2023 wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

1
11 jk ksmqK;dj
wd¾Ól j¾Okh
ixj¾Okh
11 jk ksmqK;dj

iy
 ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j ksYaÑ;j u ks¾jpkh lsÍu
11 jk ksmqK;dj

kHdhd;aulj;a" m%dfhda.ls j;a m%n, wNsfhda.hla ù

;sfí' tksid u f,dalh mqrd fuu ixl,amh
ms<sn| ixj¾Ok wd¾Ól úoHd{hka úiska úúO
woyia bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r l,ska l,g
2023

Bg úúO w¾:l:k imhd we;'

ta wkqj ixj¾Okh ms<sn|
ixl,amh úldYkh jQ
wdldrh my; mßÈ
ksrEmKh
l< yels h'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

wd¾Ól wd¾Ól kh udkj ;sridr

O
j¾Okh ixj¾Okh i xj¾ ixj¾Okh ixj¾Okh

wd¾Ól jDoaêh
E c onomic Growt h

wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkq" lsishï wd¾Ólhl NdKav yd fiajd

ksIamdok yelshdfõ isÿjk ;sridr m%idrKh ùu ls'

ke;fyd;a

ld,h;a iu`. wd¾Ólfha úNj ksuejqu fyda ksIamdok

Odß;dj fyda jeä ùu hs'

tkï wd¾Ólhl uQ¾; ksuejqu È.= ld,Sk j ;sridr

f,i by< hdu hs' fuys § wd¾Ólfha
ksIamdok úNj;dj È.= ld,Sk j
m%idrKh fõ'

2
 2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
wd¾Ól jDoaêh m%ia:dßlj ksrEmKh lsÍu

1' ksIm
a dok yelshd jl%h wLKavj ol=Kg ú;eka ùu

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

P2
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h miq.sh oi
P1 jirl ld,h ;=< P1P1 isg P2P2 olajd ol=Kg
ú;ekaùfuka úNj ksuejqfï jeä ùula ms<sìUq
20
22

lrk neúka th wd¾Ól jDoa ê hla f,i

20
12

ie,fla'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

m%d.aOk
0
P1 P2 NdKav

2' iudydr iemhqï jl%h wLKavj ol=Kg ú;eka ùu'

ñ, uÜgu
LRAS1 LRAS2
2012

2022

È.= ld,Sk iudydr iemhqï jl%h miq.sh oi

jirl ld,h ;=< LRAS1 isg LRAS2 olajd
ol= K g ú;eka ùfuka wd¾Ólfha úNj
ksuejqfï jeäùula ms<sìUq jk neúka th
wd¾Ól j¾Okhla f,i ie,fla'
uQ¾;
0 ksuejqu
Y1 Y2

3
 11 jk ksmqK;dj wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh
Economic Growth Rate

wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh hkq lsishï ld,mßÉfþo ^j¾I& folla

w;r uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha fjki m%;sY;d;aul j ±laùu hs'
2023

th my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

ióm j¾I foll uQ¾; o< foaYSh

wd¾Ól ksIamdÈ;fha fjki
jDoaê wkqmd;slh = x 100
fmr j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

 fuh uQ¾; o< cd;sl wdodhfï fjki u`.ska fyda m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< foaYSh
$ cd;sl wdodhï fjki u`.ska fyda .Kkh l< yels h'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh u`.ska uefkkqfha ienE uQ¾; ksuejqfï isÿ jQ jeä ùu hs'

miq.sh jir lsysmhl Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;sl

j¾Ih j¾Ok
wkqmd;slh
^o' foa' ks']&
1999 4'3
2000 6'0
2001 -1'5
2002 4'0
2003 5'9
2004 5'4
2005 6'2
2006 7'7  ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ jeä u wd¾Ól jDoaê
2007 6'8 wkqmd;slh jd¾;d jQfha" 2012 jif¾ § h' ta
2008 6'0 9'1] ls'
2009 3'5
2010 8'0
2011 8'4  2022 jif¾ Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh
2012 9'1 -7'8] la úh' th Y%S ,xld b;sydifha jd¾;d jQ
2013 3'4 wvq u wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh hs'
2014 5'0
2015 4'2
2016 5'1
2017 6'5
2018 2'3
2019 -0'2
2020 -4'6
2021 3'5

4 2022 -7'8
uQ,h # Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2022
 wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh

2023
iy wd¾Ól jDoaêh

11 jk ksmqK;dj
(Economic Growth Rate & Economic Growth)

- lsishï j¾Ihla i|yd rgl wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh .Kkh lsÍfuka jDoaê ls%hdj,sh
fyda úNj ksuejqfï j¾Okh ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd.; fkd yel' wd¾Ól jDoaê
wkqmd;slfhka uefkkqfha ksuejqfï yg .;a ienE fjkiaùu jk kuqÿ" wd¾Ól jDoaêfhka
i,ld nef,kqfha wd¾Ólfha úNj ksIamdok Odß;dfõ m%idrKh hs'

- fuh my; rEm igykska úuid n,uq'

ksIma dok yelshd udhsï jl%hl we;=<;
msysá ,CIHhl isg ksIamdok yelshd
mßfNdack NdKav udhsï jl%h u; msysá ,CIHlg ú;eka
ùu ^A isg B olajd& wd¾Ól jDoaêhla
P1 fkdfõ' th wd¾Ólfha m%fhdackhg
fkd.;a iïm;a Wmfhdackhg
P .ekSu fya;=fjka isÿjk ienE uq¾;
C
ksuejqfï jeä ùu ls' wd¾Ól jDoaê

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

B wkqmd;slfhka uefkkqfha fuh hs'
A
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h PP isg
m%d.aOk P1P1 olajd .uka lsÍu ;=<ska ksIamdok
0 P P1 NdKav ,laIH ol=Kg ú;eka ùu ^B isg C
olajd& wd¾Ól jDoaêh f,i ie,fla'
tuÕska ksIamdok yelshdfõ jeä ùula

ta wkqj wd¾Ól jDoaê ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| lsishï ;lafiarejla lsÍu i|yd jir oyhla fyda
Bg jeä ld, mßÉfþohlg wod<" jd¾Isl wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slhkaf.a idudkH ^uOHk
w.hka& .Kkh l< hq;= h'

fuys § wju jYfhka jir oyhlj;a jeäùfï idudkH ie,lsh hq;= h' tkï jDoaê
wkqmd;slj, idudkHh .; hq;= h'

miq.sh oYl mfya YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slj, idudkHh

1973 - 1982 1983 - 1992 1993 - 2002 2003 - 2012 2013 - 2022
4'8] 4'1] 4'6] 6'7] 1'7]

miq.sh oYlh ;=< furg wd¾Ól jDoaê ls%hdj,sfha oejeka; miqnEula olakg ,efí'

5
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

01' wd¾Ól jDoaêfhka ukskqfha" (2020 A/L - Old)

2023

^1& M,odhS;dfõ j¾Okhhs' ^2& kdñl o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Okhhs'

^3& uQ¾; ksuejqfï j¾Okhhs' ^4& m%d.aOk iïmdokfha j¾Okhhs'
^5& ksIamdok l¾udka;hkaf.a ksuejqfï j¾Okhhs'

02' wd¾Ól jDoaêh yg.kqfha (2011 - A/L)

^1& iudydr b,a¨u jeä jQ úg h' ^2& WoaOuk wkqmd;slh by< .sh úg h'
^3& jegqma wkqmd;sl by< .sh úg h' ^4& fiajd kshqla;sh jeä jQ úg h'
^5& ksIamdok Odß;dj jeä jQ úg h'

03' idudkHfhka wd¾Ól jDoaêh kss¾jpkh lrkqfha" (2005 - A/L)

^1& ksuejqfï j¾Ok fõ.fWhka Y%u yuqodfõ j¾Ok fõ.h wvq lsÍula jYfhks'
^2& ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< uQ¾; ksuejqfï wLKav j¾Okhla jYfhks'
^3& fhojqï iemhqfï jeäùula jYfhks'
^4& w;HjYH NdKavj, uQ¾; msßjeh wvqùula jYfhks'
^5& kdñl cd;sl wdodhfï jeäùula jYfhks'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

04' wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slfhka uefkkqfha" (2011 - A/L -Old)

^1& M,odhs;dfõ j¾Okh hs' ^2& m%;s YS¾I wdodhfï j¾Okh hs'
^3& kdñl cd;sl wdodhfï jeä ùu hs' ^4& ksuejqu fjkia ùfï YS>%;dj hs'
^5& iïm;a Wmfhdackfha uÜgu hs'

05' wd¾Ól jDoaêh idudkHfhka ukskq ,nkqfha my; i|yka úp,Hhl jd¾Isl fjkiaùï
weiqfrks' tu úp,H jkqfha" (2012 - A/L - New)
^1& mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh' ^2& uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h'
^3& ksIamdok l¾udka; wxYfha ksuejqu' ^4& mßfNdack úhou'
^5& wdfhdack wkqmd;slh'

06' j¾I 2013 - 2022 ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ uQ¾;$o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys idudkH
j¾Okh fõ.h l=ula o@ (2003 - A/L weiqßks)
^1& 4'3] ^2& 5'0] ^3& 5'2] ^4& 6'0] ^5& 1'7]

07' 1950 g miqj fï olajd Y%S ,xldj úiska w;alrf.k we;s by<u wd¾Ól jDoaê fõ.h
jkqfha" (2006 - A/L weiqßks)
^1& 9'6] ^2& 9'0] ^3& 9'1] ^4& 6'9] ^5& 6'7]

Past Questions - Structured

01' zksIamdok Odß;djZ hk ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrkak' (2017 - A/L )

02' zwd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slhZ iy zwd¾Ól jDoaêhZ hk ixl,am w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrkak'
(2012 - A/L - New)

6 03' wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkq l=ula o @ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slfhka th fjkia jkafka flfia o @
(2021 - A/L)
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha ;Srl
Determinants of Economic Growth

2023
01' ys;lr idkqn, ^fm%da;aidyk& moaO;shla mej;Su

11 jk ksmqK;dj
- ld¾hCIu fjf<| fmd<j,a
- foafmd< whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; ùu
- uqo,a yqjudrej

02' iïm;a iïNdrh by< hdu

- fN!;sl m%d.aOkh jeä ùu
- udkj m%d.aOkh jeä ùu
- iajNdúl m%d.aOkh jeä ùu
- iudc m%d.aOkh jeä ùu

03' M,odhs;dj by< hdu

- ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

- Y%ufha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh by< hdu
- kjH;djka ìys ùu
- l<ukdlrKh ÈhqKq ùu
- wOHdmkh i|yd lrk wdfhdack jeä ùu
- m¾fhaIKh yd ixj¾Okh i|yd lrk wdfhdackh jeä ùu
- uQ,H fj<| fmd< ld¾hCIu ùu
- há;, myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu

04' b;=reï yd wdfhdack by< hdu

05' id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj ^WoaOuk md,kh&

06' jHjidhl;ajfha j¾Okh

07' hymd,kh

08' foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh yd jDoaê ys;lr rdcH m%;sm;a;s'

09' ks¾ndO fjf<\u yd wd¾Ól ksoyi

7
 wd¾Ól jDoaêfha m%;s,dN $ jdis $ jeo.;alu
11 jk ksmqK;dj

1' by< Ôjk uÜgula w;alr .; yels ùu

2' fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu
3' rdcH whNdrh ^rdcH uQ,H& Yla;su;a ùu
2023

4' b;=reï by< hdu

5' wdfhdackh Yla;su;a ùu'
6' jHdmdßl úYajikSh;ajh by< hdu'
7' È<ska|kag ys;lr jDoaê ls%hdj,shla kï wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;d wvq ùfuka oßø;dj
my< jeàu'
8' f.jqï fYaIh Yla;su;a ùu'
9' fmdÿ NdKav yd Y=N idOk NdKav jvd fyd¢ka iemhSu
10' ñ, ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSug yels ùu'
11' ;dCIKsl fjkiaùï Tiafia iuia; iudcfha u Ôjk rgdfõ hym;a fjkialï
yg .ekSu'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

wd¾Ól jDoaêfha msßjeh $ wjdis

1' WoaOukSh m%jK;d mek keÕSug yelsùu

2' mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu
3' wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;sfha úIu;d jeäùu
4' wd¾Ól jDoaêfha wdjiaÓl msßjeh ^mßfNdackh lem lsÍug isÿùu&
5' wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iu`. rcfha wdodhï by< .sh;a" wdKavqj úiska tu wdodhï
ck;djf.a Y=Nisoaêh fjkqjg foaYmd,ksl jHdmD;s i|yd jeh lrkq ,enqjfyd;a
th ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajhg ydkslr úh yels h'
6' m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a úkdY ùu ksid wkd.; mrïmrdjg mßfNdackh
lsÍug we;s iïm;a wysñ ù hdfuka ;sridr ixj¾Okhg ndOd we;s ùu'
7' wd¾Ól jDoaêh iuÕ kj ;dlaIKh m%fõY ùu ksid /lshd ms<sn| wúksYaÑ;;djla
yg .ekSu'
8' wd¾Ól jDoaê l%shdj,sh m%fõYfuka ie,iqï fkdl< fyd;a wd¾Ól iïm;a wmf;a
hdug fya;= ùu'
9' by< wdodhï ,nk rgla f,i j¾.SlrKh ùu ksid udkj iqN idOkh kexùu
Wfoid ,efnk cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h wysñ ùu'
10' kd.ÍlrKh fya;=fjka ixlS¾K" ld¾hnyq," wk;=re yd wmrdO wêl Ôú;hlg
fhduq ùu yd .%dóh m%foaYj, lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd Y%uh imhd .ekSu wmyiq
8
ùu fya;=fjka fm!oa.,sl msßjeh by< hdu'
Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaêh iSud lrk idOl ^wNsfhda.&

2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
1' foaYSh b;=reï my; uÜgul mej;Su'

2' úfoaYSh wdfhdackh Èßu;a lsÍug ys;lr mßirhla fkdue;s ùu' ^wd¾Ól ksoyi"
hymd,kh" ÈhqKq há;, myiqlï&

3' udkj iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul nj ^Y%u M,odhs;dj wvq ùu yd Y%u fjf<| fmdf<a
mj;sk oDV;djhka'&

4' jHjidhl;ajfha ysÕlu

5' ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj i|yd wjYH ±kqu ysÕ ùu

6' wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, wúksYaÑ;;dj

7' rdcH wxYfha wld¾hlaIu;dj ^;SrK .ekSfï m%udoh $ ¥IK $ kdia;sh&

8' ixj¾ê; rgj,a wkq.ukh lrk wdrCIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s

9' fjf<| fmd< mgq ùu ^l%h Yla;sh wvq ck.ykhla isàu&

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

10' úfoaY Kh.e;s nj

11' id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj

12' m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok i|yd wdfhdack b;d my< uÜgul mej;Su'

13' iïm;a W!k Wmfhdackh

14' foaYmd,k wia:djr nj

15' há;, myiqlïj, ÿ¾j, ld¾hidOkh

16' rdcH uQ,H .eg¿

17' f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfha whym;a ld¾hidOkh yuqfõ fjf<| fmd<j,a wl¾ukH ùu'

9
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

2023

01' my; i|yka idOl w;=frka wd¾Ól jDoaêhg n,mdk idOlh l=ula o @ (2005 - A/L)
^1& Y=oaO ndysr ixl%uK jeä ùu'
^2& idOl M,odhS;dj by< hdu'
^3& ixl%du f.ùï jeä ùu'
^4& fmd,S wkqmd;slh jeä ùu'
^5& uqo,a iemhqu jeä ùu'

02' fõ.j;a wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;sl w;alr .ekSu i`oyd odhl úh yelafla my; i`oyka ljrlg o @
(2021 - A/L)
^1& jvd;a iS>%fhka iajNdúl iïm;a mßfNdackh lsÍu'
^2& wdrlaIKjd§ fjf<`o m%;ms ;a;s
^3& m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh i`oyd rcfha wruqo,a jeä lsÍu'
^4& mdßfNda.sl iykdOdr by< kexùu'
^5& l=gqïn iy wdh;k u; by< nÿ mekùu'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

03' jvd fõ.j;a wd¾Ól j¾Okhla ckkh lsÍug jeä yelshdjla we;s idOl ixfhda.hla
jkafka" (2013 - A/L - New)
^1& fiajd kshqla;sh;a" f.jqï fYaIfha ysÕh;a by< hdu h'
^2& wdfhdack uÜgu;a" jev lrk ck.ykfha m%udKh;a by< hdu h'
^3& Okh jvd;a iudk f,i fn§ hdu yd ixl%du f.ùï by< uÜgul ;sîu h'
^4& WoaOukh fõ.j;a ùu yd cd;sl Kh m%udKh by< hdu h'
^5& úfoaY iDcq wdfhdack yd fmd,S wkqmd;sl by< hdu h'

04' my; i`oyka ljrla wd¾Ól jDoaêh wvqlsÍug fya;= fõ o @ (2022 - A/L)
^1& wdfhdackfha my< hdula
^2& úfoaYj, isg meñfKk wd.ukslhka ixLHdfõ by< hdula
^3& ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqjla
^4& Y%u yuqodfõ by< hdula
^5& b;=reï wkqmd;slfha by< hdula

05' fok ,o j¾Ihla ;=< A, B, C, D yd E hk rgj, mßfNdackh" o< m%d.aOk iïmdokh yd

laIhùï ms<sn| ixLHd o;a; my; i|yka j.=j fmkakqï lrhs' ^ish¨ u w.hka ñkqï lr
we;af;a wefußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk j,sks'& (2013 - A/L - New)

rg mßfNdackh o< m%d.aOk laIhùï

iïmdokh
A 200 40 50
B 500 200 150
C 1"000 1"200 1"400
D 5"000 6"000 6"000
E 10"000 8"000 8"200

fuu rgj, mj;sk ;dlaIKfha fjkila isÿ fkdfõ kï" by; f;dr;=re wkqj wd¾Ól
j¾Okhla w;am;a lr .ekSug jvd;a bvlv we;s rg l=ula o@
^1& A ^2& B ^3& C ^4& D ^5& E

10
 2023
Past Questions - Structured

11 jk ksmqK;dj
01' zwd¾Ól jDoaêhZ ks¾jpkh fldg wd¾Ól jDoaêfha b;d jeo.;a uQ,dY% i|yka lrkak'
(2018 - A/L)

02' wd¾Ól jDoaêfha m%Odk uQ,dY% i|yka lrkak' [A/L 2022 New]

03' M,odhs;dj hkafkka ljrla woyia fõ o@ th rgl wd¾Ól jDoaëh ;SrKh flfrk jeo.;a
ksIapdhlhla jkafka wehs@ (2013 - A/L - Old)

04' wd¾Ól jDoaêfha ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;súmdl fláfhka olajkak' (2011 - old - A/L)

05' rgl Ôjk ;;a;j

a h ms<ì
s Uq lrk o¾Ylhla jYfhka wd¾Ól jDoaêfha we;s iSudjka ljf¾ o@
(2012 - old - A/L)

06' YS% ,xldj we;=¨ ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj, wd¾Ól jDoaêh wvd, flfrk m%Odk idOl
ljf¾ o@ (2003 - A/L)

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

07' ueÈ ld,Skj iy È.= ld,Skj by< jDoaê wkqmd;slhla w;alr .ekSug ndOl f,i Y%S ,xld
wd¾Ólfha olakg ,efnk uQ,sl ÿ¾j,;d lf¾±hs y÷kajd fokak' (2015 - A/L)

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh
Economic Development

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hkq ksuejqfï m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aul hk

wxY foflys u yg.kakd fjkia ùfï ls%hdj,sh hs'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § wd¾Ól jDoaêh yd ne÷Kq wd¾Ólfha

jHQyd;aul fjkiaùï isÿúh hq;= fõ' ta wkqj wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh
hkq wd¾Ól jDoa ê h;a iuÕ we;s j k mßKduk ls % h dj,s h
(Transformation process) ls' tneúka wd¾Ól jDoaêhlska f;dr j wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okhla we;slr.; yels fkdfõ' ^weuqKqu 01 - msgq wxl 51"52&

11
 Past Questions - MCQ
11 jk ksmqK;dj

01' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hkafkka woyia jkqfha" (2020 A/L - New)

^1& f.jqï fYaI w;sßla;hla iys; j wd¾Ól jDoaêhla yg.ekSu h'
2023

^2& wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iu`. u jHqyd;aul iy .=Kd;aul fjkialï isÿùu h'

^3& kd.ßl ck.ykfha Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia ùu h'
^4& o< cd;sl wdodhfï (GNI) ;sridr by< hdula we;s ùu h'
^5& idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;shla iu`. u oßø;d uÜgu my< jeàu h'

02' zzwd¾Ól ixj¾OkhZ hkafkka woyia flfrkqfha" (A/L 2009)

^1& wd¾Ól jDoaêh hs'
^2& wd¾Ól jDoaêhg wu;rj wdodhï jHdma;f s ha iy wd¾Ól jHqyfha ys;lr fjkialï o yg.ekSu hs'
^3& kd.ßl ck;djf.a Y=NidOk uÜgu Wiiaùu hs'
^4& o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha ;srir by< hdu hs'
^5& idfmalaI oßø;dj uq,skqmqgd ±óu hs'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

ixj¾Okh
Development

ixj¾Okh hkq mqoa.,hskaf.a Ôjk uÜgu" wd;au .re;ajh yd

ksoyi jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu u.ska Tjqkaf.a udkj Ôjk ;;a;ajh yd
yelshdjka j¾Okh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh hs'

ixj¾Okh ñks i a Ôú;j, .= K d;a u l ;;a ; a j h by< kxjk

l%shdj,shla fõ' th yqfola wd¾Óluh m%mxphla muKla u fkdj"
ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu i|yd fhduq jQ" ñksiqka
flaka ø lr.;a ls%hdj,sh ls.

fï wkqj ixj¾Okh nyqudkSh (multi-dimensional) m%mxphla jk

w;r th m%udKj;a j ñKqï lsÍug o o¾Yl rdYshla wjYH fõ'

ixj¾Okh hkq wNsu:dkqrEmS ixl,amh ls'

12
 2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
Past Questions - MCQ

01' ixj¾Okh hkq [A/L 2022]

^1& o< cd;sl wdodhfï ;sridr jeäùuls'
^2& .%dóh ck;djf.a wdodhï úIu;d bj;a lr,Su h'
^3& wd¾Ól jHqyfha fjkialï iu`. wd¾Ól jDoaêh yg.ekSu h'
^4& rgl uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h by< hdu h'
^5& idudkH mqrjeishdf.a cSú;fha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh Wiia ùu h'

02' lsishï rgla ixj¾Okh w;alr f.k we;ehs hkak jvd;a fyd¢ka fmkakqï lrkqfha ljr
fjkila u.ska o@ [A/L 2016 New]
^1& tu rfÜ uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jeä ùula'
^2& tu rgg ysñ f,dal wmkhk m%;sY;fha jeä ùula
^3& tu rfÜ f.jqï fYaIh hym;a ùula

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

^4& tu rfÜ uqo,a tallfha w.h by< hdula
^5& tu rfÜ idudkH mqrjeishdf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajfha wNsjDoaêhla

Past Questions - Structured

01' wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh w;r fjki úpdrd;aulj mÍlaId lrkak' [A/L 2013 New]

02' ixj¾Okh idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd wd¾Ól j¾Okh wjYH idOlh ls' tfy;a th muKla
fkd iEfya' fï m%ldYfhka Tng l=ula jegfya o@ [A/L 1994]

13
 2023 11 jk ksmqK;dj

udkj ixj¾Okh
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

Human Development

udkj ixj¾Okh hkq" udkj yelshdjka iy ld¾hhka m%idrKh

jk mßÈ —rgl ck;djf.a f;dard .ekSfï mrdih mq¿,a ùfï
ls%hdj,sh hs'ZZ

fï hgf;a my; lafIa;%j, ck;djf.a f;dard.ekSï mrdih mq`M,a

úh hq;= h'

- wOHdmkh
- fi!LH
- ksjdi
- fiajd kshqla;sh
- iyNd.S;ajh" iqrlaIs;nj
- udkj ysñlï wdrlaId ùu
- udkj ksoyi mq¿,a ùu
fuu f;dard .ekSï mrdih m%idrKh ùu rgl wd¾Ól" iudÔh"
foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl yd wdh;ksl hk mq¿,a lafIa;% lrd me;sr
mj;S' fuu f;dard.ekSï mrdih mq¿,a ùu udkj iqNidOkh flfrys
fldf;la ÿrg n,md weoao hkak u; udkj ixj¾Okh y÷kd .efkA'

ixj¾Okfha wruqK jkafka iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u ;u yelshdjka

j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a" j¾;udk yd wkd.; mrïmrdj,g mq¿,a
bv m%ia;d újD; lr,Sug;a yelsjk wdldrfha fhda.H mßirhla
ks¾udKh lsÍu hs'

14
 2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
;sridr ixj¾Okh
^Ñria;dhS ixj¾Okh&
Sustainable Development

;sridr ixj¾Okh hkq wkd.; mrïmrdj,g ;u wjYH;d imqrd

.ekSug we;s yelshdjg ydkshla fkdjk mßÈ j¾;udk mrïmrdj
;u wjYH;d imqrd .efkk ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ls'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

fuys § iEu mrïmrdjla u ;uka Wreu lrf.k isák m%d.aOk
iïNdrhj;a wvq u ;rñka wkd.; mrïmrdjg ysñlr Èh hq;= fõ'

;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkfha iajrEm y;r ls'

- fN!;sl m%d.aOkh
- udkj m%d.aOkh ^nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh&
- iajNdúl m%d.aOkh
- iudc m%d.aOkh

;srir ixj¾Okh u`.k

s a fuu iïm;aj, ksIm
a dok yelshdj wvq ùug bv fkd yer"
wLKav j mj;ajd.; hq;= nj wjOdrKh flf¾'

15
 ;sridr ixj¾Okfha § m%Odk ia;ïN ;=kla tlajr ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h'
11 jk ksmqK;dj

tkï iudch" wd¾Ólh iy mßirh hs'

iudchSh
2023

idOdrKSh idOH
ixj¾Okh ixj¾Okh

;sridr
wd¾Ól mdßißl
OrKSh
ixj¾Okh

iudch" wd¾Ólh iy mßirh b;d lsÜgqfjka tlsfklg ne£ mj;akd neúka ;SrK
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

.; hq;af;a tajd w;r iunr;djla mj;ajd .ekSug yelsjk mßÈ h' túg th ;=,s;
ixj¾Okhla f,i ye¢ka fõ'

wd¾Ól me;slfvys wruqKq

- jDoaêh'
- ld¾hlaIu;djh'
- ia:dhS;djh'

iudÔh me;slfvys wruqKq

- idOdrK;ajh' - iyNd.S ùu'

- iún, .ekaùu' - iudc ixp,;dj'
- iudc iyÔjkh' - ixialD;sl wkkH;djh'

mdßißl me;slfvys wruqKq

- ñksiqkag ys;lr ikSmdrlaIl mßirh

- m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Wmfhdackh lsÍu'
- m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a iq/lSu'

ixj¾Okh ;sridr jkqfha fuu wxY w;r ukd iïnkaOhla yd iunr;djla

;snqKfyd;a muKs' tu ksid ixj¾Ok l%fudamdhka ie,iqï lsÍfï §" wd¾Ól"
iudchSh yd mdßißl hk wxY ;=k u tljr ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h' tla wxYhla
mfilg ,d ;j;a wxYhla flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍfuka" iuia;
16 ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh u miqnEulg ,lajkq we;'
 2023
;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:

11 jk ksmqK;dj
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

ÿmam;=ka
tlaj ke;s
fmrg f,dalhla jiúi
idOdrK ke;s
iudchla wdydr

Ôùkag;a ;sridr ixj¾Okhla lrd

idOdrK kSfrda.S
bvla f,dalfha ish¨ rgj,a fhduq lsÍfï ck;djla
wruqKk s "a j¾I 2030 jk úg imqrd .; hq;=

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

njg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk
jiúi úiska y÷kajd fok ,o ilS%h jevms<sfj< ±kqj;a
ke;s iudchla
uyuqyqola zz;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:ZZ kï fõ'
2015 § ksõfhdala kqjr tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk
foaY.=Kh
ld¾hd,fha § tla /ia jQ f,dal kdhlhska úiska .eyeKq
/flk zz;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:ZZ msßñ
u`.la fNaohla
17 la t<solajk ,o w;r" 2015 jif¾ isg keye
tu wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug ls%hd;aul ùug
iEu rgla u ne£ isà' ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:"
iliqrejï
mqrjeisfhla ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd wd¾Ól" msßisÿ
j;=r
iudÔh iy mdßißl hk
;sú
% O wxYh u iunrj mj;ajd f.k
;srir hdug rgj,a fmd<Uj hs' yß;
mqrjr n,Yla;sh

iu yß;
iudchla ;srir /lshd
l¾udka;

17
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: fhduq j we;s mq¿,a lafIa;% my ls'

mq¿,a lafIa;%h úia;rh

1' ck;dj - ish¨ wdldr udk ;=< È<s÷lu iy id.skak wjika lsÍu iy
People ish¨ u udkj j¾.hdf.a f.!rjh iy iudk;au;djh ;yjqre
2023

lsÍu'
2' mDÓúh - iajNdúl iïm;a ;sridr f,i l<ukdlrKh iy foaY.=Ksl
Planet úm¾hdi i|yd läkï mshjr .ksñka mDÓúh wdrCId lsÍu'

3' fi!Nd.H - ish¨ ukqIH j¾.hd iuDoaêu;a yd ;Dma;su;a Ôú; N=la;s ú¢k
Prosperity nj iy iajNdj O¾uh iuÕ iycSjkh ;yjqre lsÍu'

4' iduh - ìh yd m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr" iduldó" idOdrK iy ish¨ fokd

Peace tla lr .;a iudchla f.dvke`.Su'

5' yjq,a lghq;= - Yla;su;a f.da,Sh yjq,aldß;ajhla yryd fmdÿ kHdh m;%hla
Partnership ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

18
 ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: 17

2023
ÿmam;=ka ke;s

11 jk ksmqK;dj
f,dalhla
ish¨ wdldrfha È<s÷ nj" ish¨ ;ekays u ÿre lsÍu'

jiúi ke;s
wdydr
l=i.skak ÿr,Su" wdydr iqrCIs;dj iy fmdaIK jeä ÈhqKqj ,nd .ekSu" iy
;sridr lDIsld¾ñl m%j¾Okh

kSfrda.S
ck;djla
iEu jhil u ish¨ fokdg u" fi!LH iïmkak Èúhla ;yjqre lrk w;r
hymeje;au m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

±kqj;a
iudchla
ish,a,ka i|yd mßmQ¾K yd idOdrK .=Kd;aul wOHdmkhla iy;sl lsÍu
yd Èúh mqrd u bf.kqï wjia:d m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

.eyeKq msßñ
fNaohla keye
ia;S%-mqreI iudkd;au;djh <Õd lr .ekSu iy ish¨ u ldka;djka iy .eyeKq
<uqka iún, .ekaùu'

msßisÿ
j;=r ieug c,h iy ikS m drCIl myiq l ï ,nd.; yels nj yd ;s r idr
l<ukdlrKh iy;sl lsÍu'

yß;
n,Yla;sh
±ßh yels" úYajdikSh" ;sridr yd kùk n,Yla;s m%fõYh ish¨ fokd i|yd
;yjqre lsÍu'

yß;
/lshd ish¨ fokd i|yd l,amj;akd" mQ¾K iy ;sridr wd¾Ól j¾Okhla" iïmQ¾K
yd M,odhS /lshd yd f.!rjkSh /lshd wjia:d m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

;srir
l¾udka;
Tfrd;a;= fok há;, myiqlï bÈ lsÍu" mQ¾K iy ;sridr ld¾ólrKh iy
kj ksmehqï m%j¾Okh

19
 iu
11 jk ksmqK;dj

iudchla
rgj,a we;=<; yd rgj,a w;r wiudk;djh wvq lsÍu'

;srir
mqrjr
2023

k.r yd udkj ckdjdi" mQ¾K" wdrCIs;" Tfrd;a;= fok" ;sridr ;;a;ajhg

m;a lsÍu'

iliqrejï
mqrjeisfhla

mßfNdack yd ksIamdok rgdjkays ;sridr;ajh iy;sl lsÍu'

foaY.=Kh
/flk u`.la
foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi iy tajdfha n,mEïj,g tfrysj yÈis ls%hdud¾. .ekSu'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

jiúi ke;s
uyuqyqola
;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd id.r" uqyqÿ yd id.r iïm;a iqrCIs;j" l,a mj;akd
mßÈ Ndú;d lsÍu'

Ôùkag;a f.dvìï mßir moaO;s ;sridr f,i Ndú;d lsÍu" m%j¾Okh lsÍu" wdrCId
idOdrK bvla
lsÍu yd ms<silr lsÍu" jkdka;r ;sridr f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu"
ldka;drlrKh je<elaùug lghq;= lsÍu yd bvï wjNdú;h keje;aùu yd
ms<silr lsÍu iy ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks ùu k;r lsÍu'

idOdrK
iudchla ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd iduldó iy ish¨ fokd we;=<;a jQ iudchla
m%j¾Okh lsÍu" ish¨ fokdg u hqla;sh i|yd m%fõYhla ie,iSu iy M,odhS"
j.lSula iys; yd mQ¾K wdh;k ish¨ uÜgï i|yd we;s lsÍu'

tlaj
fmrg
;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd f.da,Sh iyfhda.S;djh ls%hd;aul l<yels úê l%u
yd kj mk.ekaùï Yla;su;a lsÍu'

fuu ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: 17 hgf;a idlaId;a lr.; hq;=

úfYaIs; jQ b,lal 169 la olajd we;'

20
 2023
Past Questions - MCQ

11 jk ksmqK;dj
01' ;sridr ixj¾Okhla hkafkka ye`.efjkqfha" [A/L 2020 - New]
^1& tys m%;sM, jYfhka wkd.;fha mdßißl ydhkhla we;sjqj;a" j¾;udkfha wd¾Ól yd iudchSh
YlH;dj ,ndfok ixj¾Okhls'
^2& tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkd.; mrïmrdjka i|yd wd¾Ól yd iudchSh ydhkhla we;sjqj;a" j¾;udkfha
mdßißl ;sridrNdjh ,ndfok ixj¾Okhls'
^3& wkd.; mrïmrdjkag ;u wjYH;d imqrd.ekSug we;s yelshdj lem fkdfldg" j¾;udk wjYH;d
imqrd,kq ,nk ixj¾Okhls'
^4& uQ¾; o< foaYh
S ksIm
a dÈ;fha ;sridr jeäùula iys;j iajNdúl iïm;a iïmQ¾Kfhka u Wmfhdackh lsÍuls'
^5& tu`.ska j¾;udk iudcfha wjYH;d imqrd.; fkdyels jqj o wkd.; mrïmrdjkg ;u wjYH;d
imqrd.; yels jk ixj¾Okhls'

02' ;sridr ixj¾Okh hgf;a wdjrKh flfrk m%Odk lafIa;% ;=k jkqfha" [A/L 2021]
^1& mßirh" wd¾Ólh iy iudchhs'
^2& mßirh" wd¾Ólh iy idOdrK;ajhhs'
^3& mßirh" l=i.skak iy iudchhs'
^4& mßirh" iduh iy oßø;djhhs'
^5& mßirh" yjq,aldÍ;ajh iy iudchhs'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

03' ;sridr ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: w;=frka m<uqjk wNsu;d¾:h oßø;djh ms<sn|j h' tu wNsu;d¾:fhka
wruqKq lrkqfha" [A/L 2018]
^1& 2030 jk úg oßø;djh wvlska lmd yeÍu h'
^2& 2030 jk úg iEu ;ek u iEu iajrEmhl u oßø;djh wjika lsÍu h'
^3& 2030 jk úg oßø;djh 75] lska wvq lsÍu h'
^4& l=i.skak ksud fldg iEu mqoa.,hl=g u m%udKj;a f,i wdydr ,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj iy;sl
lr,Su h'
^5& oßø;djh wvqlr .ekSfuys ,d m%.;shla w;alr .ekSug iEu rglg u wdOdr lsÍu h'

Past Questions - Structured

01' zzixj¾Okh jQ l,S nyqudk ls%hdj,shls'ZZ meyeÈ,s lrkak' [A/L 2021]

02' z;sridr ixj¾OkhZ hkafkka Tn woyia lrkafka l=ula o@ [A/L 2018]

03' zz;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH lrk m%d.aOkfha iajrEm y;rla ixj¾Ok wd¾Ól úoHd{fhda
wjOdrKh lr;s'zz tu m%d.aOk iajrEm y;r kï lrkak' [A/L 2008]

04' wd¾Ól jDoaêh iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh tlsfklg fkd.e<fmkafka o@ Tfí ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s
lrkak' [A/L - 2015]

05' lDIsl¾uh yd l¾udka; hk wxYj,g idfmalaIj fiajd wxYh ;jÿrg;a m%idrKh ùu ;sridr
wd¾Ól jDoaêhla <Õd lr.ekSfuys ,d ys;lr fõo @ [A/L 2007]

21
 ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ñkqï
11 jk ksmqK;dj

01' m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu

Gross National Income Per Capita
2023

- rfgys o< cd;sl wdodhfuka tla mqo.

a ,fhl=g ysñjk idudkH w.h ñka woyia fõ'

- ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd iïm%odhslj fhdod.;a ñkqu jQfha fuh hs' rgj,
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd ;ju;a nyq, jYfhka tu ñkqu fhdod .kS'

- fuh my; mßÈ .Kkh lrhs'

m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu
o< cd;sl wdodhu =
uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

- m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhfï yg.;a jeäùu u.ska ksrEmKh lrkqfha rfÜ
ck.ykh jeä jQ fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska uQ¾; wdodhu jeä jQ nj hs'
- miq.sh jir lsysmhl Y%S ,xldfõ m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu

ta' mq' o' cd' wd'

j¾Ih ^t' c' fvd&
2017 3969
2018 3947
2019 3734
2020 3591
2021 3722
^uQ,h # Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2021&

wdodhï ldKav wkqj f,dal nexl= j¾.SlrKh

- f,dal nexl=j úiska rgj,a j¾.SlrKh i|yd ks¾Kdhlh jYfhka fhdod .kq
,nkafka o weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾j,ska m%ldYs; m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl
wdodhu hs'

f,dal nexl=j úiska tal mqo.

a , o< cd;sl wdodhu mokï lrf.k ldKav 4 la
hgf;a rgj,a j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,efí'

22
 2023
2022 cQ,s 01 jk Èkg f,dal nexl= wdodhï ldKav j¾.SlrKh

11 jk ksmqK;dj
wdodhï ldKavh ta' mq' o' cd' wd ^we'fvd&
2022 cQ,s 01 Èkg
wvq wdodhï uÜgu < 1045
my< ueÈ wdodhï uÜgu 1"046 - 4"095
ueÈ wdodhï uÜgu
by< ueÈ wdodhï uÜgu 4"096 - 12"695
by< wdodhï uÜgu > 12"695

iEu jirl u cQ,s 01 jk Èk f,dal nexl=j úiska by; wdodhï iSudjka hdj;ald,Sk
lrkq ,nk w;r wdodhï uÜgu wkqj rgj,a j¾.SlrKh kej; iudf,dapkh
flf¾'

f,dal nexl=fõ wdodhï ldKav wkqj 2022 j¾Ifha rgj,a j¾.SlrK

wdodhï uÜgu rgj,a

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

1' wvq wdodhï rgj,a we*a.ksi:a dkh" fidaud,shdj" b;sfhdamh
s dj"
Low income Countries W.kavdj" isïndífõ" W;=re fldßhdj"
US$ 1045 fyda Bg wvq ol=Kq iqvdkh'

2' my< ueÈ wdodhï rgj,a bkaÈhdj" ms,smSkh" N+;dkh" mlsia:dkh"

Lower - middle - income countries úhÜkduh" Bðma;=j" ñhkaudrh" ms,smSkh"
US$ 1046 - 4"095 w;r Y%S ,xldj

3' by< ueÈ wdodhï rgj,a Ökh" uef,aishdj" brdlh" ud,Èjhsk"

Upper - middle income countries
US$ 4"096 - 12"695 w;r
4' by< wdodhï rgj,a
High income countries
US$ 12"695 fyda Bg jeä kï
;dhs,ka;h" n%iS,h" Wre.=fõ" reishdj"
,sìhdj" ol=Kq wms%ldj
´iafÜ%,shdj" lekvdj" b;d,sh" c¾uksh"
tlai;a rdcOdksh" cmdkh" kjiS,ka;h"
tlai;a ckmoh" isx.mamQrej" ;dhsjdkh
uQ,h ( f,dal nexl= fjí wvúh

 ksoyi ,nk úg wvq wdodhï ,nk rglaj isá Y%S ,xldjg" my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk rgla njg m;aùug
jir 50 lg wdikak ld,hla .; úh' 1997 § Y%S ,xldj my< ueo wdodhï ,nk rgla njg f,dal
nexl=j ksfõokh l< w;r" 2019 jif¾ oS Y%S ,xldj by, ueos wdodhï ,nk rgla njg m;a úh' flfia
kuq;a bkamiq we;s jQ fldúâ 19 jix.; ;;a;ajh iy wd¾Ól w¾nqoh yuqfõ Y%S ,xldj kej;;a my,
ueos wdodhï rgla njg m;a úh'

23
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

ixj¾Okh uekSfï ñkqula f,i m%;s YS¾I wdodhfï iSud

1' m%;s YS¾I wdodhu rgl fN!;sl NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh leáfldg olajk ñkqula
2023

jk w;r" ixj¾Okhg wod< .=Kd;aul fjkialï fmkakqï fkdlr hs'

2' m%;s YS¾I wdodhu rgl wdodhï jHdma;sfha iajNdjh ksjerÈj fmkakqï fkdlr hs'
^m%;s YS¾I wdodhï uÜgï tl yd iudk rgj,a foll" wdodhï jHdma;sh tlsfklg
yd;amiska u fjkia ù ;sìh yels h'&

3' m%;s YS¾I wdodhu" ixj¾Okhg wod< ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sn| me;slv uq¿ukskau
fkd i,ld yßhs' mßir ¥IKh iajNdúl m%d.aOkh CIhùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re m%;s
YS¾I wdodhï o;a; uÕska ,nd.; fkd yels h'

4' ix;DIaáh" ksoyi" fi!LH" udkj whs;sjdislï jeks wdodhï fkdjk ixj¾Okfha
wjfYaI me;slvj,a ms<sn|j m%;s YS¾I wdodhu wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr hs'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

5' cd;sl .sKqïj,g wdfõKsl ÿ¾j,;d" m%;s YS¾I wdodhu ;=< o .eíj we;s neúka
tuÕska ksjerÈ Ôjk ;;a;ajh ms<sìUq fkdfõ'
Wod ( - fkdúêu;a wxYfha ksIamdokfha jákdlï ksjerÈj ms<sìUq fkdùu'
- tl;= l< jákdlu .Kkh lsÍfï § we;s jk fodaI
- NdKavj, m%udKh ñi ksIamdokfha ixhq;sh fyda .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh
fmkakqï fkdlsÍu'

6' wka;¾cd;sl ixikaokhka i|yd m%;s YS¾I wdodhï uÜgu fhdod .ekSfï § wefußldkq
fvd,¾j,ska m%ldY flfrk w;r" ta i|yd fhdod .efkk kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh
rgj, ñ, uÜgï w;r fjkialï ksjerÈj ksrEmKh fkd flfrk neúka Ôjk
;;a;ajfha fjkialï y÷kd.; yels fkdfõ'

7' oßø;dj" ú/lshdj jeks ixj¾Okhg wod< iudc wd¾Ól úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu o m%;s
YS¾I wdodhï o;a; ;=<ska fy<s fkdfõ'

idïm%odhslj rgj,a w;r ÈhqKqj iei£u i|yd kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh Ndú;d lrñka fmdÿ uqo,a ^we't'c'fvd,¾& w.hlg fmr<d .;a tal
mqoa., o< cd;sl wdodhu fhdod .kq ,enQj o tu.ska rgj,a w;r wdodhï mr;rh lsysm .=Khlska jeä ù fmfkk w;r rgj,a w;r Ôjk
;;a;ajh ms<sn|j jerÈ ks.ukhla .uH úh yel'

tneúka l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh u; .Kkh lrk ,o m%;s YS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu" rgj,a w;r Ôjk ;;a;ajh iei£u i|yd
jvd;a fhda.H ñkqula f,i ms<s.efka'

24
 02'

2023
l%h Yla;s iduH tal mqoa., o< cd;sl wdodhu
GNI Per Capita based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
- l%hYla;s iduH tal mqoa., o< cd;sl wdodhu hkq" l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh
wkqmd;slh u; cd;Hka;r fvd,rhg mßj¾;kh lrk ,o tal mqoa., o<
cd;sl wdodhu hs'

- rgj,a w;r ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh uekSu i|yd tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾j,ska
.Kkh lrkq ,enQ m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu fhdod .ekSfï § u;=jk
.eg¨jla jkafka rgj,a w;r Ôjk uÜgïj, ;;a;ajh w;sfYdala;sfhka
ksrEmKh ùu hs'

Wod (
tla rgl wfkla rgg jvd m%;s YS¾I wdodhu fo.=Khla kï tu rfÜ Ôjk
;;a;ja h o wfkla rgg jvd fo.=Khla hehs woyia fõ' kuq;a tjeks ks.ukhlg
t<eôh yelafla forfÜ fvd,rfha l%h Yla;sh iudk kï muKs'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu ^2022& weußldj Y%S ,xldj
kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh u; 70"900 3"722
l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh u; 71"130 14"290
^uQ,h # f,dal nexl= fjí wvúh&

mj;akd úksuh wkqmd;slh wkqj Y%S ,dxlslfhl=f.a yd weußldkqfjl=f.a

Ôjk ;;a;ajfha fjki 19 .=Khla muK jk kuq;a l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh
wkqmd;slh wkqj th 5 .=Khla muK fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ l%h Yla;s iduH tal mqoa., wdodhu idfmalaI j by< uÜgul
mej;Sug fya;=j (

- mj;akd úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jkafka úfoaY úksuh i|yd we;s b,a¨u yd
iemhqu u.sks' fuys § úfoaY .kqfokq muKla ie,ls,a,g .efka'
- l%h Yla;s iduH .Kkh lsÍfï § foaYSh fjf<| fmdf<a yqjudre jk úfoaY
.kqfokqj,g yiqfkdjk NdKav iy fiajdj, ñ, .Kka o ie,ls,a,g .kS'
- YS% ,xldj jeks ixj¾Okh jk rgj, úfYaIfhka u fndfyda fiajdj, ñ, .Kka
^kso( fi!LH fiajd" wOHdmk fiajd" ksjdi l=,S" m%jdyk fiajd& ÈhqKq rgj,g jvd
fnfyúka wvq uÜgul mj;S'
- fï ;;a;ja h hgf;a mj;akd úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd by< úksuh wkqmd;slhla l%h
Yla;s iduH hgf;a ,efí' fï ksid l%h Yla;s iuH tal mqoa., wdodhu idfmalaIj
jeä h'

25
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

2023

01' rgj,a w;r Ôjk ;;a;ajfha fjkialï fmkakqï lsÍfuys ,d m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< cd;sl wdodhï
ñkqu" fkdu. hjkiq¿ o¾Ylhla fõh hkak weÕefjkafka my; i|yka ljr ;¾l folla
u.ska o@ [A/L 2018]

A - WoaOuk wkqmd;slhkaf.a fjkialï ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'

B - fjf<| fmd< fkdjk wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï ms<sn|j" rgj,a w;r úúO uÜgñka
fjkialï mj;S'
C - mdßfNda.sl wNsreÖkays mj;akd fjkialï ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'
D - úksuh wkqmd;slh úlD;sùï ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS' tneúka tu ñkqu m%ldY l<
hq;af;a zl%h Yla;s iduHhkaZ mokï lr .ksñks'
E - zwdodhï m%fõYhZ Tiafia .Kkh lrk o< cd;sl wdodhï ñkqu zúhoï m%fõYhZ
Tiafia .Kkh flfrk w.hg jvd fjkia úh yels h'
^1& A iy B ^2& B iy C ^3& B iy D ^4& C iy D ^5& D iy E

02' wvq wdodhï rgj,a y÷kd.ekSu i|yd f,dal nexl=j úiska j¾;udkfha fhdod.efkk
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

ks¾Kdhlh jkqfha" [A/L 2012 - Old weiqß‚]

^1& $ 975 fyda Bg wvq rgj,a h' ^2& $ 1"045 fyda Bg wvq rgj,a h'
^3& $ 995 fyda Bg wvq rgj,a h' ^4& $ 2010 fyda Bg wvq rgj,a h'
^5& $ 4035 fyda Bg wvq rgj,a h'

Past Questions - Structured

01' ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ñkqula jYfhka m%;sYS¾I wdodhu fln÷ jeo.;alula Wiq,kafka o@
[A/L 2015]
02' rgl Ôjk ;;a;ajh uekSfï,d o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h fhdod .ekSfï ÿ¾j,;d i|yka lrkak'
[A/L 2017]

03' rgj,a w;r m%;sYS¾I o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iei£u wd¾Ól Y=N isoaêfha fjkialï ms<sìUq
flfrk mßmQ¾K ñkqula fkd jkafka wehs ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak' [A/L 2007]

04' (i)) wfußldkq fvd,¾ fhdod tal mqoa., wdodhï wka;¾ cd;sl jYfhka ieiª úg rgj,a w;r
mj;sk wdodhï mr;r w;sYfhdala;sfhka ±la fõ' fuhg fya;= ljf¾ o@ [A/L 2002]
(ii) rgj,a w;r mj;sk wdodhï mr;r ms<sn| jvd;a ;d;a;aúl mska;+rhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd
fhdo.kakd l%uh l=ula o@ [A/L 2002]
(iii) YS% ,xldfõ iy wefußldfõ tal mqoa., wdodhï iei£fuka by; (i) iy (ii) fldgiaj,g
iemfhk ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s lrkak' [A/L 2002]

26
 03'

2023
udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh
Human Development Index (HDI)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
- iudchl fyda rgl fyda udkj ixj¾Okfha ;;a;aj ms<sônq flfrk iudydr
ñkqu udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh kï fõ' fuu.ska udkj ixj¾Okfha § úuid
nef,k w;HdjYH idOl ksrEmKh flfrk Wm o¾Yl ;=kla leálr olajkq
,efí'

- udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha m%Odk ks¾Kdhlhka ;=k ls'

ks¾Kdhlh udkh ñkqu Wm o¾Ylh

1' §¾> iy fi!LH fi!LH 1' Wmf;a§ Ôú; wfmalaIdj fi!LH

iïmkak Ôú;h o¾Ylh

2' oekqu wOHdmkh 1' mdi,a wOHdmkh ,enQ

uOHhk jir .Kk

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

2' mdie,a wOHdmkhg wOHdmk
m%fõYjk orejl= o¾Ylh
wOHdmkfha ksr; fõhehs
wfmalaIs; jir .Kk

3' hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla hym;a Ôjk 1' l%hYla;s iduH tal mqoa., wdodhï
i|yd wjYH iïm;a w;alr ;;a;ajh o< cd;sl wdodhu o¾Ylh
.ekSfï yelshdj ^tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾&

- udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha w.h wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a ldKav y;rlg j¾. lrkq ,efí'

o¾Ylfha w.h ldKavh ks.ukh

0'800 yd Bg jeä - b;d by< udkj ixj¾Okh (Very high) - ixj¾ê; rgj,a
0'799 - 0'700 w;r - by< udkj ixj¾Okh (High)
0'699 - 0'550 w;r - uOHu udkj ixj¾Okh (Medium) - ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
0'550 wvq - my< udkj ixj¾Okh (Low) rgj,a

27
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

f;dard.;a rgj,a lsysmhl udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl w.hka

2022 udkj ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj wkq j

Y% S ,xldj rgj,a 191 la w;ßka 73 jk
ia:dkh ysñ lrf.k isáhs' Y%S ,xldj udkj
ixj¾Ok o¾Yl wxl 0'782 la ysñ by< udkj
2023

ixj¾Okhla iys; rg ls'

o¾Ylh wkqj ysñjk

rg o¾Ylfha w.h
ia:dkh
b;d by< udkj ixj¾Okh - Very High Human Development ysñrgj,a 66
1 iaúÜi¾,ka;h 0'962
2 fkda¾fõ 0'961
3 whsia,ka;h 0'959
4 fydxfldx 0'952
5 ´iafÜ%,shdj 0'951
6 fvkaud¾lh 0'948
7 iaùvkh 0'947
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

by< udkj ixj¾Okh - High Human Development ysñrgj,a 49

73 Y%S ,xldj 0'782
76 brdkh 0'774
79 Ökh 0'768
87 n%iS,h 0'754
90 ud,Èjhsk 0'747
109 ol=Kq wms%ldj 0'713
114 bkaÿkSishdj 0'705
uOH udkj ixj¾Okh - Medium Human Development ysñrgj,a 44
127 N+;dkh 0'666
129 nx.,sfoaYh 0'661
132 bkaÈhdj 0'633
143 fkamd,h 0'602
149 ñhkaudrh 0'585
161 mlsia:dkh 0'544
my< udkj ixj¾Okh - Low Human Development ysñrgj,a 32
180 we*a.ksia:dkh 0'478
187 nqrekaä 0'429
188 uOHu wms%ldkq ckrch 0'404
189 khs.¾ 0'400
190 peâ 0'394
191 ol=Kq iqvdkh 0'385
^uQ,h : udkj ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj 2022)

28  ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a w;=ßka by< u udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ysñ rg Y%S ,xldj fõ'
 2023
udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh we.hSu

11 jk ksmqK;dj
jdis $ m%n,;d

1' ixj¾Okhg we;=<;a oE ljf¾ o@ ixj¾Ok lsh % dj,sfha § id¾:l ù we;s rgj,a ljf¾ o@
hkak ms<n
s |j mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd b;d m%fhdackj;a ñkquls'

2' fuu o¾Ylh ilia lsÍfï § wdodhï uÜgu u; muKla fkdj" wdhq ld,h" idlaIr;dj"
wOHdmkh" fi!LHh jeks iudchSh idOl ie,ls,,
a g f.k we;s neúka mq¿,a o¾Ylhla
fõ'

3' ixj¾Okh uekSfuys ,d m%;sYS¾I wdodhu jeks mgq ñkqula fhdod .ekSfuka yg.;a
iSudlï bj;a lsÍug yels ùu'

4' f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾Ok uÜgu wkqj j¾. l< yelsh ^b;d by<" by<" uOHu iy
my< udkj ixj¾Okh&

5' wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka iei£u i|yd jvd;a fhda.H ùu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

6'
ixj¾Okfha fhojqï md¾Yajh fuka u ksuejqï md¾Yajh o ksfhdackh ùu
Wod ( fhojqï md¾Yajh - Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj" idlaIr;dj
ksuejqï md¾Yajh - frday,l mj;sk we|ka ixLHdj"
tla ffjµjrfhl=g isák frda.Ska ixLHdj

wjdis $ wvqmdvq $ ÿn,;d

1' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh iudydr (aggregate) ñkqula jk neúka rgj,a wNHka;rfha
±lsh yels ixj¾Ok úIu;djka ^wdodhï úIu;djka" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;djka&
y÷kd.; fkd yels ùu'

2 udkj ixj¾Okfha ish¨ me;slv fï hgf;a wdjrKh fkdùu'

Wod ( ck iyNd.S;ajh" foaYmd,k ksoyi" udkj iqrlaIs;Ndjh (Human Security)

3' o¾Ylh ;=< we;s m%Odk ixrplhkag iudk nr ;eîula ,nd § ;sîu fya;=fjka úúO
ixrplhkaf.a idfmaCI jeo.;alï fjkia ù we;s wdldrh tuÕska ms<sìUq fkdùu'

4' .=Kd;aul fjkialï ie,ls,a,g fkd .ekSu'

Wod ( mdi,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh" fi!LHh myiqlïj, .=Kd;aul
fjkialï" NdKavj, .=Kd;aul fjkialï

5' wOHdmkh ñkqï lsÍfï § m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg wdrïNfha § u fhduq jQ YsIH ixLHdj
muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu yd w;ru. § mdie,a yerhk m%udKh ie,ls,a,g
fkd .ekSu'

6' ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk mdßißl me;slv fï ;=< ie,ls,,

a g fkd .ekSu'

29
 04'
11 jk ksmqK;dj

;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: o¾Ylh

Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGT)

- tlai;a cd;Skf
a .a ;srir ixj¾Ok jd¾;dj hkq ;srir ixj¾Ok wruqK idlaId;a
2023

lr .ekSfuys ,d tlai;a cd;Skaf.a iudcsl rgj, ;;a;ajh we.hSu i`oyd jQ

f.da,Sh wOHhkhls' fuu`.ska tla tla rgj,a ,nd we;s m%.;sh u; ,l=Kq ,nd
oSula lrkq ,nk w;r ish¨u ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: bgqlr .;a rglg
,l=Kq 100 la ,efnkq we;'

;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: o¾Ylfha Y%S ,xldfõ m%.;sh

j¾Ih ia:dkh ,l=Kq

2020 94$166 69'6
2021 87$165 70'0
2022 76$163 70'2
2023 83$166 69'4
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

 2022 ;srir ixj¾Ok jd¾;djg wkqj Y%S ,xldj rgj,a 163 la w;ßka 76 jk
ia:dkh ysñlr f.k ;snqKs'

 ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: o¾Ylh ;=< Y%S ,xldj wLKav m%.;shla fmkakqï
l< o fldúâ 19 jix.;h iy wd¾Ól w¾nqoh yuqfõ 2023 jif¾ oS miqnEulg
,la ù we;'

2022 ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: o¾Yfha by,u rgj,a my

ia:dkh rg ,l=K
1' *ska,ka;h 86'51
2' fvkaud¾lh 85'63
3' iaùvkh 85'19
4' fkda¾fõ 82'35
5' Tiaá%hdj 82'32

 ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: bgqlr .ekSfuys,d by< u m%.;sh jd¾;d lr we;af;a

*ska,ka;h hs'

 ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: bgqlr .ekSfuys,d wvq u m%.;sh jd¾;d lr we;af;a

ol=Kq iqvdkh hs'


ol=Kq wdishdfõ rgj,a w;=ßka ;srir ixj¾Ok wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSfuys,d
f;jekshg by< u m%.;sh jd¾;d lr we;af;a Y%S ,xldj hs'

 Y%S ,xldj oekgu;a 4 jk iy 13 jk ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: idCId;a

30
lr.;a (Achieved) rg ls'
 SCORE 13 5
30
69.4
20 SDG
SDG
Worsening 12 6
10
Limited progress
REGIONAL AVERAGE: 67.2 0 Achieved or on track
SDG
SDG
11 7
SDG SDG
10 SDG
8
SDG DASHBOARDS AND TRENDS 9

2023
G S S A D S

11 jk ksmqK;dj
D D A • D S

S D G D D
Major challenges Significant challenges Challenges remain SDG achieved Information unavailable
p Decreasing 5 Stagnating D Moderately improving L On track or maintaining SDG achievement • Information unavailable
Note: The full title of each SDG is available here: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sustainabledevelopmentgoals

INTERNATIONAL SPILLOVER
^uQ,dY%INDEX
h : Sustainable Development Report 2023, Country Profile, Sri Lanka)
0 0 (worst) to 100 (best) 100

OECD members 73.8
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 91.1

05' Sri Lanka

f,dal ix;DIaá o¾Ylh 92.7

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

Middle East and North Africa 94.5
World Happiness Index
Latin America and the Caribbean 96.2
East and South Asia 97.8
Sub-Saharan Africa 98.3

2012 jif¾ isg tlaOceania

i;a cd;Skaf.a ;sridr ixj¾Ok úi÷ï cd,h úiska jd¾Islj m%ldYhg 99.8

m;a lrk zzf,dal ix;DIaá jd¾;djZZ (World Happiness Report) uÕska f,dal ix;DIaá o¾Ylh
.Kkh lrPERFORMANCE
STATISTICAL olajhs' INDEX MISSING DATA IN SDG INDEX

ñkq0ï(worst)
lsÍtou100i|yd
2%
(best)
ixj¾Okh
0 idïm%odhsl100j fhdod .efkk o< cd;sl wdodhug ^Gross
National Product& jvd mßmQ¾K jQ ñkqula f,i o< Acd;sl ix;DIaáh ^Gross National Happiness&
ms<sn| o¾Ylh N+;dkh úiska 2008 79.1jif¾21§ m%:u jrg y÷kajd fokq ,eîh' ix;DIaá
o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd lafIa;% 14 la ksfhdackh jk mßÈ o;a; ,nd .efka'
Sustainable Development Report 2023 Implementing the SDG Stimulus
fuu jd¾;dj iEu jirl u f,dal ix;DIaá Èkh jk ud¾;= 20 g fmr bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y%S ,xldj 2022 ud¾;= 20 jk Èk m%ldYhg m;a l< f,dal ix;DIaá jd¾;dj wkqj f,dal
ix;DIaá o¾Ylfha rgj,a 146 la w;ßka 127 jk ia:dkh ysñlrf.k we;'

f,dal ix;DIaá o¾Ylfha by,ska u isák rgj,a my jkafka"

1' *ska,ka;h 2' fvkaud¾lh

3' whsia,ka;h 4' iaúÜi¾,ka;h
5' fko¾,ka;h

f,dal ix;DIaá o¾Ylfha my<ska u isák rgj,a my jkafka"

142' fndÜiajdkd 143' rejkavdj

144' isïndífõ 145' f,nkkh
146' we*a.ksia:dkh

31
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

01' my; i|yka o¾Yl w;=frka j¾;udkfha udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ieliSu i|yd fhdod
.efkk o¾Yl ;=k f;darkak' [A/L 2018]
A - l%h Yla;s iduHhg .<mk ,o m%;sYs¾I o< cd;sl wdodhï o¾Ylh
B - Wm;a wkqmd;sl o¾Ylh
2023

C - wdhq wfmalaId o¾Ylh

D - jeäysá idlaIr;d o¾Ylh
E - wOHdmk o¾Ylh
^1& A, B iy C ^2& A, C iy D ^3& A, C iy E
^4& A, D iy E ^5& C, D iy E

02' tla;rd wd¾Ólhl l%h Yla;s iduHh mokï lr .;a m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu (GNI) lsishï
ld,mßÉfþohl § by< f.dia ;snqK o" udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u.ska ukskq ,nk ixj¾Okh
fkd fjkiaj ;sìKs' fuu fjki meyeÈ,s l< yelafla flfia o@ [A/L 2017]
^1& <uhska mdi,a h;shs wfmalaIs; j¾I .Kk by< hdu ksid'
^2& Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj my< jeàu ksid'
^3& jeäysá idlaIr;d wkqmd;slh my< jeàu ksid'
^4& WoaOuk wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid'
^5& ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid'
03' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ;=<g yiqfldg .kq ,en we;s m%Odk iudc wd¾Ól me;slvj,a
jkqfha" [A/L 2021]
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

^1& §¾> iy ksfrda.S cSú;hla" wOHdmkh iy hym;a cSjk uÜgula h'

^2& wdhq ld,h" jeäysá idlaIr;dj iy m%;s YS¾I wdodhu h'
^3& mß.Kl idlaIr;dj" fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh iy oßø;d uÜgu h'
^4& le,ß mßfNdackh" wdodhï wiudk;dj iy udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh h'
^5& ia;S% mqreI iudkd;au;dj" mß.Kl idlaIr;dj iy wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj h'

04' 2022 udkj ixj¾Ok jd¾;djg wkqj Y%S ,xldj udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha 0'782 l w.hla
ysñlr .ksñka rgj,a 191la w;ßka 73 jk ia:dkhg m;aúh' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldj"
[A/L 2013 - Old weiqßKs]
^1& b;d by< uÜgfï udkj ixj¾Okfhka hq;a rg ls'
^2& by< uÜgfï udkj ixj¾Okfhka hq;a rg ls'
^3& uOHu uÜgfï udkj ixj¾Okfhka hq;a rg ls'
^4& my< uOHu uÜgfï udkj ixj¾Okfhka hq;a rg ls'
^5& my< uÜgfï udkj ixj¾Okfhka hq;a rg ls'
05' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wkqj by< u ;,fha isák rgj,a my ljf¾ o@ [A/L 2004 weiqßKs]
^1& fkda¾fõ" fn,aðhu" iaùvkh" *ska,ka;h" lekvdj'
^2& whsia,ka;h" fkda¾fõ" ´iafÜ%,shdj" wh¾,ka;h" lekvdj'
^3& fkda¾fõ" cmdkh" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj" iaúÜi¾,ka;h'
^4& fkda¾fõ" lekvdj" cmdkh" *ska,ka;h" iaùvkh'
^5& iaúÜi¾,ka;h" fkda¾fõ" whsia,ka;h" fydxfldx" ´iafÜ%,shdj

Past Questions - Structured

01' ixj¾Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylhla jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh" m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhug
jvd fyd| o¾Ylhla f,i i,lkq ,nkafka wehs @ [A/L - 2016]

02' Y%S ,xldfõ udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s mÍlaId lrkak'
[A/L 2011 - New weiqßKs]

03' ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ñkqula jYfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfhys we;s jdis
i|yka lrkak' [A/L - 2011 - Old]

32 04' ixj¾Okh ms<sn| o¾Ylhla jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha wvqmdvq ljf¾ o@
[A/L - 2012 - New]
 oßø;djh $ os<s÷lu

2023
(Poverty)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
f,dal nexl=fõ ks¾jpkhg wkqj
oßø;djh hkq iqÇ Ndjfha
úySk;djh hs'
bka woyia jkafka hym;a Ôjk
;;a;ajhla wysñ ùu hs'
oßø;djh jQ l,S wd¾Ól yd
iudÔh jYfhka b;d wys;lr
m%;ú
s mdl we;s lrk
zziudc - wd¾ÓlZZ
m%mxph ls'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

wdodhï ^mßfNdack& oßø;djh
Income (consumption) Poverty

wdodhu fyda mßfNdackh wysñùu mokï lrf.k oßø;dj ks¾jpkh

lsÍu wdodhï øßø;dj kï fõ'
wdodhï oßø;djfha me;slv fol ls'

1' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj'

2' idfmalaI oßø;dj'

ksrfmalaI oßø;dj
(Absolute Poverty)

- ksrfmalaI oßø;djh hkq mqoa.,fhl=g fyda l=gqïnhlg fyda ;u uq,sl wjYH;d

imqrd .ekSug wjYH lrk wju wdodhï m%udKh fkdue;s ;;a;ajh hs'
- ke;fyd;a hï ck fldgila wka; oßø;djfhka fmf<k nj hs' th" yqfola
ksÍCIKhkaf.ka jQj o y÷kd.; yels ;;a;ajh ls'

- hï mqoa.,fhl=g fyda mqoa., iuQyhlg" my; i|yka idOlj, y÷kd.;a wju

Y=N idOk uÜgula N=l;a s ú£ug yelshdjla fkdue;s kï tys ksrfmalI
a øßø;djh
mj;S'

33
 11 jk ksmqK;dj
tajd kï" - mßfNdack uÜgu
- ksjdi" fi!LH yd wOHdmk myiqlï
- udkqIsl wjYH;d
- mj;akd iudc yd wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka u; y÷kd.;a /lshd"
yd fjk;a whs;sjdislï

- fï ksid rgl ksrfmaCI oßø;djh jeäjk úg tu rfgys ukaofmdaIKh" <ore

2023

urK" kQ.;alu hkd`Èh jeäjk w;r" rfÜ ck;djf.a wdhq wfmaCIdj my< hhs'

idfmalaI oßø;dj
(Relative Poverty)

- idfmalaI oßø;dj hkq ck.ykfha tla fldgilf.a iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka

iuÕ i,ld n,k úg" ;j;a fldgilf.a iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka idfmalaI
jYfhka my;a ùu hs'

- lsishï rgl uOHk wdodhï uÜgug idfmalaIj tla tla mqoa.,hka fyda l=gqïn
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

ysñlr .kakd wdodhï uÜgu ;=,kd;aulj ú.%y lsÍu idfmalaI oßø;djh f,i
f,dal nexl=j ks¾jpkh lrhs'

- idfmalIa oßø;dj" rgl iïm;a yd wdodhï jHdma;kS f

a .a iajNdjh u; r|d mj;S'
tkï wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;f s ha wiudk;dj u; iEu úg u idfmalI a j Okj;a
msßila yd È<s÷ msßila isà'

ksrfmaCI oßø;djh
hkq f,dalfhka ;=rka
l< yels ;;a;ajh ls'
kuq;a idfmaCI
oßø;dj f,dj ´kE u
rgl olakg ,efnk
;;a;ajh ls'
th wju l< yels
kuq;a f,dalfhka
;=rka l<
fkd yels h'

34
 2023
ksrfmaCI oßø;djh ñkqï lsÍu

11 jk ksmqK;dj
oßø;djfha uQ,sl ñkqu f,i oßø;d wdmd;h fhdod .efka' oßø;d
wdmd;h .Kkh lsÍu i|yd cd;Hka;rj yd cd;sl jYfhka fhdod
.efkkafka oßø;d bu fyj;a oßø;d f¾Ldj keue;s ixl,amh hs'

oßø;d bu$f¾Ldj
(Poverty Line)

tkï l=gqïnhlg ;u uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug wjYH lrk wju wdodhï m%udKh hs'
fuu wju wdodhu fkd ,nk mqoa.,hska È<ska|ka f,i ie,fla' fuys m%fNao fol ls'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

1' cd;sl oßø;d f¾Ldj (National Poverty Line)

mqoa.,fhl=g ;u wju ffoksl tal mqoa., w;HjYH mßfNdack wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu
i|yd wjYH wju uqo,a m%udKh cd;sl oßø;d f¾Ldj $ ks, oßø;d f¾Ldj kï fõ'
th zzmßfNdack oßø;d f¾LdjZZ f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí'

• Y%S ,xldfõ wjika jrg mej;s 2019 l=gï

q n wdodhï úhoï ióCIKfha oS cd;sl oßø;d
f¾Ldj re' 6966 la f,i weia;fïka;= lrkq ,enQ w;r ta wkqj uilg re' 6966 g
jvd wvq wdodhula ,nk mqo.
a ,hska os<ks `a oka f,i y`ÿkd.kakd ,oS'

• fuh ck f,aLk yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;j = úiska ñkqï lrk ,nk w;r
udisl j hdj;ald,Sk lrkq ,nhs' 2022 foieïn¾ udifha § th re' 13"777 la f,i
±la úh'

cd;sl oßø;d bu wdydr oßø;d f¾Ldj yd wdydr fkdjk oßø;d f¾Ldj f,i fldgia fol ls'

wdydr oßø;d f¾Ldj

Y%S ,xld ffjµ m¾fhaIK wdh;kh úiska weia;fïka;= lr we;s mßÈ Y%S ,xldfõ mqoa.,fhl=g Èklg
wjYH lrk wju le,ß m%udKh" lsf,da le,ß 2030 ls' fuu ffoksl le,ß m%udKh uilg ,nd .ekSug
hk úhou wdydr oßø;d f¾Ldj hs'
wdydr fkdjk oßø;d f¾Ldj
tla mqo.
a ,fhl=g Èklg wjYH wdydr fkdjk wfkl=;a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd uilg ±ßh hq;= úhou
wdydr fkdjk oßø;d f¾Ldj hs'

35
 2' cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ldj (International Poverty Line)
11 jk ksmqK;dj

cd;Hka;r jYfhka ksrfmaCI oßø;dj y÷kd .ekSu i|yd f,dal nexl=j úiska y÷kajd
§ we;s oßø;d bu Ndú;d flf¾' l%h Yla;s iduH u; .<mk ,o weußldkq fvd,¾ w.h
u; cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ld ;=kla bÈßm;a lr we;'
2023

1' Èklg tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 2'15 l wdodhu ^±ä oßø;d f¾Ldj&
2' Èklg tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 3'65 l wdodhu
3' Èklg tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 6'85 l wdodhu
ta wkqj Èklg t'cd'fvd' 2'15 lg jvd wvq wdodhï ,nkakka È<ska|ka f,i ye¢ka fõ'
my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk rgj, oßø;djh ñkqï lsÍfï § Èklg t'c'fvd' 3'65 f¾Ldj
iy by< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk rgj, oßø;djh ñkqï lsÍfï § Èklg t'c'fvd 6'85
f¾Ldj fhdod .efka'

l%h Yla;s iduH u; mdßfNda.sl NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ie,ls,a,g .ksñka f,dal nexl=j úiska ld,dkqrEmSj
cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ldj hdj;ald,Sk lrkq ,efí'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

oßø;d wdmd;$o¾Yl
(Poverty Incidence)

oßø;d wdmd;h hkq oßø;d f¾Ldjg my<ska isák ck.ykh ^È<s÷ ck.ykh&"
uq¿ ck.ykfha m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu hs' fuh È<s÷ ck ixLHd wkqmd;slh $
ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh f,i o y÷kaj hs' fuys m%fNao 02 ls'

cd;sl oßø;d wdmd;h

(National Poverty Headcount Index)

cd;sl oßø;d bug my<ska isák È<s÷ ck.yk m%udKh uq¿ ck.ykfha
m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu hs'
th my; mßÈ .Kkh lrkq ,efí'

cd;sl oßø;d f¾Ldjg

my<ska isák ck.ykh
ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh = x 100
uq¿ ck.ykh

36
 2023
cd;Hka;r oßø;d wdmd;h
(International Poverty Headcount Index)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
wka;¾ cd;sl jYfhka È<s÷ ck ixLHd wkqmd;slh my; mßÈ .Kkh lrkq ,efí'

cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ldjg my<ska isák

f,dal ck.ykh
cd;Hka;r oßø;d o¾Ylh = x 100
uq¿ f,dal ck.ykh

oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh

(Poverty Gap Index)

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

oßø;d wka;rh hkq È<s÷ mqoa.,fhl=g mßfNdack oßø;dfjka ñ§u i|yd
wjYH lrk uqo,a m%udKh fyj;a ys`. uqo,a m%udKh hs'
ke;fyd;a
È<s÷ mqoa.,fhl= oßø;d f¾Ldfjka by<g Tijd ;eîug ^È<s÷ fkdjk
mqoa.,fhl= njg m;alsÍug& wjYH ys`. uqo,a m%udKh hs'
fuh .Kkh lrkqfha È<s÷ mqoa.,fhl=f.a uq¿ udisl mßfNdack úhou yd
oßø;d f¾Ldfõ w.h w;r fjki u`.sks'

oßø;d wka;rh } oßø;d bu - mqoa.,fhl=f.a uq`M udisl mßfNdack úhou

ÿmam;a fkdjk mqoa.,hkaf.a oßø;d wka;rh Y+kH f,i i,ld" ish¨ ÿmam;a
yd ÿmam;a fkdjk mqoa.,hkaf.a oßø;d wka;r" oßø;d f¾Ldfõ m%;sY;hla
f,i olajd tu m%;sY;j, idudkH w.h" oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh f,i bÈßm;a
lrkq ,nhs'

37
 11 jk ksmqK;dj
Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dfõ m%udKh yd iajNdjh
” Y%S ,xldfõ È<s÷ ck.ykh 3"042"300 ls' ta wkqj YS% ,xldfõ iuia; ck.ykfhka
14'3] la È<skafoda fj;s'

iuia; ck.ykfha
m%;sY;hla f,i
2023

YS% ,xldj 14'3

kd.ßl 6'0
.%dóh 15'0
j;= 33'8
uQ,h ( Poverty Indicators, 2019 - ck f,aLk yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j

” Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj uQ,sl jYfhka .%dóh m%mxph ls'

YS% ,xldfõ iuia; ck.ykfhka 15] la o" È<s÷ ck.ykfhka 82] la muK o jdih
lrkqfha wd¾Ól yd iudÔh há;, myiqlï b;d wvqfjka ixj¾Okh ù we;s .%dóh
wxYfha fõ'
” Y%S ,xldfõ È<skafola" oßø;d f¾Ldfjka by<g f.k tau i|yd uQ¾; jYfhka uilg
re' 1374 la wjYH fõ' ta wkqj iuia; È<s÷ ck.ykh È<s÷lñka uqojd .ekSu i|yd
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

uilg re' ñ,shk 4181 la wjYH fõ'

” Y%S ,xldfõ iuia; oßø;djh wLKavj my; jeàula ms<sônq jk w;r kd.ßl" .%dóh"
j;= hk iEu wxYhl u oßø;djh wvq ù we;'

2002 2006$7 2009$10 2012$13 2016 2019

46'8] 34'1] 28'4] 22'5] 16'0] 14'3]

^uQ,h ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2021&

” m<d;a jYfhka .;a úg YS% ,xldfõ oßø;djfha úIu;d mj;S'

- oßø;dj wvq u m<d; niakdysr ^5'7]& jk w;r jeä u m<d; W!j ^28'3]& fõ'

” Èia;s%lal jYfhka .;a úg YS% ,xldfõ oßø;djfha úIu;d mj;S'

- oßø;dj wvq u Èia;s%lalh fld<U ^2'3]& jk w;r jeä u Èia;s%lalh uq,;sõ

38 ^44'5]& fõ'
nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh

2023
(Multi - dimensional Poverty Index - MPI)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
l=gï
q n uÜgfï § mqo.
a ,hkag uqyK
q mEug isÿjk úúOdldr jQ úySk;djhka
mokï lrf.k oßø;dj ñkqï lsÍu i|yd nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh ilia lr we;'

wdodhu jeks ir, mokula fhdod .ksñka oßø;dj ñkqï lrkjdg jvd" ñksia
Ôú;hg jvd;a jeo.;a w;HdjYH lreKq ;=kl úySk;dj u; oßø;dj ñkqï
lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ' tu w;HdjYH lreKq ;=k jkafka"
1' fi!LHh'
2' wOHdmkh'
3' Ôjk ;;a;ajh'

fi!LH" wOHdmkh yd Ôjk ;;a;j

a h hk mq¿,a lafIa;% ;=kg wod< úySk;djka
10 la mokï lr .ksñka úySk;d o¾Ylh ms<sfh, lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylfha uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

^uQ,h : Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2021)
cd;sl nyqudk oßø;dj - 2019
Y%S ,xldj kd.ßl .%dóh j;=
16'0] 4'4] 16'6] 51'3]
² 2019 l=gï
q n wdodhï úhoï ióCIKh wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl nyqudk o¾Ylh 16] ls'
tkï o< jYfhka Y%S ,dxlslhka yh fofkl=f.ka tla wfhl= oßø;djhg wod<
nyqúO udkhkag wkqj ÿmam;a (multidimensionally poor) jk njhs'

² j;= wxYfha ck;dj by, uÜgfï úySk;djhlg ^51'3]ls& uqyqK oS we;'

² Y%S ,xldfõ osia;s%lal w;r ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfï úIu;djhla olakg ,efí'
wvqu nyqudk oßø;djh fld<U osia;s%lalfhka ^3'5]& o" jeäu nyqudk oßø;djh
kqjrt<sh osia;s%lfhka ^44'2]& o" jd¾;d fõ'

39
² wjqreÿ 65 yd Bg jeä jhia ldKavj, nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh 17'4] ls'
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

2023

01' zksrfmalaIZ oßø;d f¾Ldj u`.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha" [A/L 2020 - New]
^1& iudcfha olakg ,efnk wka; oßø;d uÜgu h'
^2& Ôú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYHfj;ehs weia;fïka;= l< wju wdodhï uÜgu h'
^3& Tjqfkdjqkaf.a ixialD;sl m%;sudk yd idrO¾um,g idfmalaI È<skaoka f,i .efkk
mjq,a tall m%udKh hs'
^4& k.rhla ;=< È<s÷ ck;dj ixflakaøKh ù isák m%foaYhka h'
^5& ck.ykfhka my< u wdodhu Wmhk 10] ysñlr.;a idudkH udisl wdodhu h'

02' ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ o;a;j,g wkqj 2019 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldfõ
cd;sl ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh;a" jeäu ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh iys; Èia;l
%s l
a h;a ksjerÈ j
±lafjkqfha my; i`oyka ljr ixfhdackhlska o @ [A/L 2022]

cd;sl ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh ^]& jeäu ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh iys; Èia;s%lalh
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

^1& 3'2 kqjrt<sh

^2& 4'1 uq,;sõ
^3& 14'3 uq,;sõ
^4& 14'3 ls,sfkdÉÑh
^5& 16'0 nÿ,a,
03' 2019 l=gqïn wdodhï iy úhoï iólaIKhg wkqj" YS% ,xldfõ kd.ßl yd .%dóh wxYj,
ck.yk oßø;d o¾Yl ms<sfj<ska" [A/L 2019 - Old]

^1& 4'1] yd 8'8] h' ^2& 2'0] yd 4'0] h' ^3& 6'0] yd 15'0] h'
^4& 1'7] yd 3'3] h' ^5& 0'9] yd 3'4] h'

04' j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ by<u oßø;d o¾Ylh fmkakqï lrk m<d; jkqfha"
[A/L 2012 - New weiqßKs]
^1& W;=re m<d; ^2& kef.kysr m<d; ^3& jhU m<d; ^4& W!j m<d; ^5& inr.uq m<d;

05' 2019 iólaIK o;a;j,g wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylfha wdxYsl jHdma;sh ksjerÈj
±lafjkqfha my; i|yka ljr o;a; fm<lska o@ [A/L 2016]

kd.ßl wxYh ] .%dóh wxYh ] j;= wxYh ]

^1& 4'5 10'2 16'3
^2& 2'5 6'7 12'9
^3& 4'2 7'5 10'6
^4& 6'0 15'0 33'8
^5& 3'1 7'9 10'2

40
06' 2019 j¾Ih i|yd weia;fïka;= lrk ,o Y%S ,xldfõ —cd;sl oßø;d uÜgu˜ (national poverty level),

2023
[A/L 2009 - weiqßKs]

(1) 15'2] ls (2) 22'7] ls' (3) 14'3] ls (3) 28'8] ls (5) 8'9] ls

11 jk ksmqK;dj
07' 2019 j¾Ifha .Dy tall wdodhï yd úhoï iólaIKhg wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ by< u ck.yk
oßø;d o¾Ylh iys; Èia;%slal ;=k jkqfha" [A/L 2017]

^1& uq,;sõ" nÿ,a, iy ls,sfkdÉÑh" ^2& uvl,mqj" ukakdru iy ls,sfkdÉÑh h'

^3& ukakdru" uq,;sõ iy nÿ,a, h' ^4& ukakdru" uq,;sõ iy ls,sfkdÉÑh h'
^5& uq,;sõ" uvl,mqj iy fudKrd., h'

Past Questions - Structured

01' oßø;d f¾Ldj iy ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh w;r fjki l=ula o@ [A/L 2022]
02' Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj ukskq ,nkqfha flfia o@ [A/L 2017]

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

03' 2002 - 2019 w;r ld,h ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl oßø;d uÜgfï Wmk;s úuikak'
[A/L 2005 weiqßKs]
04' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d mÍlaId lrkak' [A/L 2011 - Old]

05' f,dal nexl=j úiska fhdod .efkk cd;Hka;r oßø;d f¾Ld (International Poverty Lines)
ljf¾ o@ [A/L 2012 - Old weiqßKs]
06' Y%S ,xldfõ nyqudk oßø;djh ms<sn| uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s mÍlaId lrkak'
[A/L 2012 - New - weiqßKs]

oßø;dj ÿr,Sug wd¾Ól jDoaêh m%udKj;a o@

- idïm%odhsl wd¾Ól kHdh wkqj wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;=<ska È<s÷ nj wvq lsÍfï iajhxlS%h
hdka;%hla mj;S' wd¾Ól jDoaêhl § fiajd kshqla;sh jeä ù wdodhï bmehSï jeä
ùula ;=<ska ñksiqkaf.a uQ,sl wjYH;d jvd;a fyd|ska bgqlr .; yels ùfuka
oßø;dj ;=rka fõ hehs tys § ;¾l flf¾'

- kuq;a iïm%odhsl wd¾Ól kHdh fmkakqï lrk wdldrhg wd¾Ól jDoaêh iy

oßø;dj wvqùu w;r iajhxl%Sh iïnkaO;djla m%;HlaI uQ,sl idlaIs u.ska ;yjqre
ù ke;' tkï È<s÷lu wvq lsÍu i|yd wd¾Ól jDoaêh w;HjYH kuq;a wd¾Ól
jDoaêhla yg.;a muKska È<s÷lu wvq fõ hhs iy;slhla fkdue;'

- wd¾Ól jDoaêh" È<s÷lu yd wdodhï úIu;dj wvq lsÍug fya;= fõ o@ hkak ks¾Kh
ùu i|yd wd¾Ól jDoaêfha rgdj" jDoaêh ìyslrk uQ,dY% yd jDoaêfha m%;,
s dN fn§hdu
jeks idOl o b;d jeo.;a fõ' ukao wdodhï jHdma;f s ha úIu;d fya;= fldgf.k
jDoaêfha m%;,
s dN ish¨ u ck fldgia lrd jHdma; fkdù ;sìh yels h'
41
 - fï wkqj È<s÷lu ÿr,Sug fhduqjk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;Ska m%Odk hdka;%Khka folla
11 jk ksmqK;dj

Tiafia ta i|yd fhduq úh hq;= h' tkï" tla milska jDoaê hdka;%Kh yd wksla
miska jHdma;s hdka;%Kh hs' jDoaêh iuÕ mqk¾ jHdma;sh ixl,kh lsÍfuka jvd
id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd.; yels h'
Wod ( È<ska|kag ys;lr jDoaêhlska ÿ.Snj wvqlr .; yels fõ'
2023

- tneúka wd¾Ól jDoaêh" È<s÷lu iy wdodhï úIu;dj wvq lsÍug odhl jkjd o@
keoao@ hkak ;SrKh jkqfha ta ta rgj,a wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sfha
iajNdjh u; h'

idfmaCI oßø;djh ñkqï lsÍu

idOdrK;ajh
(Equity)

- l=gqïnhka w;r úIu;djhlska f;drj fyda úIu;djh yels;dla wju jk

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

f,i fyda rfÜ wdodhï yd Okh fn§ hdu idOdrK;ajh hkafkka woyia
flf¾' wd¾Ól iudkd;au;dj yd idOdrK;ajh wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sfha jeo.;a
wruqKla jkjdfia u iudchSh yd foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh mj;ajd .ekSug;a
udkj ixj¾Okh by< kxjd .ekSug;a th w;HjYH fldkafoaishla fõ'

wdodhï jHdma;sh
lsishï rgl wdodhï jHdma;sh foi m%fõY follska ne,sh yels h'
1' ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh
2' mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh

ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh

ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq rgl wdodhï ìyslrk uQ,dY% wkqj wdodhï
fn§ hk wdldrh úuid ne,Su hs'
fuys § Y%uh" N+ñh" m%d.aOkh" jHjidhl;ajh hk úúO ksIamdok iïm;a
uQ,dY% ksid ìysjk nÿ l=,S" jegqma" fmd,S" ,dN hk m%Odk wdodhï ldKavj,
idfmalaI úYd,;ajh úuid nef,a'
Wod ( rgl uq¿ wdodhfuka Y%ñlhkag ysñjk fldgi fldmuK fõ o@
foafmd< ysñhkag ,efnk fldgi fldmuK fõ o@ wd§ jYfhka
idOl wdodhï fn§hk wdldrh fuu o;a; wdY%fhka ú.%y flf¾'

42
 2023
wdodhï uQ,dY% wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a
m%;sY;h ^]&

11 jk ksmqK;dj
uQ,H wdodhï 85'4
- jegqma $fõ;k 37'5
- lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,ska 6'7
- lDIsld¾ñl fkdjk lghq;=j,ska 18'1
- fjk;a uqo,auh ,eîï 14'7
- fjk;a wyUq wdodhï 8'5

uQ,H fkdjk wdodhï 14'6

- fjk;a úúO ,eîï 4'1
- ;ud mÈxÑ ksjfia weia;fïka;=.; l=,S wdodhï 10'5
uQ,h( l=gqïn wdodhï úhoï iólaIK jd¾;dj" 2019

mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh

(Personal Income Distribution)

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wdodhï Wmhk ud¾.h l=ula jqj;a" tu uQ,dY%
Tiafia mqoa.,fhl= ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< Wmhkq ,nk uq¿ wdodhï m%udKh
wkqj mqoa.,hka fm< .eiaùu hs'

mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh ú.%y l< yels m%fõY fol ls'

1' ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

2' idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

wd¾Ólh ;=< isák úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a ksrfmaCI wdodhï uÜgï fuu.ska rgl
tlsfkl ikaikaokh lsÍu ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh hs' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj
iy idOdrK;aj
wruqKq bgqlr.;a
fufia úúO wdodhï mka;s hgf;a mqoa.,hka fm<.iajd ta ta
ck.yk m%;sY;h
wdodhï mka;sj,g wh;a jk mqoa.,hska m%;sY;h fldmuK ±hs ksrEmKh fõ'
úuid nef,a'

Wod ( udisl wdodhu re' 20"000 g wvq mjq,a m%;Y

s ;h 60]la fõ'
udisl wdodhu re' 20"000 - 50"000 w;r mjq,a m%;sY;h 20] la fõ'
udisl wdodhu re' 50"000 - 100"000 w;r mjq,a m%;sY;h 10] la fõ'

43
 idfma laI wdodhï jHdma;sh
11 jk ksmqK;dj

wdodhï uÜgï wkqj fm< .iajk ,o mqoa., wdodhï" uq¿ wdodhfï

wd¾Ól yd iudc
m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu idfmaCI wdodhï jHdma;sh hs' m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha
§ idfmalaI
iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.a u fyda l=gqïnhl u uq¿ wdodhu" wdfrdayK wdodhï jHdma;sh
ms<sn| o;a; jvd;a
2023

fyda wjfrdayK l%uhg ilia fldg Tjqka 10] ^oYul& fyda 20]
m%fhdackj;a fõ'
^mxpul& ldKav f,i fm< .iajkq ,efí'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdodhï fn§hdu - 2019

mqoa., oYul ldKavh wdodhï ldKavh wdodhï fn§hdu iuqÉÑ; wdodhï

ldKavh iuqÉÑ; w.h ^]& ^remsh,a& ^]& fn§hdu ^]&
1 10 18"500 g wvq 1'5 1'5
2 20 18"500 - 28"057 3'1 4'6
3 30 28"058 - 36"381 4'2 8'8
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

4 40 36"382 - 44"429 5'3 14'1

5 50 44"430 - 53"333 6'4 20'5
6 60 53"334 - 63"533 7'6 28'1
7 70 63"534 - 77"264 9'2 37'3
8 80 77"265 - 97"590 11'3 48'6
9 90 97"591 - 141"605 15'1 63'7
10 100 141"605 g wvq 36'2 100'0
uQ,h( l=gqïn wdodhï úhoï iólaIK jd¾;dj" 2019

fuu`.ska meyeos,s jkafka Y%S ,xldfõ os<s`ÿ;u mjq,a 10] úiska rfÜ
iuia; wdodhfuka 1'5] la ysñlr.kakd úg Okj;au mjq,a 10]
úiska rfÜ iuia; wdodhfuka 36'2] la ysñlr .kakd njhs'

idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh ^idfmaCI oßø;djh& uekSu i|yd

l%u ;=kla fhdod .; yels h'
1' wmlsrK wkqmd;h
2' f,darkaia jl%h
3' .sks ix.=Klh

44
 wmlsrK wkqmd;h
(Dispersion Ratio)

2023
my<u wdodhï ,nk mka;shg ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu yd by<u wdodhï
,nk mka;hs g ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h wmlsrK wkqmd;h

11 jk ksmqK;dj
f,i ye`Èka fõ' fuh wdldr follg .Kkh l< yels h'

01' oYul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh

(Decile Distribution Ratio)

my<u wdodhï ,nk 10] mka;sfha ^m<uq jk oYulfha& idudkH udisl

wdodhu iy" by<u wdodhï ,nk 10] mka;sfha ^oijk oYulfha& idudkH
udisl wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h hs'

by< u wdodhï Wmhk oYulfha

idudkH udisl wdodhu
oYul wmlsrK wkqmd;h }
my< u wdodhï Wmhk oYulfha
idudkH udisl wdodhu

Wod (- 2019 l=gqïn wdodhï úhoï ióCIKh wkqj"

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

by< u oYulfha idudkH udisl wdodhu re' 203"493
my< u oYulfha idudkH udisl wdodhu re' 12"333
203"493
oYulfha wmlsrK wkqmd;slh } } 16'5
12"333

02' mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh

(Quintinnel Distribution Ratio)

my<u wdodhï ,nk 20] ldKavfha ^m<uq jk mxpulfha& idudkH udisl

wdodhu iy" by<u wdodhï ,nk 20] ldKavfha ^miajk mxpulfha& idudkH
udisl wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h hs'

by< u wdodhï ,nk mxpulfha

idudkH udisl wdodhu
mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;h }
my< u wdodhï ,nk mxpulfha
idudkH udisl wdodhu

Wod (- 2019 l=gqïn wdodhï úhoï ióCIKh wkqj"

by< u mxpulfha idudkH udisl wdodhu re' 196"289
my< u mxpulfha idudkH udisl wdodhu re' 17"572

196"289
mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh } } 11'2
17"572
45
 11 jk ksmqK;dj

Past Questions - MCQ

2023

01' ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh u`.ska fmkakqï flfrkqfha" [A/L 2020 - Old]

^1& mqoa.,hka fyda l=gqïn w;r wdodhu fn§ hdu h'

^2& fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iy rdcH wxYfha fiajlhka w;r wdodhu fn§hdu h'
^3& .%dóh mqoa.,hka fyda l=gqïn w;r wdodhu fn§hdu h'
^4& kd.ßl mqoa.,hka fyda l=gqïn w;r wdodhu fn§hdu h'
^5& ksIamdok idOl w;r wdodhu fn§hdu h'

02' Y%S ,xldfõ ksrfmalaI oßø;d uÜgfï my< neiSula ygf.k ;snqK o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKfha
wdodhï úIu;d wLKavj mj;S' fuh ;yjqre jkafka Okj;a u l=gqïn 10] uq¿ l=gqïn
wdodhfuka ysñ lr .kq ,nk m%;sY;h" [A/L 2017]
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

^1& 10'9] la ùfu ks'

^2& 14'9] la ùfu ks'
^3& 28'6] la ùfu ks'
^4& 36'2] la ùfu ks'
^5& 57'5] la ùfu ks'

03' 2010 iy 2020 hk j¾Ij, § lsishï rgl wdodhï ,nkakkaf.a wdodhï mx.=" mxpul wkqj
my; j.=fjys ±la fõ' [A/L 2021]

j¾Ih 1jk mxpulh 2jk mxpulh 3jk mxpulh 4jk mxpulh 5jk mxpulh
2010 5] 10] 15] 25] 45]
2020 4] 8] 12] 26] 50]
fuu j.=jg wkqj ks.ukh l< yelafla .; jQ oi jir ;=<"
^1& rfÜ iïm;a fnod fjkalsÍfï ÈhqKqjla ygf.k we;s nj h'
^2& wdodhï fn§hdu jvd;a wiudk ù we;s nj h'
^3& Okh fn§hdu jvd;a wiudk ù we;s nj h'
^4& wvq wdodhï ,nkakkaf.a wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh Wiia ù we;s nj h'
^5& wvq wdodhï ,nkakkaf.a M,odhS;dj my< jeà we;s nj h'

46
 2023
f,darkaia jl%h
(Lorenz Curve)

11 jk ksmqK;dj
f,darkaia jl%h hkq" lsih
s ï jHdma;h
s l iuqÉÑ; m%;Y
s ; w.hka m%i;
a dßl j fmkakï
q
lrk WmlrKh ls' th jHdma;shl úIu;d y÷kd .ekSug m%fhdackj;a fõ'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ Ndú;d lrkq ,nk f,darkaia jl%h u.ska wdodhï ,nkakkaf.a yd
wdodhï uÜgïj, jHdma;sfha iuqÉÑ; m%;sY; w;r iïnkaO;djh ksrEmKh fõ'

idudkHfhka wdodhï mka;s" wvq u wdodhï ,nk 10] isg by< u wdodhï ,nk
10] olajd fm< .iajd" ta ta mka;s ,nk uq¿ wdodhï m%;sY;hka ie,ls,a,g f.k
fuh w¢kq ,nhs'

wdodhï iuqÉÑ; m%;sY;h

100
90
80
Ldj

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

70
s f¾
a;
60 dm
50 jH
hï f,darkaia jl%h
od
40 wd
30 iu
20 •A
10
l=gqïnj, iuqÉÑ;
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 m%;sY;h

fuu.ska my; ks.ukj,g t,eôh yels h'

- iujHdma;s jl%h ^450 f¾Ldj& u.ska wdodhfï mQ¾K iudk jHdma;shla

fmkakqï flf¾'
Wod ( wdodhï ,nkakkaf.ka 50] la uq¿ wdodhfuka 50] la Wmhk nj

- f,darkaia jl%h u.ska i;H jHdma;sh fmkakqï flf¾'

Wod ( A ,CIHfhka ksrEmKh jkafka" my< u wdodhï ,nkakka 50] la
uq¿ wdodhfuka 20] la Wmhk nj

- f,darkaia jl%h iu jHdma;s f¾Ldjg wdikakj;a u wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;dj

wvqjk w;r iu jHdma;s f¾Ldfjka ÿriaj;a u wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;dj
jeäùula fmkakqï flf¾'

47
 ðkS ix.=Klh
11 jk ksmqK;dj

(Gini Co-efficient)

f,darkaia jl%h u.ska fmkakqï lrk úIu;dfõ m%udKh ;ks Y=oaO ixLHdjla f,i
m%ldY lsÍu ðkS ix.=Klh kï fõ'
2023

f,darkaia jl%h;a iu jHdma;s f¾Ldjka w;r lafIa;%M,h

ðkS ix.=Klh =
iu jHdma;s jl%hg my< fldgfia lafIa;%M,h

ðkS ix.=Klh ks.ukh

Y=kH wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj ls' ^uq¿ wdodhu
0
iudkj fn§ f.dia we;'&

mQ¾K wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj ls ^uq¿ wdodhu tla

1
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

mqoa.,fhl= w; ixflakaøKh ù we;'&

ðkS ix.=Klh 0 g wdikak jk úg wdodhï fn§hdfï

0 - 1 w;r úIu;djh wvqjk w;r 1 g wdikak jk úg wdodhï
fn§hdfï úIu;djh jeä fõ'

YS% ,xldfõ ðkS ix.=Klh

2019 kd.ßl .%dóh j;= Y%S ,xldj

ðkS ix.=Klh 0'49 0'44 0'36 0'46

1977 ka miq Y%S ,xldfõ ðkS ix.=Klfha Wmk;Ska

j¾Ih 1978$79 1981$82 1986$87 1996$97 2003$04 2006$07 2009$10 2012$13 2016 2019
ðkS ix.=Klh 0'43 0'45 0'46 0'43 0'46 0'49 0'49 0'48 0'45 0'46

48
 2023
Past Questions - MCQ

11 jk ksmqK;dj
01' my; i|yka ljrla uekSug f,darkaia jl%h fhdod .efka o@ [A/L 2020 - New]
^1& úúO rgj, Okh iy wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h'
^2& úúO rgj, fmdÿ NdKav iy fm!oa.,sl NdKav w;r wkqmd;h'
^3& úúO rgj, wdodhï iudk;dj iy wdodhï wiudk;dj w;r wkqmd;h'
^4& lsih
s ï rgl by< u wdodhï ,nk m%;Y
s ;h iy my< u wdodhï ,nk m%;Y
s ;h w;r wkqmd;h'
^5& jevlrk jhfia ck.ykh iy jev fkdlrk jhfia ck.ykh w;r wkqmd;h'

02' wdodhï úIu;dj ueksh yelafla" [A/L 2018]

(1) o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iy o< cd;sl wdodhu w;r fjki u.sks'
(2) ðkS ix.=Klh u.sks'
(3) uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Ok wkqmd;slh u.sks'
(4) cd;sl oßø;d bu u.sks'
(5) m%;sYS¾I wdodhu u.sks'

03' lsishï rgl ish¨ u wdodhï Wmhkakka tl yd iudk wdodhï uÜgula Wmhkq ,enqfõ kï"
wdodhï jHdma;sfha .sks ix.=Klh" [A/L 2007]
(1) 0'0 la jkq we;' (2) 0'5 la jkq we;' (3) 1'0 la jkq we;'
(4) 1'0 g jeä jkq we;' (5) wmßñ; jkq we;'

04' miq.sh jir 10 ;=< lsishï rgl wdodhï jHdma;sfha ðkS ix.=Klh 0'45 isg 0'65 olajd by<
f.dia we;ehs jd¾;d ù ;sfí' fuu fjkiaùu we;s lr,Sfuys ,d fya;= úh yelafla my;

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

i|yka ljr lreKla o@ [A/L 2015]
(1) idOl fjf<| fmdf<ys iy NdKav fjf<| fmdf<ys fjf<| fmd< n,h jeä ùu'
(2) Y%u fjf<| fmdf<ys úIu;d bj;alr ,Su'
(3) jvd idOdrK f,iska Okh iy foam< fn§ hdu'
(4) jeäysá ck.ykfhka nyq;rhla wju jYfhka Wiia fm< idud¾:hj;a ,nd ;sîu'
(5) jvd;a wkql%u nÿ l%uhla wkq.ukh lsÍu'

05' lsishï rgl wdodhï jHdma;sfhys wiudk;d wvq lsÍfuys,d jvd;a odhlúh yelafla my;
i|yka ljr lreKla o@ [A/L 2015]
(1) ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slfhys by< hdu'
(2) wvq ksmqK;d iys;j fiajd kshqla; Y%ñlhkg jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,nd§u'
(3) whjeh ysÕh by< hdu'
(4) fiajd úhqla; Y%ulhka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd fjka flfrk wruqo,a m%udKh wvq ùu'
(5) m%;sl%u noaola mekùu'

06' 2000-2020 ld,h ;=< tla;rd wd¾Ólhl uq¿ wdodhu" úúO wdodhï ldKav w;r fn§ .sh
wdldrh my; j.=j fmkakqï lrhs' [A/L 2013 - New weiqßKs]

wdodhï ldKavh uq¿ wdodhfuka ysñ jQ m%;sY;h

2000 2010 2020
my< 10] 4'1 2'5 1'8
my< 20] 9'8 6'8 5'1
my< 30] 16'0 12'0 9'3
by< 30] 47'0 54'0 63'5
by< 20] 35'0 41'0 52'6
by< 10] 20'0 26'0 37'7

fuu o;a; u.ska ks.ukh l< yelafla wod< ld,h ;=<"

(1) my< wdodhï ldKavj, wdodhï wvq ù we;s nj h'
(2) wdodhï jHdma;sh jvd;a wiudk ù we;s nj h'
(3) Ok jHdma;sh jvd;a wiudk ù we;s nj h'
(4) uq¿ wdodhu by< hdu ksid iEu fokdg u jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla Wod ù we;s nj h'
(5) .sks ix.=Klfha w.h wvq ù we;s nj h'
49
 07' tla;rd wd¾Ólhl l=gqïn wdodhï jHdma;shg wod< f,darkaia jl%h my; rEmigyfkys ±la fõ'
[A/L 2017]
11 jk ksmqK;dj

•
100

80

wdodhï m%;sY;h
A
60 •
B
40
2023

• C
20 •
•
0
20 40 60 80 100
l=gqïn m%;sY;h

fuu wd¾Ólfha wdodhï jHdma;sfha wiudk;ajh ðkS ix.=Klh u.ska ukskq ,nkqfha"
^1& (A ys j¾.M,h + B ys j¾.M,h) ÷ C ys j¾.M,h u.sks'
^2& B ys j¾.M,h ÷ C ys j¾.M,h u.sks'
^3& A ys j¾.M,h ÷ (B ys j¾.M,h + C ys j¾.M,h) u.sks'
^4& B ys j¾.M,h ÷ (B ys j¾.M,h + C ys j¾.M,h) u.sks'
^5& C ys j¾.M,h ÷ (A ys j¾.M,h + B ys j¾.M,h) u.sks'

08' A iy B hk rgj,a i|yd jk f,darkaia jl% my; rEmigyfkys ±la fõ' fuu rEmigykg
wkqj" my; i|yka m%ldY w;=frka ksjerÈ m%ldYh jkqfha ljrla o@ [A/L 2012 - New]
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

100]
wdodhï (1) B rgg jvd A rfgys" jvd;a idOdrK jQ wdodhï jHdma;shla
m%;sY;h
mj;S'
(2) A rgg jvd B rfgys" jvd;a idOdrK jQ wdodhï jHdma;shla
A
 mj;S'
 (3) B rfgys ðks ix.=Klh 1g iudk fõ'
B
(4) B rfgys ðks ix.=Klh 1g iudk fõ'
0] l=gqïn m%;sY;h 100] (5) A rfgys ðks ix.=Klh B rgg jvd by< w.hla .kS'

09' lsishï iudchl Okj;au 10] fj;ska È<s÷lu 10] lrd wdodhï mqk¾jHdma;shla isÿ jqjfyd;a
tu iudcfha f,darkaia jl%h [A/L 2012 - Old]
(1) 450 f¾Ldjg wdikak jk w;r" ðks ix.=Klfha w.h jeä fõ'
(2) 450 f¾Ldjg wdikak jk w;r" ðks ix.=Klfha w.h wvq fõ'
(3) 450 f¾Ldj fj;ska ÿria jk w;r" ðks ix.=Klfha w.h fkdfjkiaùu mj;S'
(4) 450 f¾Ldj fj;ska ÿria jk w;r" ðks ix.=Klfha w.h jeä fõ'
(5) 450 f¾Ldfjka ÿria jk w;r" ðkS ix.=Klfha w.h wvq fõ'

Past Questions - Structured

01' 1977 g miqj Y%S ,xldfõ l=gqïn wdodhï jHdma;sh ms<sn|j .sks ix.=Klfha Wmk;s mÍlaId
lrkak' [A/L 2006]

02' zzðkS ix.=Klh wdodhï úIu;d ñkqï lsßfuys ,d m%fhdackj;a ixlaIsma; ixLHd o;a;hla
jqj o" f,darkaia jl% u.ska iemfhk wdldrfha jvd úia;rd;aul f;dr;=re th ,nd fkdfoa'ZZ
meyeÈ,s lrkak' [A/L 2019 - New]

50 03' 2002 - 2019 ld,mßÉfþoh ;=<" YS% ,xldfõ oßø;djfha iy wdodhï úIu;djfha Wmk;s
mßlaId lrkak' [A/L 2018]

 2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
^weuqKqu 01&

wd¾Ólfha jHqyuh fjkialï

Structural Changes in the Economy

ld,h;a iuÕ wd¾Ólfha úúO wxYj, fjkia ùï yg .kakd w;r

tu fjkiaùï zzwd¾Ólfha jHqyuh fjkiaùïZZ f,i ye¢ka fõ'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iuÕ wd¾Ól jHqyfha my; fjkialï wfmaCId
flf¾'

1' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh fjkia ùu'

wd¾Ól jDoaê ls%hdj,sfha §" lDIs ld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajd hk lghq;= ;=fka u
m%idrKhla we;s fõ' lDIs lghq;=j,g jvd jeä fõ.hlska ld¾ñl yd fiajd lghq;=

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

m%idrKh fõ' túg iuia; wd¾Ólh ;=< lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, idfmalaI odhl;ajh
ySkjk w;r ld¾ñl yd fiajd lghq;= keÕS ths' thskq;a wd¾Ólfha jeo.;a u lghq;a;
f,i biau;= jkafka fiajd lghq;= hs'

2' fiajd kshqla;s jHqyfha fjkia ùu'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iuÕ ksIma dok jHqyfha yg.kakd fjkialïj,g iu.dój lDIsld¾ñl
wxYfha fiajd kshl
q ;
a h
s wvq ù l¾udka; yd fiajd wxYj, fiajd kshl
q ;
a h
s jeä fõ'

3' úfoaY fjf<|dfï jHqyh fjkia ùu'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iuÕ" ksIamdok jHqyfha yg.kakd fjkialïj,g iu.dój
lDIsld¾ñl wmkhkj, jeo.;alu wvq ù ld¾ñl wmkhkj, jeo.;alu jeä fõ'

4' wdodhï jHdma;sh fjkia ùu'

5' kd.ÍlrKh fõ.j;a ùu'
6' kùlrKh iy ld¾ólrKh fõ.j;a ùu'
7' mßfNdack rgdj fjkia ùu'
8' wd¾Ólfha úúO wxYj, oaú;ajNdjh wvq ùu'
9' iudc wdl,am fjkia ùu'
10' ksIamdok idOlj, M,odhS;djh by< hdu'
11' ksIamdok l%u Ys,am yd ;dCIKh ÈhqKq ùu'
12' wdh;ksl jHqyh fjkia ùu' ^rdcH wdh;k fm!oa.,SlrKh" rdcH
fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldÍ;ajh&

51
 11 jk ksmqK;dj wd¾Ól jHqyuh fjkia ùï we;sùug fya;=

01' mdßfNda.sl b,a¨ï jHqyfhys isÿjk fjkia ùu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a iuÕ u wdodhu jeäjk úg mdßfNda.slhska uQ,sl wdydr

i|yd ork idfmalaI úhou wvqfldg wdydr fkdjk ld¾ñl NdKav yd
fiajd i|yd ork idfmalaI úhou jeä lrhs'
2023

lDIsld¾ñl NdKav i|yd wkuH wdodhï b,a¨ula mj;sk w;r ld¾ñl

NdKav yd fiajd i|yd kuH wdodhï b,a¨ula ìys fõ' ta wkqj b,a¨fï
fjkiaùïj,g wkql+,j ksIamdok jHqyfha yd fjf<|dï jHqyfha .e,mSï
isÿ fõ'

02' Y%u M,odhs;dj by< hdu

- wd¾Ól j¾Okhl § lDIs wxYfha Y%u M,odhs;dj by< hhs' túg tu wxYfha
Y%u wjYH;dj wvqjk w;r l¾udka; yd fiajd wxY fj; w;sf¾l Y%uh
ixl%uKh fõ'

- ld¾ólrKh ksid mq¿,a ±kqu Ndú; lsÍfuka udkj m%d.aOkh yd thg

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

wkqrEm fN!;sl m%d.aOkfhys iQlaIu Ys,am l%u Ndú;hg .efka' tu ksid

lDIsld¾ñl yd ld¾ñl wxYj, Y%u wjYH;dj wvqjk w;r w;sßla; Y%uh
fiajd wxYh fj; ixl%uKh fõ'

Past Questions - MCQ

01' 2021 j¾Ifha oS Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh ksjerÈ j ±lafjkqfha l=uk
ldKavh u`.ska o @ (2021 A/L New - weiqßKs)

lDIsl¾udka;h" jkdka;r iy
l¾udka; fiajd
ëjr
^1& 5 20 64
^2& 7 26 58
^3& 10 25 50
^4& 12 28 48
^5& 15 30 45

Past Questions - Structured

01' rgl wd¾Ól jDoaêh iuÕ cd;sl ksIamdokfhys we;súh yels jHqyd;aul fjkialï meyeÈ,s
lrkak' (2014 A/L)

02' Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh ;=< fiajd wxYfha jeo.;alu ieflúka meyeÈ,s lrkak' (2014 A/L

52
 2023
11 jk ksmqK;dj
È<s÷ ck;djg ys;lr jDoaêh
(Po-poor Growth)

- È<s÷ ck;djg ys;lr jDoaêh hkq È<s÷ ck;djf.a wdodhï by< kexùfuys ,d jvd;a
ld¾hCIu wkaoñka odhljk jDoaê ls%hdj,sh ls' lsishï jDoaê ls%hdj,shla ;=<ska È<s÷lu
wvqfõ o" th È<skaokag ys;lr wd¾Ól jDoaêhla f,i ye¢ka fõ'

- È<s÷ ck;djg ys;lr jDoaêhla uekSu i|yd Ndú; flfrk ks¾jpk fol ls' tkï"

wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

1' ksrfmalaI ks¾jpkh
È<s÷ ck;djf.a wdodhfï ksrfmaCI jeäùulg bjy,a jk jDoaê lsh
% dj,sh ls'

2' idfmaCI ks¾jpkh

È<s÷ fkdjk ck;djf.a idudkH wdodhu jeäjk fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska
È<s÷ ck;djf.a idudkH wdodhu by< hdug bjy,a jk jDoaê l%shdj,sh ls' tkï
iuia; wd¾Ólfha j¾Ok fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska È<s÷ ck;djf.a wdodhu
jeäjk nj hs'

- wd¾Ól jDoaêfha m%;, s dN iajNdúlj u iEu mqo.a ,fhl= w;r u fn§ fkdhk neúka
ÿmam;=kg a ys;lr jk wdldrhg idfmalI a wdodhï fn§hdfï fjkila we;s flfrk
jDoaê lsh
% dj,shla wjYH jk nj È<s÷ ck;djg ys;lr jDoaê l%h s dj,sh u.ska woyia fõ'
ta i|yd È<s÷ ck fldgia wd¾Ól lsh % dj,shg ilSh% j iyNd.S lrjd .; hq;= fõ'

i¾j iyNd.S;aj wd¾Ól jDoaêh

(Inclusive Economic Growth)

wd¾Ólfha iEu wxYhl u me;sreKq by< ;sridr j¾Okhla <Õd lr.ekSu i¾j iyNd.S;aj
wd¾Ól jDoaêhla hkafkka woyia fõ'

fï ;=<ks a wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%h

s dj,sfhka wE;aj isák iudc fldgiaj,g o wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,shg tl;=ùug bv ie,fikq we;' ta wkqj iudcfha iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u wd¾Ól
j¾Okhg odhl ùug yd tu.ska m%;s,dN i,id .ekSug bv ie,fia'

ta wkqj i¾j iyNd.S;aj wd¾Ól jDoaêhla hkafkka wjOdrKh flfrkqfha wdodhï

m%;sjHdma;s ùu muKla u fkdj mqoa.,hskag wd¾Ól lghq;= j,g odhl ùug we;s yelshdj
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iy /lshd wjia:d ckkh lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq jHdmdßl mßirhla f.dv
keÕSu h' 53
 wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;djka flfrys n,mdk m%dfoaYSh úIu;djka
11 jk ksmqK;dj

W;=re
m<d; niakdysr jhU uOHu ol=K inr.uqj kef.kysr W!j W;=r
ueo
2021 o< foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;hg
42'7 11'0 10'2 9'2 7'3 5'4 5'2 4'8 4'1
2023

lrk
odhl;ajh ^]&

- o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h i|yd niakdysr m<df;a odhl;ajh 43] la muK jk w;r kef`.
kysr" W!j" W;=re ueo iy W;=r hk m<d;aj, tu w.h ms<sfj,ska 5'4]" 5'2]" 4'8] yd 4'1]
muK fõ'
- niakdysr m<d;" rfÜ uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fhka ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlg odhl ùu" niakdysr
m,d; yd Èjhsfka fiiq m%foaY w;r mj;sk ±ä úIu;djh ms<sìUq lrhs'

- Y%S ,xldfõ wdodhï jHdma;f

s ha m%dfoaYh
S úIu;d we;sùu flfrys n,md we;s fya;= lsym
s h ls'
- wd¾Ól j¾Okh my< uÜgul mej;Su'
- iajNdúl úm;a
- há;, myiqlï ÿ¾j, ùu'
wd¾Ól j¾Okh iy ixj¾Okh

- whym;a rdcH md,kh

- wOHdmkh" fi!LH fiajd ÿ¾j, ùu'
- fjf<| fmd<g msúiSfï ndOd
- fmdaIK uÜgïj, úIu;d
- ixialD;sl n,mEu
- wNHka;r .egqï

Past Questions - MCQ

01' zzYS% ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfhys ±ä úIu;djla mj;S'ZZ WodyrKhla jYfhka 2021 j¾Ifha
§ YS% ,xldfõ iuia; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka niakdysr m<df;a muKla odhl;ajh"
[A/L 2006 weiqßKs]
(1) 35] ls (2) 38] ls (3) 42] ls (4) 46] ls (5) 43] ls

Past Questions - Structured

01' zzi¾j iyNd.S;aj wd¾Ól jDoaêhZZ (Inclucive economic growth) hkafkka ljrla woyia
flf¾ o@ [A/L 2011 - New]
02' Y%S ,xldfõ .%dóh há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍfï ,d rch úiska uE; j¾Ij, § .kq ,en
we;s m%Odk ls%hdud¾. i|yka lrkak' [A/L 2012 - Old]

03' (i) Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ls%hdldrlï ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh úIu;dj jeäùug n,mdk idOl
y÷kajkak'
(ii) uE; j¾Ij, § YS% ,xld rch m%dfoaYSh úIu;d wvq lsÍu i|yd f.k we;s ls%hdud¾. ljf¾
54 o@ [A/L 2006]

Academic (K/M)/A3\Econ\2023 theory\2023ET Q&A Eco Growth, Development & Poverty 21.08.2023