《故鄉》(作者 魯迅)

I. 分析小说中的「我」为什么对记忆中的故乡和现实中的故乡感受不同

小说中，“我”回到家乡出售家产。通过回忆过去并将其与现在进行对比，他呈现了家乡的两幅
画面：20多年前和现在。由于旧家乡在他的回忆中更加美好，他看到现实中荒凉的村庄和熟人
的意外变化，感到非常难过。此外，由于过去几十年的社会变化，与“我”过去的美好回忆不同
，现实中什么都没有像他过去的美好回忆一样。

● 在现实中看到老家乡让“我”完全震惊。他感到沮丧并感到疏远，特别是当他回忆起他的
旧家乡的美好时。他悲叹眼前的村庄荒芜，没有任何进展的迹象。

● 回忆起他的老朋友闰土，让“我”有一种怀旧的感觉和他过去家乡的丰富画面（蓝天白云
下的圆月和一块种着西瓜的土地），现在看起来灰暗和令人沮丧。“我”在小说中说，他
似乎短暂地重新找回了他认为已经失去的美丽家园。

● 闰土的巨大变化让“我”感到不知所措，因为在他童年时期的美好回忆中，尽管他家境贫
穷，闰土是一个快乐而有活力的男孩。例如，当他们再次相遇时，“我”描述他的童年玩
伴不是他记忆中的闰土。闰土看起来苍白无力，双手也不是“我”记得的光滑双手。“我”
感到沮丧并受到了打击，因为闰土变得顺从和服从。他感到两人之间有一堵厚厚的
墙。

● 社会和经济条件恶化导致二妹杨的外貌和个性发生变化，这也让“我”感到惊讶。在他
的回忆中，二妹杨是一个长相好看，豆腐店生意兴隆的女人，在过去有着“豆腐美人”的
绰号。与这个过去的记忆相比，“我”发现现实中的二妹杨说话刻薄，贪小便宜。“我”记得
她的颧骨不那么高，嘴唇也不那么薄。

● 由于饥荒、土匪和高额税收，过去几十年里故乡的状况日益恶化，他的熟人们也遭受着
痛苦的困境。这些与他过去的回忆形成了鲜明的反差，使他深感忧郁。这种可悲的感觉
被一道高高的、无形的墙包围着，使他与熟人们疏远难以相见。

鲁迅的小说《故乡》通过主人公“我”的视角，描述了他对故乡的记忆和现实的感受。在小说中，
“我”回到了故乡，但他却感到与以往的记忆不同，对现实中的故乡感到陌生和失望。这种感受
的原因有以下几点：

首先，时间的变化使得故乡已经不同于“我”记忆中的那个故乡。时间的流逝使得故乡的物质环
境和社会环境发生了巨大的变化，使得现实中的故乡和“我”记忆中的故乡已经不同，这种变化
让“我”感到陌生和失落。

其次，社会的变化让“我”对现实中的故乡感到失望和悲哀。故乡的社会环境已经发生了巨大的
变化，许多曾经熟悉的面孔已经不见了，曾经的朋友也离开了这个地方。这种社会变化让“我”
感到故乡已经不是他曾经熟悉的那个地方了。
最后，个人成长的变化使得“我”对故乡的感受也随之改变。个人的成长和变化会让人对过去的
经历有不同的感受，让人对故乡的记忆产生变化。所以，“我”回到故乡，虽然仍然记得那些曾经
的经历，但对这些经历的感受已经与过去不同了。

综上所述，“我”对记忆中的故乡和现实中的故乡感受不同，主要是因为时间的变化、社会的变
化和个人成长的变化，这些变化让故乡已经不同于“我”记忆中的那个故乡，让“我”感到陌生和
失落。

The novel “I” made a trip back to his hometown to sell his family property. By recollecting the
past and contrasting it with the present, he brought up two pictures of his hometown, one
over twenty years ago and another in the present. Since the old hometown was far more
lovely in his reminiscence, he was greatly saddened to see the desolate villages and the
unexpected changes in his acquaintances in the hometown in reality. Moreover, thanks to
societal changes over the past decades, nothing has turned out the same as the fond
memories “I” had in the past.

• The reminiscence of his old hometown had left “I” utterly in shock when he saw the
hometown in reality. He became depressed and felt alienated from it, particularly when he
recalled the beauties of his old lively hometown. He lamented that the villages in front of him
were barren and showed no signs of progress.

• The recollection of his old acquaintance, Runtu, gave “I” a nostalgic feeling and a colourful
picture of his past hometown (a round moon in a blue sky, and a stretch of ground planted
with watermelons), which looked grey and depressing now. “I” in the novel said that for a
short moment, he seemed to recapture the beautiful homeland which he thought he had lost.

• “I” was overwhelmed by the drastic changes in his close friend, Runtu because in his lovely
memories of his boyhood, Runtu was a happy and energetic boy despite his poor peasant
family background. For example, when they met again, “I” described that his childhood
playmate was not the Runtu who lived in his memory. Runtu looked pale and grey. His hands
were not the smooth hands that “I” remembered. “I” was frustrated and upset by Runtu’s
submissive and servile attitude. “I” felt that there was a thick wall standing between the two
of them.

• The changes in Second Sister Yang’s appearance and personality due to worsened social
and economic conditions also gave “I” a feeling of surprise. In his recollection, Second Sister
Yang, a good-looking woman whose beancurd shop did a good business,
had the nickname “Beancurd Beauty” in the past. In contrast to this past memory, “I” found
that Second Sister Yang in the hometown in reality talked spitefully and was greedy for
small advantages. “I” remembered that her cheekbones were not so high and her lips were
not so thin.

• Due to famine, outlaws and high taxes, the past decades had witnessed deterioration in the
hometown and miserable plight of his acquaintances. These gave “I” a deep feeling of
melancholy when his past memories contradicted the real hometown. This lamentable
feeling was aggravated by a high and invisible wall all around him that isolated him from his
acquaintances.

II. 《故乡》(作者 鲁迅) 分析小说如何通过通過闰土表现当时的农民形象。

对于瑞秃的外貌、举止和艰辛的描写，生动地展现了1920年代中国农民的典型形
象。小说中，讲述者在回到故乡20年后再次遇到瑞秃，他已经是一个中年农民
了。

● 通过描述瑞秃的外貌和服装，小说展示了那个时代农民的贫困生活。当讲
述者遇到瑞秃时，生动地描述了他的童年朋友原本圆润红润的面容已经
变得苍白灰暗（可能是由于营养不良引起的）。他戴着破旧的帽子，衣服尽
管在寒冷的天气下非常薄。他在棉衣下颤抖着。

● 通过讲述者描写瑞秃的眼睛和他们的对话中揭示瑞秃家庭的艰辛，小说
表现出农民为谋生而努力的生活。瑞秃的眼眶因在海边辛勤工作而肿胀
发红。甚至他的第六个孩子也不得不出来帮忙。

● 尽管瑞秃只有三十岁，但他的脸上刻满了深深的皱纹。他的手粗糙而开
裂。这部分叙述表明，由于长期暴露于恶劣的天气中，农民通常显得比他
们的年龄老。

● 在访问讲述者家时，瑞秃送给讲述者一些自己晒的干豌豆，尽管他很穷，
在冬天没有什么东西。瑞秃谦虚地请求讲述者接受。这一场景表明，农民
与人诚实。

● 叙述者和他的母亲所叹息的是，闰土的困境加剧了，孩子太多，饥荒、税
收、士兵、土匪、官吏和绅士都让他雪上加霜。这次关于闰土的短暂对话
表明，在悲惨的经济情况下，农民的生计更加艰难。

● 当闰土看到叙述者时，他的面部表情既有欢喜又有忧伤。他的脸看起来
木讷。他感到痛苦，但找不到言语来表达。他成了一个没有生命的木偶。
这生动地描绘了农民因经济困难而承受的严重精神压力。

● 当叙述者和他的母亲告诉闰土从他们家庭的物品中选择任何想要的东西
时，闰土要了香炉和烛台。闰土仍然信仰偶像，并将自己未来的希望寄托
在“神”的手中。这部小说暗示了农民将自己的未来托付给了天堂。

● 闰土向叙述者问好时，称呼他为“主人”，态度虚心谦卑，而不是像在他的
童年美好记忆中那位玩伴一样称呼他为“荀兄”。闰土对叙述者采取非常尊
敬、低声下气的态度。通过描述闰土的低人一等的态度，小说表明了农民
受到社会阶层意识的束缚。
 《故乡》是鲁迅的一篇小说，通过描写农民闰土的形象，生动地呈现了1920年代
中国农民的典型形象。闰土是一个中年农民，当叙述者在回乡20年后再次遇见他
时，他已经进入中年。小说通过描述闰土的外表和穿着，展示了那个时期农民的
贫困生活。当叙述者见到闰土时，他生动地描述了他的童年朋友已经变得苍白而
灰暗的圆润面孔（可能是由于营养不良）。尽管天气寒冷，他的帽子破烂不堪，衣
服也很薄，穿得很少，他还在棉衣下发抖。小说通过描述闰土的眼睛和他们谈话
中家庭的困境，展示了农民艰苦的生活情况。闰土在海边工作很努力，眼圈因风
吹得肿胀和发红，甚至他的第六个孩子也不得不帮忙。虽然年仅三十多岁，闰土
的脸上却刻满了深深的皱纹，他的手粗糙而开裂。这一部分的叙述表明，由于暴
露于恶劣的天气中，农民通常会显得过早衰老。当闰土来到叙述者家时，他送给
叙述者一些他自己晒的干豌豆，尽管他很穷，在冬天几乎什么都没有。闰土谦虚
地请求叙述者接受他的礼物。这个场景表明，农民对人诚恳。正如叙述者和他的
母亲所哀叹的那样，闰土的困境加剧了孩子太多、饥荒、税收、士兵、匪徒、官员
和绅士的困扰。这段有关闰土的简短对话表明，农民在悲惨的经济情况下遭受
了更多的生计困难。当闰土看到叙述者时，他的面部表情中有着快乐和忧郁的
混合。他的脸看起来很冷漠，他感到痛苦，但找不到表达它的话语。他变成了一
座无生命的木头雕像，这生动地描绘了农民由于经济困

The depiction of Runtu’s appearance, his manner, and his hardships vividly present a typical
image of peasants during the 1920s in China.
Runtu was a middle-aged peasant when the narrator met him again on his return to his
hometown after 20 years. Through the description of Runtu’s appearance and his outfits,
the novel shows that the peasants lived in poverty during that time.
When the narrator met Runtu, he vividly described that his childhood friend’s round and
ruddy face had already turned pale and grey (probably due to malnutrition). He wore a
battered old hat and his clothes were thin despite the cold weather. He was shivering under
his cotton clothes.
By describing Runtu’s eyes through the narrator and his family hardships through their
conversations, the novel shows that the peasants worked hard to make a living. The rims of
Runtu’s eyes were swollen and red because of the wind where he worked hard near the sea.
Even his sixth child had to help out.
Despite being a thirtyish man, Runtu’s face was etched with deep wrinkles. His hands were
rough and cracked. This part of narration shows that peasants generally looked old before
their time due to exposure to rough weather.
On his visit to the narrator’s house, Runtu gave the narrator some dried peas which he had
sunned himself though he was so poor that did not have much of anything in the winter.
Runtu asked the narrator humbly to accept them. This scene shows that peasants were
sincere with people.
As lamented by the narrator and his mother, Runtu’s plight was aggravated by too many
children, famine, taxes, soldiers, bandits, officials, and gentry. This short conversation about
Runtu shows that the peasants’ livelihood suffered more in the miserable economic situation.
When Runtu saw the narrator, there was a mixture of happiness and melancholy in his facial
expression. His face looked stony. He felt the pain, but found no words to express it. He
became a lifeless wooden figure. This vividly depicts that peasants were under severe
mental stress due to economic hardships.
When the narrator and his mother told Runtu to choose whatever he wanted from their
family’s belongings, Runtu asked for the incense burner and candlesticks. Runtu still
worshipped idols and placed his hope for a better future in the hands of “gods”. The novel
implies that peasants entrusted their future to heaven.
Runtu greeted the narrator by calling him “Master” with a submissive attitude rather than
“Brother Xun” as the playmate in his fond childhood memory. Runtu assumed a very
respectful, servile attitude towards the narrator. By describing Runtu’s manner of inferiority,
the novel shows that peasants were bound by the consciousness of social class.

III. 鲁迅《故乡》中 作者运用了哪些写作手法通过对杨二嫂的描写来体现当时农民

的生活状态。

在鲁迅的小说《故乡》中，作者通过对记忆中的杨二嫂和现实中的杨二嫂的对比来表现
他的悲愤之情。在小说中，作者通过描述杨二嫂现在的境况，如穷困潦倒、骨瘦如柴，
与作者在儿时所见的杨二嫂形象形成鲜明的对比。记忆中的杨二嫂是一个勤劳善良、
娴静端庄的女性，而现实中的杨二嫂却被现实所摧残，变得破败不堪、油腔滑调、心胸
狭窄。

这种对比表现出作者对社会现状的不满和悲愤，同时也展示了他对童年记忆的怀念和
留恋。小说中作者通过杨二嫂的形象，深刻地揭示了当时中国社会农民阶层的生存状
况以及贫苦人民所遭受的种种苦难，同时也表达了作者对社会现状的深深关切和愤慨
之情。