Meaning of Personality

◼ Different perspectives and different

meaning

 Personality with social success (being good or

popular, or having a lot of personality).
 Personality with characteristics (strong, weak or
polite).
Theories of Personality : Psychological
perspective

◼ Trait theory (observable patterns of behavior that

last over time).

◼ Freud’s psychoanalytic or psycho-dynamic

theory (the unconscious determinants of
behavior).
Theories of Personality : Psychological
perspective (contd…)
◼ Rogers and Maslow’s humanistic theory
(self-actualization and the drive to realize one’s
potential).

◼ Integrative Approach: The broad theory that

describes personality as a composite of an
individual’s psychological processes.
 Personality

◼ The unique and relatively stable

pattern of behavior in which any one
person is different from all others.
◼ Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham…Johari

◼ Self – Known to Self, Not Known to Self

known to Others & Not Known to
Others

◼ A,B,C & D Open , Blind, Hidden &

Unknown/Dark

◼ How to increase open/Arena?

 Known to Self Not Known to Self

Receptivity to feedback

0 10 20 30 40 50
Willingness to self disclosure

0
Known to Open Blind
Others 10
20
30
Not Known
Hidden Unknown
to Others 40
50
 Self- Openness to Perceptiveness
Disclosure Feedback
1. Effective High High High
2. Insensitive High High Low
3. Egocentric High Low Low
4. Dogmatic High Low High
5. Secretive Low High High
6. Task- Low High Low
Obsessed
7. Lonely Low Low High
Empathic
8. Ineffective Low Low Low
Now Let’s Take the MBTI ® Questionnaire

(Mind Set)
The Mind-Set to Bring
As you answer the questions:
Think of what you prefer when you do not
have outside pressures to behave in a
particular way.
Yourself, outside of the roles you play at
work or in personal life.
The MBTI ® Instrument

Was developed by
Katharine C Briggs
and her daughter
Isabel Briggs Myers
Based on the work of Swiss psychiatrist, C G Jung, who
presented his psychological type theory in his book entitled
‘Psychological Types’ published in 1921 and translated
into English in 1923.
MBTI (the applicability and importance)

Introversion Extroversion (focus of

energy

Intuition ( Collect
Sensing information)

Thinking Feeling( make decisions)

Judging Perceiving (orient

themselves to outside world)
Jung’s Theory

◼ Many of the differences between people

are not random – instead they form
patterns.
◼ Personality patterns form as people use
natural preferences.
◼ Jung called these patterns ‘psychological
types.’
 16 Types

INFJ INFP INTJ INTP

ENFJ ENFP ENTJ ENTP

ISFJ ISFP ISTJ ISTP

ESFJ ESFP ESTJ ESTP

Jungian Theory
 MBTI, the applicability and importance

Extroverts: energetic, displaying lots of emotional

range. Likes group, gain energy in groups, usually talk
more and louder, talk faster.

Introverts: Restrained physically, project calm and

reserve, like to use word “I”, they like to explore single
topics in depth.
Extraversion or Introversion

16
 MBTI, the applicability and importance

Sensor: emphasis on specific facts, tend to speak in short

phrases, Sensor dress fashionably.

Intuitive: Language is plaything, will report things with

feelings, tend to finish others’ sentences, ramble more.
S–N Splitting Exercise

Look at the following picture for 11/2

minutes, in silence, and then be prepared to
share with the group what you think you
have been looking at.
 MBTI, the applicability and importance

Sensor: emphasis on specific facts, tend to speak in short

phrases, Sensor dress fashionably.

Intuitive: Language is plaything, will report things with

feelings, tend to finish others’ sentences, ramble more.
Sensing or Intuition
People with a preference for S:

◼ Describe what they literally see:

 physical attributes of the picture (colour,
shapes, artist’s name, size)
◼ Then they try to make sense out of the
shapes – object sense
◼ We can usually agree with the
interpretations of the shapes.
People with a preference for N:

◼ Interpret the picture, seeing possibilities

and meanings that are highly personalised
◼ They often make up a story about the
picture
◼ There is often an all-encompassing
meaning or message.
What can we conclude?

◼ We all look at the same image but see

different things.
◼ Who sees it correctly?
S–N Splitting Exercise

◼ What are the implications and applications

of this exercise?
◼ We must remember that we all trust our
own perceptions, while knowing that there
are many other ways of seeing the same
object/situation.
T–F Splitting Exercise

◼ Imagine that you have been invited to a

party with your partner or a close friend.
◼ Your partner/friend arrives, ready for the
party, and you look at what he/she is
wearing and say to yourself ‘Oh no! Is he
/ she really going to wear that?’
◼ What do you do and say in these
circumstances? Discuss in your groups.
Thinking or Feeling
 Thinkers and feelers

65% men are thinkers 65% women are feelers.

cool, assertive, tend to Warm, may go out of
appear more their way to help, ready
confident, want to do to reveal personal info.
things quickly, less May get upset,
likely to take thing emotional, care more
personally, factual about what others are
doing
◼ T’s concentrate on achieving their desired
outcome – the partner/friend changes
clothes or they don’t go.
◼ T’s are frank and to-the-point in stating
their views about the clothing.
◼ F’s often say they don’t care what the
person is wearing.
◼ F’s are often concerned about
embarrassing the person, take a tactful,
indirect approach.
T–F Splitting Exercise

◼ What are the implications and applications

of this exercise?
◼ T’s look for faults and helpfully point them
out.
◼ F’s look for good things and point them
out.
◼ Which is the best approach?
 Judger vs. perceiver
More formal, restrained,
serious, no-nonsense, like
to be in-charge.decisive
and deliberate in
communication, forthright
and assertive, follow rules,
structure and clear
procedure.
Casual, fun-loving,
playful, irreverent, ready
to “go with flow”.
Communicating judger
appear decisive and
deliberate, may face
harder time making
decisions.flexible, easily
distracted, comfortable
with ambiguity.
J–P Splitting Exercise

◼ J’s plan everything to the nth degree, liking

to cover every contingency.
◼ P’s leave things open, desiring flexibility.
J–P Splitting Exercise

◼ What are the implications and applications

of this exercise?
◼ J’s form a poor opinion of P’s.
◼ P’s have to look like J’s if they are to
succeed in organisational settings.
◼ J’s pay a price for their need to organise
everything – continuous low-grade stress.
Some Examples of Professions
 ACCOUNTANT
◼ ISTJ
 ENGINEER
◼ INTJ OR ENTJ  MANAGER
◼ ESTJ  CEO
◼ ENTJ  HRM
◼ INFJ OR ENFJ  MARKETING
◼ ES  LAW
◼ STJ OR NTJ
The “Big Five” personality traits
Extraversion sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive

Conscientiousness Dependable, hardworking, organized, self-

disciplined, persistent, responsible
Emotional Calm, Secure, happy, unworried
stability
Agreeableness cooperative, warm, caring, courteous, trusting
Openness to Curious, intellectual, creative, flexible
experience
 Type A vs Type B Personality

◼ Competitive ◼ Laid back

◼ Deadline oriented ◼ Flexible
◼ Outcome oriented ◼ Process Oriented
◼ Time urgent ◼ Time relaxed
◼ Irritable ◼ Calmer
Why Type A’s Don’t Make It to the Top

The Top!

Increased Irritability, Poor

health risks conflict with others decision making

Type A’s
 Personality Attributes influencing Individual
behavior in organization

Core Self-Evaluation
Machiavellianism
Narcissism
Self-monitoring
Risk Taking
Type-A Personality
The Dark Triad
◼ Machiavellianism

◼ Narcissism

◼ Psychopathy
Dark Triad
◼ Machiavellianism
◼ The degree to which an individual is
pragmatic, maintains emotional distance
and believes that ends can justify means
Narcissism
◼ The tendency to be arrogant, have a
grandiose sense of self-importance,
require excessive admiration, and posses
a sense of entitlement.
Psychopathy
◼ The tendency for a lack of concern for
others and a lack of guilt or remorse when
actions cause harm
Personality and Situations
◼ Situation strength theory
A theory indicating that the way personality
translates into behaviour depends on the
strength of situation
 Strong situation show us what the right behaviour is, pressure us
to exhibit it, and discourage the wrong behaviour
 In weak situation conversely anything goes and thus we are free
to express our personality in behaviour, personality traits better
predict behaviour in weak situations than in strong ones
Trait activation Theory
◼ \A theory that predicts that some situation,
events, or interventions “activate” a trait
more than others
◼ High fear of failure-less learning
 How to deal with different personality

◼ Communicating with extraverts and

introverts
◼ communicating with initiatives and
sensors
◼ what to say to thinkers and feelers
◼ talking to judgers and perceivers.
 Why important to understand
personality types
◼ People have their own different ways.

◼ To deal effectively with various personality

style.

◼ To understand the workforce diversity

 Why important to understand
personality types
◼ People have their own different ways.

◼ To deal effectively with various personality

style.

◼ To understand the workforce diversity