling system is ONAF. DGA test
data taken in this study were 28/06/2018 and 18/12/2018,
then analyzed by the method of IEEE and IEC interpretation.
DGA methods of IEEE interpretation are TDCG, Key Gas,
Doernenburg ratio, Rogers ratio, while interpretations from
IEC are Duval triangle, basic gas ratio and CO2/CO ratio.
Data analysis uses both interpretations, so that the type of
fault that occurs in the transformer can be confirmed more
accurately. This transformer was chosen for analysis, because
there were a number of gases that had exceeded the normal
value limits.

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 2020 4th International Conference on Electrical, Telecommunication and Computer Engineering (ELTICOM)

A. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using TDCG Method C. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using Doernenburg
Ratio Method
The results of the test of the combustible dissolved gas in
the transformer are shown in Table 8. DGA test results at that From the data available calculations are done using the
time showed that there were some gases such as C2H2, C2H6, Doernenburg ratio as shown in Table 3. The calculation
CO and CO2 that had exceeded the limit of condition 1. Even results can be seen in Table 9, the ratio obtained from the test
C2H6 was in condition 4, which could pose a risk to the results in sample 1 are R1>1.0; R2<0.75; R3<0.3; and
operation of the transformer. Certainly there is a fault that R4>0.4. The Doernenburg ratio method shows that the fault
occurs in the transformer, but to find the type of fault using to the transformer is 'thermal decomposition'.
other methods. In this case TDCG is used to monitor
TABLE 9. DOERNENBURG RATIO TEST RESULT
individual combustible gases that are disolve in oil including
normal or abnormal conditions. TEST RESULT
TABLE 8. DGA TEST RESULT Suggested R1 R2 R3 R4
Fault
Test Result Test Result Diagnosis CH4/H2 C2H2/C2H4 C2H2/CH4 C2H6/C2H2
(ppm) (ppm)
Parameter Information Sample 1
28/06/2018 18/12/2018
Sample 1 Sample 2 (28/06/18) 6.41 0.02 0.02 190.55
H2 7.8 6.9 Thermal (>1) (<0,75) (<0,3) (>0,4)
CH4 50 26.9 Decomposition
C2H2 1.1 0 Blue : Condition 1 Sample 2
C2H4 44.1 14.9 Green : Condition 2 (18/12/18) Not Not Not Not
C2H6 209.6 23 Yellow : Condition 3 Normal Available Available Available Available
CO 714.2 730.7 Red : Condition 4 Condition
CO2 3821 3360
TDCG 1026.8 802.4
The doernenburg ratio method in sample 2 cannot
provide a diagnosis of fault, because hydrogen (H2),
In Table 8 indicates a decrease in the value of DGA gas methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and
concentration testing in sample 1 and sample 2. That is ethane (C2H6) which are the parameters for the
because the utility carries out maintenance actions on the Doernenburg ratio are at condition 1 which means normal
transformer oil in the form of purification so that the value of conditions. Acetylene (C2H2) was not detected in the
the combustible gas concentration in the oil has decreased. results of the second DGA test, the Doernenburg ratio
But it is only temporary, if no action is taken on the fault that method is less recommended for use in the diagnosis of
causes the value of the combustible gas concentration to be in
fault. Because in standard [8] the Doernenburg ratio will
an abnormal condition. The high gas value is the impact of
be valid to determine the type of fault when the acetylene
the fault on the transformer, so the main thing that must be
(C2H2) concentration is in condition 2 or more [11].
done first is to find the type of fault with the methods
described in this paper.
D. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using Rogers Ratio
Method
B. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using Key Gas Method
TABLE 10. ROGERS RATIO TEST RESULT
TEST RESULT
Case / Suggested R2 R1 R5
Date
Fault Diagnosis C2H2/C2H4 CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6
Sample 1 0.02 6.41 0.21
Not Detected
(28/06/18) (<0,1) (>1) (<1)
Sample 2 Normal Not Not Not
(18/12/18) Condition Available Available Available

Figure 3. Key Gas Test Results
The two DGA tests taken in this paper, shown in Table 8,
show that CO gas is in condition 3. Figure 3 shows that from
the DGA data using the key gas method, the relative
proportions of each gas in oil are obtained. The test results in
sample 1 the percentage of 69.6% CO; 4.3% C2H4; 0.8% H2;
and 0.1% C2H2. While the test results in sample 2 the
percentage of 91.1% CO; 1.9% C2H4; 0.9% H2; and 0%
C2H2. This means that the most dominant gas in the two
DGA oil tests is Carbon Dioxide (CO) as shown in figure 3.
This key gas (CO) shows that the type of fault experienced
by the transformer is thermal cellullose (see figure 1b).
In this case study, Roger's ratio method cannot detect any
transformer fault in sample 1. However, if seen from the ratio
values obtained from sample 1 as shown in Table 10 shows
R2 <0.1 and R1> 1, this will lead to cases 4 and 5. In the case
of fault diagnosis with 3 basic gas ratios used in this method,
it is still not accuracy. But to visualize the characteristics of
the fault can use the representation given in Table 4 and look
for which is the closest to the case. The rogers ratio method
in sample 2 cannot provide a diagnosis of fault, because
hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene
(C2H4), and ethane (C2H6) which are the parameters for the
roger ratio are at condition 1 which means normal conditions.
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E. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using Duval Triangle ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6) which are the parameters
Method for the basic gas ratio are at condition 1 which means normal
conditions.
If all combustible gas concentrations in the power
transformer are in "Condition 1", no further analysis is
TABLE 11. BASIC GAS RATIO TEST RESULT
needed using the Duval Triangle method. Because
combustible gas condition 1 illustrates that the transformer is TEST RESULT
still healthy and feasible to operate. Only combustible Characteristic
Date C2H2/C2H4 CH4/H2 C2H4/C2H6
transformer gas that is in other than condition 1 will then be Fault
further analyzed to determine the possible cause of the fault. Sample 1 T1 0.02 6.41 0.21
In the duval triangle method, there are 7 areas in the triangle Thermal fault
(NS) (>1) (<1)
(28/06/18) t < 300OC
for the type of fault category that occurs.
In this paper, besides using methods from IEEE, IEC also Sample 2 Normal Not Not Not
uses methods to confirm the diagnosis of the types of fault (18/12/18) Condition Available Available Available
that occur. The results of the calculation of the third
percentage of the gas will be used to determine the
G. Evaluation Of Transformer Fault Using CO2/CO Ratio
coordinates of the duval triangle method. The results of the
DGA test dated 28/06/2018 are 1,15% C2H2; 46,32% C2H4; Method
52,52% CH4. While the results of DGA testing on The CO2/CO ratio method shows the transformer
18/12/2018 are cannot provide a diagnosis of fault, because normal conditions, CO2 and CO values are influenced by
methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), and ethylene (C2H4) which various external factors such as oil oxidation due to
are the parameters for the Duval triangle are at condition 1 heating, aging paper insulation, CO2 gas entering due to a
which means normal conditions. leaky or less dense transformer tank. The CO2/CO ratio is
After obtaining a percentage of the three gases, a very helpful in identifying early cases of degradation in the
percentage is used to plot the Duval triangle as shown in quality of paper insulation. The furan test can be carried
figure 4. The coordinates of the type of fault according to this out to confirm the state of the paper insulation if the test
method are shown in figure 4. Where the red circle is the results of the CO2/CO ratio are less than 3 or more than 10.
result of DGA testing in sample 1 which indicates being in It can strengthen the diagnosis of fault with the power
the T2 zone. This means that the transformer has a thermal transformer caused by paper insulation.
fault fault (300OC< t < 700 OC). This shows that the
transformer is experiencing fault with the type of thermal. TABLE 12. CO2/CO RATIO RESULT
TEST RESULT
Date CO2/CO Status
Sample 1
5.35 normal
(28/06/18)
Sample 2
4.59 normal
(18/12/18)

Figure 4. Coordinates on The Duval Triangle
F. Evaluation of Transformer Fault Using Basic Gas Ratio
Method
Three basic gas ratios, shown in Table 11, indicate that
the transformer has a T1 fault in sample 1. In this method
according to the IEC standard in the case of T1, the gas ratio
C2H2/C2H4 is not taken into account (non significant). Thus
only the CH4/H2>1 and C2H4/C2H6<1 ratios are used as a
reference in determining this case. The basic gas ratio
method in the sample 2 cannot provide a diagnosis of fault,
because hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2),
IV. CONCLUSION
The case studies in this paper have shown that the
transformer fault diagnosis using the interpretation of the
IEEE for the TDCG method gives results that the level of
combustible gas has exceeded the normal limit. The key gas
methods give the result that the transformer is experiencing
thermal fault. In the firsts DGA test, for the Doernenburg
ratio method shows that the fault in the transformer is
thermal fault, for the Rogers ratio method shows that the fault
in the transformer is not identified. Interpretation from the
IEC for the CO2/CO ratio method gives normal results. In the
firsts DGA test, for the Duval triangle and basic Gas ratio
method give the result that the transformer is experiencing
thermal faults. The factors that influence the DGA value of
the transformer oil based on the DGA test results and the
evaluation results using the IEEE and IEC interpretations can
be ascertained not due to arching or partial discharge but due
to thermal fault.
In the second DGA test, there are several values of gas
concentrations that have decreased compared to previous
tests. That is because the oil purification is carried out
because there is a gas concentration that has reached
condition 4. But it is not expected to last for a long time,
there are thermal fault in the power transformer.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the assistance from the
Management and Electrical Maintenance of PT PLN UPK
Belawan for provided transformer oil test data to support this
reaserch.
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