ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

2.2 Energy
Principles of Classical
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Thermodynamics 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
2.5.1 Vapor Power Cycles
2.5.2 Gas Power Cycles: Otto Cycle,
Diesel Cycle, Brayton Cycle…
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines and 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Otto Cycle, Diesel Cycle
SP
FI

(2,3) TDC
(2) TDC

(3)

TDC: Top dead center

BDC: Bottom dead center
(4,1) BDC SP: Spark plug
FI: Fuel injector (4,1) BDC

Gasoline (SI) Engine Diesel (CI) Engine

P 3
qin
P 2 3
qin

2 4
qout 4
qout
1

1
TDC BDC V V
TDC BDC
Otto Cycle
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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Diesel Cycle
Efficiency of Diesel Cycle

qin 1—2: Isentropic compression

P 2 3
2—3: Const. pressure heat addition
3—4: Isentropic expansion
4—1: Const. vol. heat rejection
4
qout r = compression ratio = V1/V2
rc= Cut-off ratio= V3/V2
1
V k = ratio of specific heats= cp/cv
TDC BDC

𝒌
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒄
𝒕𝒉,𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 𝒌 𝟏
𝒊𝒏 𝒄

𝒌
𝒄 ……for same compression ratio, r
𝒕𝒉,𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉,𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍
𝒄

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 4. Gas Power System: Brayton
2.5.2 GT System
Cycle

Gas turbine

Gas turbines are used to generate power for

aircrafts, power plants, ships, etc.

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 2.5.2
4. Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle
GT System

Turbo-Jet Engine

 Air is drawn into the rotating compressor

 Fuel is mixed with the compressed air and ignited by a flame
 Hot combustion products leaving the combustor expand through the
turbine where power is extracted to drive the compressor.
 The gas stream exiting the turbine expands to ambient pressure via the
propelling nozzle, producing a high velocity jet in the exhaust plume.

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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle

1. Low weight and size: The weight of the plant per kW output is
low, which is a favorable feature in all vehicles (land, air and
sea). In utilities also, the foundation of the plant is lighter.
2. Fuel flexibility: Any hydrocarbon fuel from high octane
gasoline to heavy diesel oil and pulverized coal can be used
effectively.
3. Floor space: Because of its smaller size, the floor space
required for its installation is less.
4. Start-up and shut-down: A GT plant can be started up as well
as shut down quickly, like a diesel engine.
5. High efficiency: Use of high GT inlet temperature (as high as
1300°C) yields a high thermal efficiency (on the order 37%)

ST: 53 kg/kW DE: 115 kg/kW GT: 20 kg/kW

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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle

GT Power Plant

Working Fluid: Air + Fuel

This is most common

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 3. Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle

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 3. Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle

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 3. Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle
Cold Air-standard analysis: Cp’s are taken constant

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 Cold Air-standard analysis: Cp’s are taken constant

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 2.5.2 Gas Power System

𝟏 𝒓𝒌𝒄 − 𝟏
P 3 qin 𝜼𝒕𝒉,𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏 −
𝟏 P 3
𝒓𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝒓𝒄 − 𝟏
𝜼𝒕𝒉, 𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒐 = 𝟏 − 2
𝒓𝒌 𝟏

qin

2 4 4
qout qout
1
1
V
TDC BDC V TDC BDC
Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle

T 3
qin
P 2 3 qin
𝟏
𝜼𝒕𝒉, 𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒚𝒕𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 − 2
(𝒌 𝟏)/𝒌
𝒓𝒑
4

qout
1 qout 4 1

V Brayton Cycle S

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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle
T 3
qin
P 2 3 qin
2

4
𝑤

qout
4
1 qout 1 Back work

𝑤
V S
𝒄
𝒃𝒘
1 1
 1 1 𝒕
( p2 / p1 )( k 1) / k rp ( k 1) / k

 
=0 ( k 1) / 2 k
 T3 T 
Wnet  c p T3   T1 r p ( k 1) / k
 T1  (rp ) opt   3 
 ( k 1) k 
 rp   T1 

T1
 max  1 
T3
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 2.5.2 Gas Power System: Brayton Cycle

60
40

50 35
k=1.3
30
40 k=1.35
Efficiecy

25
k=1.4

(rp)opt
30 20
k=1.3
20 k=1.35 15

k=1.4 10
10
5

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

rp T 3/T 1

60
Max effciency (%)

55
50
45
40
35
30
2 3 4 5 6

T 3/T 1
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