MODULE 1

THE STRUCTURE OF MATTERS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Attitudes

1. Students are able to develop personal relationship to God.

2. Students are able to develop social interaction among students and lecturers.
3. Students are able to develop awareness to environment.

Knowledge

1. Students are able to analyse particles of matter.

2. Students are able to differentiate between element and compound.
3. Students are able to differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
4. Students are able to differentiate among atom, molecule, and ion.
5. Students are able to analyse the structure of solids, liquids, and gases.
6. Students are able to analyse the structure of atoms, molecules, and ions.

Skills

1. Students are able to observe and describe chemicals at laboratory.

2. Students are able to observe and describe equipment at laboratory.
3. Students are able to measure the weight of chemicals.
4. Students are able to measure the volume of chemicals.

LEARNING MATERIAL

1. The Classification of Matters

2. The Structure of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
3. The Structure of Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Reviewing concepts of matter classification.

2. Observing chemicals, equipment, and solutions.
3. Measuring weight and volume of solids and liquid chemical.
4. Discussing the structure of solid, liquids, and gases.
5. Discussing the structure of atoms, molecules, and ion.

1. The Classification of Matters

The classification of mattes can be made base on their characteristic, such as state, purity, particle
composition. Based on the state, matters can be classified into three, namely solid, liquid, and gas.
Base on the purity, matter can be classified into two, namely pure substances and mixtures. Pure
substances consist of elements and compound. The elements consist of similar atoms, whereas the
compounds consist of different atoms. The smallest part of elements can be in the form of atoms or
molecules, whereas the smallest part of compound can be in the form of molecule or ion. Base on
the particle composing, compound can be differentiated into two, namely covalent compounds and
ionic compound. The covalent compound consists of molecules, whereas ionic compound consists of
ions. The mixture can be formed between elements, compounds, or elements and compounds.
There are two different mixtures, namely homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. This
classification is made base on its appearance.

Task 1.1 Observing and Describing Chemicals at Laboratory

Please observe five different chemicals at laboratory and describe each of them. The description
should include: name, chemical formula, appearance, and function.

Name of Chemicals Description

Task 1.2 Observing and Describing Equipment at Laboratory

Please observe five different equipment at laboratory and describe each of them. The description
should include: name, materials, shape, size, and function.

Name of Chemicals Description

Task 1.3 Observing and Describing Demonstrated Chemicals

Please observe chemicals demonstrated by lecturer and write down the answer of questions or the
respond of instruction given on the space provided.

Demonstration Question or instruction Answers or responds

Unknown liquid Describe the demonstration
chemicals
Describe the macroscopic
phenomena of the chemical
Make obsevations on unknown liquid
chemicals, find out the name or chemical
formula of the liquid chemical
Liquid chemicals in glass A: the liquid is
clear, the size 63 ml and there is no smell
Liquid chemicals in glass B: the liquid is
clear, the size 41 ml and smells pungent
Liquid chemicals in glass C: the liquid is
clear, the size 45 ml and there is no smell
 What is the chemical?
How to prove your answer?
When you know the chemical,
describe its microscopic
phenomena
Glass A: Water (H2O)
Glass B: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Glass C: Water (H2O)
By observing the chemical liquids in
different glasses, which are carried out in
the laboratory
Based on my observations, the microscopic
phenomenon of the chemical liquid, when I
smelled the chemical liquid in glass A there
was no smell at all, in glass B there was a
very strong smell while in glass C the same
as glass A there was no smell at all

Task 1.4 Experiment of Salt Solvation

Table Salt Solvation

Instruction

1) Read the experiment procedure carefully.

2) Prepare materials required for the experiment.
3) Conduct the experiment in group by following the experiment procedure.
4) Present and discuss experiment results in classroom meeting.
5) Write report of experiment result in group after classroom discussion.

Experiment Procedures

Introduction A table salt is one of chemical commonly used as seasoning in cooking. This
salt has a chemical formula NaCl. The solution of table salt is colourless and
odourless. It has salty taste and able to conduct electricity current. The table
salt is originally found in sea water. This salt is traditionally mined through
evaporation processes.
Title The Solvation of Sodium Chloride in Water
Objectives 1) Students are able to prepare simple experiment of salt solvation in water.
2) Students are able to conduct simple experiment of salt solvation in water.
3) Students are able to observe and write observation results of experiment.
4) Students are able to ask questions base on observation results.
5) Students are able to answer questions base on observation results.
Materials 1) Tap water ± 200 mL
2) NaCl ± 10 g
Equipment 1) Beaker glass ± 250 mL
2) Stirring road
3) Plastic spoon
Procedures 1) Pour 200 mL tap water into a beaker.
2) Put 10 g NaCl into the beaker and stir gently using stirring road until all
salt is dissolved.
3) Observe and write observation techniques and results on the space
provided (use all senses optimally).
4) Write the description of observation results and matter changes on the
space provided.
5) Write three questions base on observation results on the space provided.
6) Present and discuss the techniques and results of observation, the
 description of observation results and matter changes, and the questions
in classroom.
Observation Techniques and Results
Results
No. Techniques
In English In Bahasa Indonesia
1
2
3
4
Observation Results Description
No. In English In Bahasa Indonesia
1
2
3
4
Matter Changes Identification
Physical Changes Chemical Changes
In English In Bahasa Indonesia In English In Bahasa Indonesia

Questions
In English In Bahasa Indonesia

EXPERIMENT REPORT

Title Solvation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in Water

Name and SIN 1) Name … (SIN…)
2) Name … (SIN…)
3) Name … (SIN…)
Study Program
Observation Techniques and Results
Results
No. Techniques
In English In Bahasa Indonesia
1
2
3
4
Observation Results Description
No. In English In Bahasa Indonesia
1
2
3
4
Matter Changes Identification
Physical Changes Chemical Changes
In English In Bahasa Indonesia In English In Bahasa Indonesia

Questions
In English In Bahasa Indonesia
 Answers
In English In Indonesia

Addition Tasks
1) Describe the macroscopic
and microscopic
phenomena of salt
solution.
2) Describe the physical
properties of solid (salt)
and liquid (water).
3) Describe the acidity
properties of salt solution.
4) Describe the electric
conductivity of salt
solution.
5) Describe the changes of
matter that are occurred
on the experiment.
6) Describe the molecular
structure of water, salt,
and salt solution.
7) Describe the reaction
equation of salt solvation
in water.

2. The Structure of Solids, Liquids, Gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are three different states of matters. These states determine by the structure of
particles composing the matter. In general, the solid state is formed when the particle very close to
each other and bonded very strongly. Therefore, each particle cannot move and the matter has a
particular shape. The liquid state is formed when the particles do not bond strongly to each other.
They have an opportunity to move in a limited way, such as sliding. This movement makes the liquid
move easily from higher to lower energy levels. For example, water move from higher to lower
position due to the difference of potential energy different. This structure makes the shape of liquid
follow the shape of its container. The gas state is formed when the particles composing the matter
can move freely because of weak bonds among the particles. This characteristic makes the gas
always fulfil the container. Among other substances, water appear very strange behaviour, that is in
solid state it has bigger volume compare to in liquid state. This water behaviour is called anomaly.

Task 2.1 Analysing the Particle of Matters

Please analyse particles composing the following matters.

No. Matters Particles

1 Water

2 Sodium chloride
 3 Alcohol

4 Hydrochloric acid

5 Sugar

Task 2.2 Water Anomaly

Please do the following simple experiment at home or laboratory and write down the result of
observation as follows. Interpret your observation and write down your interpretation.

No. Experiment Observation Results and Interpretation

1 First, pour water in a plastic bag with ¾
volume and put it in a freezer until all
water is freezing.
Second, observe carefully the water
before and after freezing and write
down the results.
2 First, take an ice cube and put into a
glass of water with ¾ volume.
Second, observe carefully the
macroscopic phenomena that are
occurred and write down the results.

3. The Structure of Atom, Molecule, and Ion

Atoms, molecule, and ion have different structures. The structure of atoms is determined by the
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The proton and neutron determine the size of the
nucleus of atom, whereas the electrons determine the size of atoms. The distance from the nucleus
to the outer shell electron is considered as the atomic radii. The size or the volume of atoms is
determined by the strength of attraction between electrons and the nucleus. The attraction between
electrons and nucleus is contributed by the number of electrons and the distance of electron from
the nucleus.

The structure of molecules is determined by the number of atoms composing the molecule and the
bond among atoms. For example, water molecule is composed by three atoms, namely two
hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (O). Due to the bond between H and O atoms, the
structure of water molecule is not linear, but it is in V shape.

The structure of ion is determined by the number of protons and electrons own by an atom or a
group of atoms. A positive ion has les electron than proton, whereas a negative ion has more
electron than proton. For example, sodium ion (Na +) has 11 protons and 10 electrons, chloride ion
(Cl-) has 17 proton and 18 electrons. The structure of ions which are consisted of more than one
atom is determined by the bond among atoms.

Task 3.1 The Structure of Atoms

Please determine the structure of the following atoms.

No. Name of Atoms Atomic Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons

 1 Carbon

2 Oxygen

3 Nitrogen

4 Chlorine

5 Aluminium

Task 3.2 The Structure of Molecules

Please determine the structure of the following molecules

No. Name of Chemicals Chemical The number of The Shape of

Formula atoms Molecules
1 Hydrogen

2 Oxygen

3 Water

4 Hydrochloric acid

5 Carbon dioxide

Task 3.3 The Structure of Ions Consisting of Single Atom

Please determine the structure of the following ions.

No. Name of Atoms Ionic Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons

1 Magnesium ion

2 Potassium ion

3 Florid ion

4 Oxygen ion

5 Nitrogen ion

Task 3.4 The structure of Ions Consisting of a Group of Atoms

Please determine the structure of the following ions.

No. Name of Atoms Atomic Symbol The number of electrons deficit or

excessive
1 Carbonate ions
2 Hydronium ion

3 Ammonium ion

4 Sulphate ion

5 Nitrate ion