ME – 321

(Aerospace Propulsion)

The Turbojet
Art. 5.4

Page 164 (text)

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 Simple Turbojet Engine
Schematic diagram of a typical simple turbojet engine is shown below:

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 Simple Turbojet

Energy Interaction
Nodes Component Process
From To
1–2 Diffuser Diffusion Kinetic Pressure
2–3 Compressor Compression Work input Pressure
3–4 Burner Combustion Chemical Heat
4–5 Turbine Expansion Heat Work
5–6 Nozzle Expansion Pressure Kinetic

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 Simple Turbojet Engine
• Air taken in from an opening in the front of the
engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original
pressure in compressor.
• Fuel is added to the air and burned in a combustion
chamber to raise the temperature of the fluid mixture
to about 1100 °F to 1300 ° F.

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 Simple Turbojet Engine
• The resulting hot air is passed through a turbine,
which drives the compressor.
• With appropriate efficiency of the turbomachinery, the
pressure at the turbine discharge will be nearly twice
the atmospheric pressure
• This excess pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a
high-velocity stream of gas which produces a thrust.

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 Simple Turbojet Engine
• The turbojet engine is a reaction engine, in
which expanding gases push hard against
the front of the engine.
• The turbojet sucks in air and compresses or
squeezes it.
• The gases flow through the turbine and make
it spin.
• These gases shoot out of the rear of the
exhaust nozzle, pushing the engine forward.

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 SIMPLE TURBOJET ANIMATION

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Wednesday, December 28, 2022 8
 Turbojet with Afterburner

• Substantial increase in thrust can be obtained by

employing an afterburner.
• It is a second combustion chamber positioned between
the turbine and the nozzle.
• The afterburner increases the temperature of the gas
ahead of the nozzle.
• The result of this increase in temperature is an increase
of about 40 % in thrust at takeoff and a much larger
percentage at high speeds once the engine is in the air.
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 Turbojet: Schematic

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 Ideal Turbojet Analysis
• Assumptions:
– Diffusion, compression and expansion
processes are all isentropic.
– Friction and mechanical losses are negligible.
– Combustion process is replaced by a constant
pressure heat addition process.
– Flow parameters (γ, R, Cp) remain constant
throughout.
– Nozzle is fully expanded i.e. Pe = Pa
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 Ideal Turbojet: T-s Diagram
Fig 5.17 page 167 (text)

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 Ideal Turbojet
• a-2: isentropic diffuser
• 2-3: compression
across compressor.
• 3-4:combustion
• 4-5: expansion across
turbine.
• 5-6: afterburner
• 6-7: expansion through
Fig 5.17 page 167 (text)
nozzle.

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 Ideal Turbojet
• Under steady
conditions if mechanical
losses are ignored:
W comp  W turb
m comp h03  h02   m turb h04  h05 
• If mass flow is same
and Cp is constant:
T03  T02   T04  T05 

Fig 5.17 page 167 (text)

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 Real Turbojet
• The real turbojet cycle differs from the
ideal one in several ways:
– Component losses will always be there, e.g.
ηm ≠ 1.0 and Wturb ≠ Wcomp
– Pressure losses occur during combustion.
Also Cp and γ do not stay constant.
– Compressor and turbine have different mass
flow rates.
– Ambient pressure may not be equal to Pe.
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 Real Turbojet: T-s Diagram
Fig 5.18 page 169 (text)

Pe

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 Real Turbojet
• Define efficiencies:
– Diffuser Efficiency:

d 
h02 s  ha 
h02  ha 
– Compressor
Efficiency: h  h 
 c  03s 02
h03  h02 

h  h 
– Turbine Efficiency:
t  04 05
h04  h05s 
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 Real Turbojet
• Define efficiencies:
– Mechanical Efficiency
W
of Turbine:   c
W t
M

– Burner Efficiency:
QR actual
b 
QR ideal

– Nozzle Efficiency :
h  h 
 n  06 7
h06  h7 s 
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Wednesday, December 28, 2022 20
 Real Turbojet
• Thermodynamic Analysis involves:
– Evaluation of stagnation properties across
each component.
– Establishing the performance.

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Real Turbojet

Pe

T04
1
T03
or f 
 b QR  T
 T03  04
 cp  T03
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The mass flow ratios mt and mc are not quite the same, since fuel is added in the burner and

air is extracted from the compressor for turbine cooling. Nor are the average specific heat

ratios Cpt and Cpc the same. For modest rates of cooling air extraction from the compressor,

as a first approximation

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Wednesday, December 28, 2022 24
 Real Turbojet: Thrust and
Fuel Consumption
Page 174 (text)

Mach = 0.0 Mach = 0.85

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 Real Turbojet: Thrust and
Fuel Consumption (M=2)
Page 175 (text)

Mach = 2.0 Mach = 3.0

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 Problems on Turbojet

• Find Toa and To1 and the flight Mach number (Ma).
• Find Po2 for 90% diffuser efficiency
• Find out To3 for air flow rate of 64.4 lbm/s when compressor is 80% efficient and
requires 6600 HP during a test run.
• Find To7 and Po7.
• If Poa = 4.14 Psia, find the Mach number at which above test was conducted.
(Assume Pa = 2.72 Psia).
• Calculate thrust of the engine for a convergent nozzle. Neglect the fuel flow rate
and assume γ =1.4 throughout. Note that: 1 hp=550 ft-lbf/s and gc = 32.2 lbm ft / lbf s2
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 Problems on Turbojet

• An ideal turbojet engine without afterburner is flying with

Mach 1.5 at an altitude where Ta = 400oR, Pa = 3.79
Psia. Following is the relevant engine data:-
• Air mass flow rate = 96.6 lbm/s; Compressor pressure
ratio (Prc ) = 9.0; To4 = 2000oR; QR = 18600 B/ lbm; Cp
= 0.24 B/ lbm R; γ = 1.4; R = 53.3 ft- lbf / lbm R
• A convergent-divergent nozzle with complete expansion
is installed on the engine.
• Find Thrust and TSFC of the engine.

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 End of Lecture

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 TJ

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 TURBOJET ENGINE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

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 Tj with AB

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 Turbojet (Twin Spool)

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