MODULE5

SOCI
OLOGYOFCRI
MES&ETHI
CSWI
THHUMANRELATI
ONS
PHI
LIPPI
NECRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM

By
:

JOHNMI
CHAELDOONDI
ONI
SIO
Regi
steredCr i
minologist
MasterofScienceinCr iminalJusti
ce
OLFUBSCr i
m CL2014–Cum Laude/PD907–HonorGr aduateEli
gibl
e
th
6 Placer
,October2014Boar dLicensureExami nati
onf orCri
minologi
sts
2ndPl
acer
,February2020Cer t
if
iedSecur i
tyProfessi
onal sExaminati
on
DoctorofPhil
osophyi nCriminology(i
n-progress)
Nat
ionalRev i
ewSpeaker

CRIMINAL Cr
iminalJust
ice Syst
em int he Phil
i
ppines
- Aper sonisacr iminalthemomenthecommi t
ted wasexpandedtoachieveit
sobject
ives–pr event
ion
acr i
me( cri
mi nol ogi
cal sense) andcontr
olofcri
mes.
- Aper sonwhocommi t
tedacr ime, char gedas
suchanddecl aredgui lt
ybyt hecour t( legal
sense)
- Aper sonwhocommi t
tedaser i
ousv iolationof
normsofacer taincommuni ty(soci ologi cal
) SI
XSTAGESI
NTHECRI
MINALJUSTI
CEPROCESS
- Aper sonwhocommi t
tedmal adapt ivebehav ior
duet osomement alorpersonal i
tydi sor ders 1.Arr
est
(psychol
ogical ) 2.Charging
JUSTICE–t hepr ocessordut yofgi vi
ngorr ender i
ng 3.Adjudicati
on
whatisduet oot her s. 4.Sentencing
SYSTEM –Awhol ewhi chiscomposedof 5.Correcti
ons
i
nterconnectedandi nterdependentpar tst oper form 6.Rei
nt egrat
ion
asone.
CRIMINALJUSTI CE–r ef
er stot hest udyofv ari
ous CONCEPTOFCJSI
NTHEUNI
TEDSTATES
agenciesoft hegov ernmentwhi char econcer nedi n
administr
ati
onofj ust i
ceandt heirfunct ionsandt heir CJSintheAmer i
cancont
exti
sini
ti
all
y
rel
ati
onshipoft heseagenci est oonanot her. madeupofthr
ee(3)keyscomponents–thepol
i
ce,
t
hecourt
s,t
hecorrect
ions.
CRI MINAL JUSTI CE SYSTEM -Cr iminalJust ice
System i st he machi neryused byt he soci etyt o CONCEPTOFCJSI
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES
prevent and cont rolcr ime. Iti sat oolof a
Democr atic Gov ernment t o pr ot
ect t he soci ety ThePhi l
ippineCr iminalJusticeSy stem is
against criminali
ty and ot her peace and or der made up oft he v arious governmentagenci es
problem. known as t he pil
lars orcomponent s,which are
I
nt heory
,Cr i
mi nalJust i
ce Sy stem i s an responsiblef ortheenf orcementoft hel awandt he
i
ntegr at
ed appar atus t hat is concer ned wi th administrati
onofj usti
ce.Thesear et hePol i
ce,the
apprehension, pr osecut i
on, t r
ial
, conv ict
ion, Prosecution,t he Cour t,the Correcti
ons and t he
sentencingandr ehabili
tati
ngorcor r
ectingcr iminal mobi l
i
zedCommuni ty.Theycompr i
sedt heFive(5)
offenders.Thepr ocessi sthetotali
tyoftheact ivi
ties Pil
lar
soft heCr i
minal JusticeSyst
em.
of law enf or
cers,pr osecutors,def ense l awyer s,
j
udgesandcor r
ectionalinsti
tuti
ons,aswel lasthose Thesef i
ve(5)elementsareknownast he
ofmobi l
ized communi tyi n cr
ime pr evention and FIVE PILLAR OF THE C. J.
S.On t hem obviousl
y
control. dependst heeffect
iveandeff
ici
entoperat
ionofthe
cri
mi nalJusti
ceSy stem. General
l
yspeaking,the
Basi
cal
l
y,t
heCriminalJust
iceSy
stem inthe foll
owingar ethefuncti
onsofthefivecomponents
Americancont
extisi
nit
ial
lymadeupoft hreekey oftheCJS:
components – the poli
ce,the court and the
cor
recti
ons. 1.Topr
eventandcont
rol
thecommi
ssi
onof
cr
ime
2.Toenf orcethelaw TWOBASI
CPRI
NCIPLESOFCRI
MINALLAW I
N
3.Tosaf eguardliv
es,i
ndividualri
ght
s,and THEADMI
NISTRATI
ONOFTHECJS
properti
esoft hepeople
4.Todet ect,
investi
gate,
appr ehend,
prosecut
e, 1.PRESUMPTI ON OFI NNOCENCE-Thi smeans
andpuni shthosewhov iolatethel
aw that those who ar e accused of cr i
mes ar e
5.Tor ehabil
i
tatetheconvictedcrimi
naloff
enders considered innocent unt il proven guil
ty. The
andr ei
ntegrat
et hem i
ntot hecommunityaslaw accusedi sentit
ledtoal lther i
ghtsoftheciti
zens
-abi
dingciti
zens unti
lt heaccused’sgui l
thasbeendet er
minedby
the cour t of l aw or by t he accused’s
acknowl edgmentofhisgui ltthatheorshei ndeed
CJSMODELSACCORDI
NGTOHERBERTPACKER commi t
tedthecrime.Nol esst hantheConsti
tuti
on
ofthePhi li
ppi
nesprovidest hatanaccusedshallbe
1.CrimeCont rolModel-isbasedont heideathat presumedi nnocentuntil
prov enguilt
y.
the mosti mport
antf unct
ion oft he CJS is
protecti
onoft hepublicandt herepressi
onof 2.BURDEN OFPROOF-I ncr
iminalcasesmeans
cri
mi nalconduct–t heri
ghtsofthei ndi
vi
duals that t he gov ernment must pr ove bey ond
arejustsecondary;
and “reasonabl
edoubt ”thatthesuspectcommi tt
edthe
crime.Inor dertomakesur ethatonlythosewho
2.DueProcessModel–t otheproponent
softhi
s, aregui l
tyoft hecr i
measpuni shed,ourRul eson
t
heri
ghtsofanindiv
idual
mustbeco- equalwi
th Ev i
dencepr ovi
dest hattheev i
dence,i
nor dertobe
t
heconcernforpubl
icsaf
ety. suffici
enttoconv ictanaccusedf oracr i
minalact,
proof bey ond r easonable doubt is necessary
.
I
NPUTOFCJS–Laws Unlesshisgui l
tisshownbey ondreasonabledoubt,
OUTPUTOFCJS–Just
ice hei senti
tl
edt oanacqui t
t al
.

CRI
MINALLAW ANDTHECRIMI
NALJUSTI
CE THEDIFFERENTNOMENCLATURESGIVENTO
SYSTEM THEPERSONWHOI SBEI
NGPROCESSEDUNDER
THECRI MI
NALJUSTI
CESYSTEM:
CRIMINALLAW -i sthatbranchofpubli
c,which
defi
nescrimes,t
reatsofthei
rnatur
e,andprov
ides 1.Att hepol i
cest age,dur inginvestigation, heis
fort
heirpuni
shment. referredt oast heSUSPECT.
2.Att hePr osecut or
sof fice,duri
ngt he
SOURCESOFCRI
MINALLAW deter minationofpr obabl ecauseordur ingthe
Preliminar yInvesti
gat i
on, heisref erredt oas
a.Rev isedPenal Code(ActNo.3815)andit
s theRESPONDENT.
amendment s 3.Att het r
ialofthecase, whenacasehasbeen
b.Republ i
cAct s fil
edi nCour t,heisref erredtoast heACCUSED.
c. OtherSpecialPenall
awspassedbyt hePhil. 4.Oncet heCour thasdet erminedt hatt he
Commi ssi
on, Phi
li
ppi
neAssembl y,Phi
l
ippne accusedi sguiltybey ondr easonabl edoubtas
Legisl
atur
e,NAt i
onalAssembly,
theCongress char gedandt hejudgmenthasbeenr endered,
ofthePhil
ippinesandtheBatasangPambansa hei sreferredt oast heCONVI CT.
5.Itisonl yuponunder goingal lt
hepr ocesswhen
Presi
dentialDecressandRepubl
icActsaret
het
wo theper sonhasser vedt hesentencewhenhe
(2)well
-knownnamesofspeci alcr
iminall
awsin canr eallybeconsi der edasaCRI MI NAL.
thePhil
i
ppi nes.
PHI
LOSOPHI
ESBEHI
NDTHECJS
PRESIDENTIALDECREES-ar especi
all
awswhich
werepassedduri
ngtheMar t
ial
Lawerewherei
nthe 1.ADVERSARIALAPPROACH
Phil
i
ppinewasplacedunderaparl
iament
ary - assumesi nnocence
syst
em ofgover
nment. - theprosecutorhasthebur
denofpr
oof
- theemphasi sisgi
venonthepr
oper
REPUBLI CACTS-speciallawswhi chwerepassed procedures
afterthe 1987 consti
tut
ion enacted wher
et he
system ofourgovernmentisnow democr at
icand 2.I
NQUISITORIALAPPROACH
republ
ican. - assumesgui lt
- t heaccusedhastheburdenofproof
TWOCLASSI
FICATI
ONSOFCRI
MINALLAW - t heemphasisisontheconvi
cti
onofthe
accused
1. SUBSTANTI VE-defi
nestheelement
sthat
arenecessar
yforanacttoconst
it
uteasacri
me PHI
LLI
PINECRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM SETTI
NG:
andtheref
orepuni
shabl
e.
1.LAW ENFORCEMENT-al socal l
edthePOLI CE
2. PROCEDURAL /REMEDI AL -refer
st oa pi
llar.Itoccupies the frontl
ine oft he CJS
stat
utethatpr
ovidesproceduresappr
opri
atefor becausetheyareregardedast hei
nit
iatorofthe
theenfor
cementoftheSubstanti
veCri
minalLaw. system.Theyar ealsot hef i
rstcontactofthe
l
awv i
olat
ori
nt heCJSpr ocess.Iti
nv est
igat
es,
 makesar rest sandpr epar esev idenceagai nst appoint
menttothe PNP and adj
ust
ing t
he
thesuspect sneededt oprosecut et hem. promoti
onsyst
em t
hereof
fpassedonAugust
2.PROSECUTI ON -t akescar eofev aluat i
ngt he 12,2009
evidence and f ormal l
ychar ges t he suspect s
bef orethecour t.Itservesasscr eeni ngpr ocess 4.RA 11200 -An ActPr ovi
ding f
ort he Rank
onwhet hert ofileacasebasedonev idenceor Classi
fi
cati
onint hePhi
li
ppineNati
onalPolice,
dismi ss t he same and det ermi nes what Amending f or t
he Purpose Secti
on 28 of
par ti
cularcr ime shal lbe f ormal lyf il
ed and Republi
cActNo.6975,asAmended,Ot her
wise
present st he bur den of pr oof agai nst t he Knownast he"Depar
tmentoft heInt
eriorand
suspect . LocalGovernmentActof1990"
3.COURT -conduct s arraignmentand t r
ial.It
i
ssueswar rantofar resti ft heaccusedi sat PHI
LIPPI
NENATI
ONALPOLI
CE
l
ar geandacqui tst heinnocentandadj udicate
penal tyfort heaccusedi ffoundgui l
ty. - alawenf orcementagencyundertheDI
LG.
4.CORRECTI ON - r esponsi ble f or t he - underadmi nist
rat
ivecont
rol
andoperat
ional
i
ncar cerat i
onandr ehabil
itati
onoft heconv icted superv
isi
on of t he Nat i
onal Police
per sont opr eparef orev entualr ei
ntegr ationi n Commi ssion.
thecommuni ty.
5.COMMUNI TY-hel pst hepeni tentof fendert o CONSTI TUTIONALBASI S-I ti
sanor ganizat
ionthat
becomel aw- abi
dingci ti
zenbyaccept ingt heex- i
snat ionalinscopeandci v
il
ianinchar acter,as
conv ict’
sr e-entry and assi sts sai d peni tent provi
ded by Section 6,Ar ti
cle 16 oft he 1987
offenderl ead a new l i
fe as a r esponsi ble Phil
ippineConstit
uton:“
i Thest at
eshal lestabli
sh
member of t he soci ety; Not under or and mai nt
ain one police force which shallbe
i
ndependent among t he br anches of t he nati
onalinscopeandci vil
ianincharacter”
gov ernment .
POLICEDI SCRETION -Itisanauthori
tyconferr
ed
FI
RSTPI
LLAR:LAW ENFORCEMENT bylaw toactinacer t
ainconditi
onorsituat
ionin
accor
dancewi thanof f
iceroranoffi
cialagency’
s
Thel awenf orcementpi ll
aristhebr anchof own consider
ed judgmentorconsci ence. Itis
thecr i
mi naljusti
cesy st em t hathast hespeci fi
c si
mplyt hewiseuseofone’ sjudgmentinapol i
ce
responsi bili
tyofmai ntai ning l aw and or derand si
tuati
onrequir
ingimmediateanddeci
siveacti
on.
combat i
ngcr i
mewi thint hesoci ety.
TheLaw Enf orcementast hef i
rstpi l
laris SOMEDI
SCRETI
ONOFTHEPOLI
CE
consi deredt obet he“initiator ”orthe“ pri
memov er”
oft heCr iminalJusticeSy stem.Thi spillarisal so a) Tostri
ctlyenforcethelawsandordinances
commonl yreferr
edt oast hepol icepill
ar. b) Tobel enientint heenforcementoflawsand
Thispill
ariscompr isedoft hedi fferentlaw ordi
nances.
enf orcementagenci esi nt hecount rysuchast he c) Toapplyf orsearchwarrants
Phi l
ippineNat i
onalPol ice,t heNat ionalBur eauof d) Toarrestthesuspect ’
sorjustmerel
ywar nhim
Invest i
gation,t he Phi lippi ne Dr ug Enf orcement e) Togat heradditionalevi
denceori mmedi atel
y
Agency ,t he Bureau ofCust oms,t he Bur eau of fi
l
eincaseagai nstthesuspect
InternalRev enue,and t he Land Tr anspor t
ation f) Tofoll
ow- upcases
Office, amongmanyot her s. POLI
CEROLESANDFUNCTI ONSI NTHESOCI ETY

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLI CE - Or

gani
zed I
. LAW ENFORCEMENT-ThePhi l
ippi
neNati
onal
pursuanttoRA6975,asamendedbyRA8551as Poli
ce has t he powerto enforce l
aws and
fur
theramendedbyR.A.9708. ordi
nancesr elat
ivetotheprotecti
on ofli
v es
andpr oper
ty,suchastheRev i
sedPenalCode,
otherspeci
alpenallawsandcityandmunicipal
ordi
nances.
RELEVANTLAWSONTHEORGANI
ZATI
ONOF
THEPNP: I
I.CRIME PREVENTION -t
heel i
minat
ionofthe
oppor
tuni
tyf
orthecommissi
onofacr i
me.
1.RA 6975-AnActest abli
shi
ngt hePhil
i
ppine
NationalPol
iceunderar eor
ganizedDepartment I
II
.POLI CEPATROL-Patrolhasbeendescri
bedas
oft heinter
iorandLocalGov ernmentandf or the backbone of t
he pol i
ce depar
tment
.
otherpurposes,ot herwiseknownasDI LG Act Theoret
ical
l
y,patr
olof f
icers arethe most
of1990,wasappr ov edonDecember13,1990 val
uablepeopl
eint
heorganizat
ion.
andmadeef fect
iveonJanuar y1, 1991.
I
V.CRI ON -Cr
ME DETECTI i
me det
ect
ion i
sthe
2.RA8551–AnActpr ovi
dingfort
heRef orm and di
scov
eryofthepol
icet
hatacri
mehadbeen
Reorgani
zati
onoft hePNP, ot
her
wiseknownas committ
ed.
PNPRef orm Actof1998,waspassedi nt
ol aw
onFebruary25,1998. Ther
ear etradit
ionalwaysthatoccur
renceof
3.RA 9708-“ AnActext endi
ngfor5y earst he cr
imeismadeknownt othepol
ice:
regl
ementary per iod f or complyi
ng t he 1.whent hev i
cti
m personal
l
yr epor
tst
hecrime
mini
mum educational qualif
icat
ion f or tothepoli
ce;
 2.whenawi tnessper sonal
lyreport
sthecri
me - anor derinwr iti
ngi ssuedi nthenameoft he
tothepolice; and Peopleoft hePhi l
ippine,si
gnedbyaj udgeand
3.Whent hepol icecatchesanof f
enderwhi
lein dir
ectedtoapeaceof fi
cer,commandi nghimt o
thecommi ssionofacr ime. searchforper sonalpr oper
tydescribedtherein,
V.CRIMINALAPPREHENSI ON-t helegalt
ermfor andbr i
ngitbeforet hecourt
cr
iminalapprehensi onisarr
est. - hasav ali
dityperi
odofTEN( 10)days
- can be ser ved onl y once withi
ni tsv al
i
di ty
ARREST(Rule113,Sec.1)-Arresti
sthetaki
ngofa peri
od
personi
ntocustodyi
nor derthathemaybebound
toanswerfort
hecommi ssionofanoffense. PERSONALPROPERTYTOBESEI ZED
a.Subj ectoftheoffense;
MODESOFARREST b.St ol
en orembezzl ed and ot
herproceeds,
frui
tsoftheof f
ense; or
1.Ar
restbyvir
tueofawar
rant c. Useori nt
endedt obeusedast hemeansof
2.Ar
restwit
houtawarr
ant thecommi ssionoft heoff
ense.

Anarrestmaybemadeonanydayandatany CI
RCUMSTANCESOFWARRANTLESSSEARCH:
t
imeoft
hedayornight
,ev
enonaSunday
. a.War rantl
ess sear ch incidentaltoal awful
arrest underSec.12,Rul e128Rul esof
WARRANTOFARREST Cour t(i
nflagrantedel i
ctoar rest
)
b.Sei zureofev idencei npl ainv i
ew/plai
nview
- anor derinwr i
ti
ngissuedi nthenameoft he doctrine
Peopleoft hePhil
i
ppines,signedbyaj udgeand c. Searchofamov ingv ehicle
direct
edt oapeaceof f
icer,
commandi nghimt o d.Consent edwar rantlesssear ch
takeaper sonint
ocust odyinorderthathemay e. Cust omssear ch
beboundt oanswerf orthecommi ssionofan f. Stopandf r
isksear ch,and
offense g.Exi gentandemer gencyci r
cumst ances
- shallr emainv al
id untilt he per
son t o be
arrest
edhasbeenar r
est edorhassur r
endered VI
I.
CRIMINALI NVESTIGATION -isanart,which
dealswit
hi dent
it
yandlocat
ionoftheoff
ender
andpr ov
idesev i
denceofhisguil
tincri
minal
proceedi
ngs.
CI
RCUMSTANCESOFWARRANTLESSARREST:
NATI
ONALBUREAUOFI
NVESTI
GATI
ON(
NBI
)
Arrestwithoutwarrant
;whenl
awf
ul?– A
peaceof f
icerorapr i
vat
epersonmay
,wit
houta TheNationalBur eauofInvesti
gati
onhadi ts
warrant
,arrestaperson: i
ncepti
onon13Nov ember1936upont heappr ov al
ofCommonweal t
hActNo.181byl egisl
ation.
a. When,in his pr
esence,the person t
o be I
twast hebr ainchi
ldoft helatePr esident
arr
est
ed has commi tt
ed, i s act ual
l
y ManuelL Quezon and wasf ir
stor ganized asa
committ
ing,oris at
tempt
ing to commitan Div
isi
on ofI nv
estigation (DI
)pat t
erned af t
ert he
off
ense; Unit
edStatesFederal BureauofInvesti
gation.

b. Whenanof f
ensehasjustbeencommi t
tedand The Bureau assumes an i ncreasi
ngl
y
hehaspr obablecauset o bel
i
evebased on signif
icantr
oleasal awenf
orcementagency,t
hus
personalknowledgeoffactsorcir
cumstances on19June1947andbyv i
rt
ueofRepublicActNo.
thatthepersont obearrest
edhascommi t
ted 157 i t was reorgani
zed i
nto the Bureau of
i
t;and Investi
gati
on.

c. Whent heper sontobear r

est
edi sapr isoner Thelaw wasl at
eramendedbyExecut iv
e
whohasescapedf rom apenalestabl
ishment OrderNo.94issuedon4Oct ober1947renamingit
orpl acewher eheisservi
ngfinalj
udgmentor i
nto whatitispr esent
lyknown ast he Nat
ional
i
st empor ari
ly confi
ned whi
le his case i s BureauofI
nvesti
gati
on.
pendi ng, or has escaped whi l
e bei ng
transferr
edf r
om oneconf i
nementt oanot her
. The NBIi s a gover
nmentent it
ythati
s
(Rule113, Sec.5) ci
vil
ianincharacter,andnati
onalinscopewhi
chi
s
undertheDepartmentofJustice.

VI
.SEARCH AND SEI ZURE-Sear chreferstothe TheNat i
onalBureauofInvesti
gati
onispresent l
y
exami nat
ionofani ndi
vi
dual
’sperson,house, undert heDepar t
mentofJust i
ceperformingt he
papers or effects,or other buil
dings and pri
ncipalfunct
ionsofdet
ect i
ng,inv
est
igati
ng,and
premises to discover cont
raband or some prosecuti
ngcrimestowardstheendofpr ev ent
ing
evidenceofguiltt
obeusedi ntheprosecuti
on cri
minalit
y.Amongt heacti
viti
estheNBIconduct s
ofacr imi
nalact
ion are:

SEARCHWARRANT 1. t
odetectandinv
esti
gat
ecri
mes;
2. toi
nv est
igat
ecivi
loradmi
nist
rat
ivecasesof
 i
nter
esttot hegovernmentuponrequest
; suspects beforet he cour t.It serves as the
3. t
oactast henational
clear
inghouseof screeni
ngpr ocessonwhet hertof i
l
eacasebased
cr
iminalrecordsandotheri
nformati
on; onev i
dencesordi smissthesame.
I
tdetermineswhatpar ti
cul
arcrimeshal
lbe
PHI
LIPPI
NEDRUGENFORCEMENTAGENCY for
mal l
yf il
ed and pr esentt he burden ofproof
(
PDEA) againstthesuspectedindividuali
nthecourt.
BASICLAW AFFECTI NGPROSECUTI ON
- createdbyt hev i
rtueofRepubl i
cAct9165.
- serves as t he i mpl ement i
ng ar m of t he PD 1275 i ssued on 11 Apr i
l 1978
Danger ousDr ugBoar d( DDB) . Reorganizing the Pr osecution St aff of the
- Responsi blefort heef fi
cientandef fecti
vel aw DepartmentofJust ice and t he Offi
ces ofthe
enforcementofal lt
hepr ov i
sionson any Provi
ncial and Ci ty Fiscal
s, Regionali
zi
ng the
danger ous dr ug and/ orcont rol
led pr ecursor Prosecution Ser
vice,and Cr eati
ng t he Nat
ional
andessent i
alchemi calaspr ov i
dedi nRA9165. ProsecutionServ
ice
- headedbyDi rectorGener alwi t
ht her ankof
Under secretary,appoi ntedbyt hePr esident. PROSECUTI
ONAGENCI
ES
- Theheadoft hePDEAi sassi stedby2deput ies
DirectorGener al,wi tht he r ankofAssi stant 1.GOVERNMENTAGENCI ES
Secretary,1 f or Oper ati
ons and 1 f or a.Nat ionalProsecut i
onSer v
ice
Admi nistrat
ion, alsoappoi ntedbyt hePr esident. b.Of fi
ce oft he SolicitorGener al(Stat
e
Prosecutor)
OTHERLAW ENFORCEMENTAGENCI
ES c. Offi
ceoft heOmbudsman
d.Of fi
ceoft heRegi onal StateProsecut
or
 Bur
eauofFi
reProt
ecti
on; e. Offi
ce of t he Pr ovinci
al, Cit
y, and
 Bur
eauofJai
lManagementandPenol
ogy
; Muni ci
palPr osecutors
 Bur
eauofCust
oms; f. PublicAttor
ney ’sOffice
 Bur
eauofI
nter
nalRevenue;
 Bur
eauofFoodandDrugs;and 2.NON- GOVERNMENT PROSECUTI NG
 Opt
ical
MediaBoar
d. AGENCI ES
a.I BP
b.CLAO
c. FLAG
SECONDPI
LLAR:PROSECUTI
ON d.MABI NI
e. Ot herlegal-
aidlawyerassociati
ons
PROSECUTI ON ist hecour
seofact i
onorprocess PD1275-Reor gani zi
ngThePr osecuti
onSt af
fOf
wher ebyaccusati
onsarebroughtbef
oreacourtof TheDepar tmentOfJust i
ceAndTheOf fi
cesOfThe
j
usticet odeterminetheinnocenceorgui
ltofhe Provi
ncialAnd Ci ty Fi
scals,Regi onali
zi
ng The
accused. Prosecuti
on Ser vice,And Cr eati
ng The Nat i
onal
Prosecuti
onSer vice
t
heinsti
tut
ionorcont inuanceofacr i
minal REPUBLI CACTNo.10071-AnActSt rengt
hening
sui
tinvolv
ing the process ofexhi bi
ting formal andRat i
onalizedTheNat ionalProsecuti
onService
char
gesagainstanof fenderbeforealegaltri
bunal OrThe" ProsecutionSer v
iceActOf2010. "
andpursui
ngfinaljudgmentonbehal foft hestat
e FUNCTIONSOFTHEPROSECUTI ONAGENCI ES
orgover
nment; (
EFP)

PROSECUTION - par
tyi
nacr i
minalpr
oceedi
ng Theprosecut
ionser
vicehast
hef
oll
owi
ng
whoinst
it
utedt
hecr
imi
nal
act
ion. gener
alfunct
ions:

DEFENSE-partyagai
nstwhom t
hecr
imi
nalact
ion 1.Evaluatet hepol i
cefindi
ngsr ef
er r
edt ot hem,
wasinst
it
uted. orothercompl aintsf
il
eddirectl
ywi ththem by
i
ndividualpersons;
I
n al l cr
iminal prosecuti
ons, t he r eal 2.Fi
le Cor respondi ng cri
minalcompl ai
nt s or
offendedpar t
yisthePeopleoft hePhi l
ippines,for i
nformat i
oni nt hepropercour t
sont hebasi s
acr i
mei sanout r
ageagainst,anditsvindicati
oni s oftheirevaluati
onont heproofsathand; and
i
nf avorof ,
thepeopl
ei nasovereignstate.Thus, al
l 3.Prosecuteal lall
egedof f
endersincour t,inthe
cri
mi nalcasesareti
tled“Peopleoft hePhi l
ippi
nes nameoft hepeopl eofthePhil
ippines.
vs.____(thenameoft heaccused).

WHOI
SAPROSECUTOR? PRELI
MINARYI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

A Prosecutori
sapubl icoffi
cerhavingan PRELIMI NARY INVESTIGATION -i sani nquiryor
authori
tytoconductlegalacti
onsconcer ni
ngt he proceedingtodeterminewhetherther
ei ssuff
ici
ent
complaintfi
led athis of
fice and perf
orm other ground to engenderawel l
-f
ounded bel i
efthata
prosecuti
onfuncti
onsasprovi
dedbyl aw. cri
mehasbeencommi tt
edandt her espondentis
probablyguil
tythereofandshouldbehel dfort r
ial
ThePROSECUTION PI
LLAR t
akescar
eof (Sec.112,Cri
minalProcedur
e,RulesofCour t
).
ev
aluat
ingt
heev
idencesandfor
mal
lychar
gesthe
 I
tisr equi
redtobeconductedbefor
ethe thatthedefendantanswerwi thinthet i
mef i
xedby
fi
li
ngofthei nfor
mati
onforanoffensewher
ethe theseRules;(c)anot i
cethatunlesst hedefendant
penal
typrescri
bedbylawi
satleast4YRS,2MOS. soanswer spl ai
ntif
fwillt
akej udgmentbydef aul
t
AND1DAY. andmaybegr antedthereli
efappl i
edf or
.(Sec.2,
Rule14,RulesofCour t
)
Note:TheneedforPrel
iminaryInv
estigat
ion
dependsupont hei
mposablepenal t
yfort hecri
me ASUBPOENAi saprocessdirectedtoaper son
chargedi
nt hecomplai
ntori
nformationfi
led. requir
inghimt oattendandtot esti
fyatthehear i
ng
ort hetrialofanact i
on,oratanyi nvest
igati
on
The purpose of conducti
ng preli
minary conductedundert helaw,orfort hetakingofhi s
i
nvesti
gati
onistoestabl
i
shprobablecause. depositi
on( Sect
ion1,Rule23,RulesofCour t
s).
PROBABLE CAUSE – such f acts and
ci
rcumstances that woul
d lead a r easonably - SUBPOENAADTESTI FICANDUM –compelli
ng
di
screetandprudentmantobeli
evethatt
heper son theatt
endanceofapersontot
est
if
y
soughttobearrest
edhascommi t
tedanoffense. - SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM – a wi tness i
s
order
edtoproducedocumenti
ncourt
PROSECUTORI ALDI SCRETION-isthepr udentuse
ofjudgmentbeingexer ci
sedbyt hei nvesti
gati
ng I
NQUESTPROCEEDI
NG
fi
scalorpr
osecutorindeter
mi ni
ngtheexistenceof
probabl
ecauseduringprel
iminar
yinvesti
gation. INQUESTPROCEEDI NGisaninqui
rymadebythe
dutyprosecut
orto det
ermi
nethelegal
i
tyofthe
PURPOSESOFPRELI
MINARYI
NVESTI
GATI
ON arr
estmadeespeci
allyt
hosear
rest
smadewit
hout
awarrant
.
- To pr otect the i nnocent against, hast
y,
oppressi
v eandmal iciousprosecut
ion Thi
spr ocessrequi
res t
he pr
osecut
orsto
- Tosecur et heinnocentf rom openandpubl i
c resol
ve the compl ai
nt t
he poli
ce fil
ed in a
accusati
onoft ri
al,f r
om troubleexpenseand prescr
ibedperi
odwhi chvari
esdependi
ngont he
anxi
etyofapubl ictrial. gravi
tyoftheoff
ense:
- To pr otect the st ate from useless and
expensiv
et r
ial
s. 1.l
ightpenal
ti
es = 12hour
s
2.corr
ecti
onalpenal
ti
es= 18hour
s
PERSONSAUTHORIZEDTOCONDUCT 3.aff
li
cti
vepenalt
ies = 36hour
s
PRELI
MINARYINVESTI
GATI
ON:
BAI
L
a.Pr ovi
nci al or Ci ty Pr osecut ors and t hei
r
assi
stant s; BAILisdefinedast hesecuritygivenfortherel
ease
b.judges of t he muni ci
pal t ri
al cour t
s and ofthepersoni nthecustodyoft helaw,furni
shedby
municipal ci
rcuittr
ialcourts him orthebondsman,t oguar anteehisappearance
c. Nati
onal andRegional StatePr osecutors;and beforeanycour tasr equir
edundert heconditi
ons
d.Ot herof fi
cersasmaybeaut hori
zedbyl aw. asspecifi
ed.
1.Tanodbay an’s speci alpr osecutors as The pur pose of bai li st o secur ethe
authorizedbyt heOmbudsman appearanceoft heaccusedbef orethecour twhen
2.COMELEC’ saut horizedl egaloffi
cersin so requir
ed and t o provi
de the accused ofhi s
connect i
onwi thelectionof fenses temporarylibert
ywhilewai t
ingt heprocessingand
3.speci alpr osecutors appoi nted by the disposi
ti
onoft hecasef i
ledagainsthim.
SecretaryofJust i
ce

PROCEDUREFORPRELIMI
NARYINVESTI
GATION
SeeSect
ion3,
Rul
e112,
Rul
esofCourt KI
NDSOFBAI
L

COMPLAI NT - i
s a swor n writ
ten statement 1.Proper
tybond;
chargingapersonwithan,off
ense,subscri
bedby 2.Corpor
ateSuret
y;
theoffendedpar
ty,
anypeaceoffi
cerorotherpubl
ic 3.CashDeposit
;
offi
cercharged,wit
htheenforcementoft helaw 4.Recogni
zance
viol
ated.
THI
RDPI
LLAR:COURT
INFORMATI ON-anaccusati
oni
nwr i
tingchar
ging
a person wit
h an of
fense,subscr
ibed by the COURT as t he thi
rd pil
l
ar is saidt o be the
prosecut
orandfi
l
edwit
hthecourt
. center
pieceofthecri
minaljusti
cesy stem andits
pri
mary and most i mport
ant f unction as a
AnAFFI
DAVI
Tisast
atementoff
act
sunder componentoft he cri
minaljusti
ce sy stem i
st o
oat
h. decidewhethertheaccusedisguiltyornotgui l
ty
ofthecrimeheisaccusedofcommi t
ting.
The SUMMON shal l be direct
ed to t he
def
endants,si
gnedbythecler
kofcourtunderseal I
tis wit
hinthe poweroft hi
s pil
lart
o end the
and cont
ain(a)thename oft he courtand the pr
ocessfort
heaccusedortoproceedwi
ththenext
namesoft hepart
iest
ot heacti
on;(b)adirect
ion pi
ll
ar,
whichi
scorrect
ion.
 by warrantofarrestorupon hi
svol
unt
ary
TheCourtsoccupyt hethi
rdpil
laroftheCJS.I ti
s submissiont
othecourt
.
themostsensit
ivephaseoft hecriminal j
usti
ce
syst
em wherefairandopent ri
alisconduct ed.Iti
s KI
NDSOFJURI
SDI
CTI
ON
thefor
um wheret heprosecuti
onisgiv enthe
opport
unit
ytoprov ethatther
eisast rongev idence 1.GENERAL–whent hecour tisempower edt o
ofguil
tagai
nsttheaccused. decideal ldisputeswhi chmaycomebef orei t
exceptt hoseassi gnedi not hercour ts.
I
tisthel
astci
tadel
ofhopef
orf
airadmi
nist
rat
ion 2.LIMITED–whent hecour thast heaut hori
tyt o
ofj
usti
ce. hearanddet ermineonl yaf ewspeci fi
edcases.
3.ORIGINAL-whent hecour tcant ryandheara
TheJUDGE i sapubli
cof fi
cerso named inhis casepr esentedf ort hef irsttime
commission(wri
tt
enevi
denceofappoint
ment)and 4.APPELLATE–whent hecour tcant ryacase
appoi
ntedtopresi
deov
erandt oadmini
stert
helaw alr
eadyhear danddeci dedbyal owercour t
,
i
nacour tofj
usti
ce. remov edf rom thel att
erbyappeal
5.EXCLUSI VE – when t he cour tcan t ry and
POWERS&FUNCTIONSOFTHECOURTSUNDER decide a case whi ch cannotbe pr esent ed
THECONSTI TUTI
ON beforeanyot hercour t
(ART.VI
II
,SEC.1) 6.CONCURRENT – when anyoft wo ormor e
courtsmayt akecogni zanceofacase.
Thej
udici
alpowerisv est
edinoneSupr
eme 7.CRIMI NAL – t hat whi ch exi sts f or t he
Court and i
n such lower cour t
s as may be punishmentofcr ime
est
abli
shedbylaw.Judi
cialpowerincl
udest
hedut
y 8.CIVIL– t hatwhi chexi stswhent hesubj ect
ofthecour
tsto: mat t
erisnotofacr i
mi nal offense

 Set tl
eact ualcont roversi
esinvolv
ingr i
ght s, THEPHI
LIPPI
NEJUDI
CIARY
whichar elegallydemandabl eand
enforceable; BATASPAMBANSABLG.129-ot her
wiseknownas
 Det erminewhet herornott herehasbeena theJudici
aryReorganizati
on Actof1980 which
graveabuseofdi screti
onamount i
ngt ol ack defi
nes t he organizati
on, compositi
on and
orexcessofj uri
sdi ct
iononthepar tofany j
uri
sdict
ionoft
hecourts.
branchori nstrument al
it
yoftheGov ernment .
JUDI CI
ALPOWER-i st hepowert oapplyt helaws I
. REGULARCOURTS
to cont ests or di sput es concer ni
ng l egal l
y
recognized rights ordut iesofand bet ween t he 1. SUPREMECOURT( SC)
stateandt hepr i
v ateper sonsorbet weeni ndivi
dual - Thehi ghestcour tofthel and.
l
iti
gantsi n cases pr oper l
y broughtbef oret he - Composed ofa Chi ef Justice and 14
j
udicialtri
bunals.I ti
sv est edinoneSupr emeCour t AssociateJustices.
andi nsuchl owercour tsasmaybeest ablishedby - has appel l
ate j ur
isdiction over cases
l
aw. deci
dedbyt heCour tofAppeal sandhas
thepowerofj udici
alreview.
POWEROFJUDI CIALREVIEW -isthepowerofthe - t hecourtoflastresort
SupremeCourtt odeter
mi newhetherlawspassed
by Congress and acts oft he Presi
dentar
ei n 2.COURTOFAPPEALS( CA)
accordancewiththeConst i
tut
ionwhent hematt
er - headed by a Pr esiding Just ice and
i
sr ai
sed. composed of si xty-eight( 68) Associate
Just i
ces.
NOTE:Al
lcourt
shavejudi
cialpowerbutonlyt
he - has appel lat
e j uri
sdi ct
ion ov er cases
Supr
emeCourthast
hepowerofjudi
cial
rev
iew. decidedbyt heRegional Tri
alCourts.
- Itreviewsnotonlythedeci si
onsandor ders
JURISDI
CTION -Itistheauthor
it
yofthecourtto oft heRegionalTri
alCour t
snationwide,but
hearandtr
yapar t
icul
arof
fenseandt
oi mposethe alsothoseoft heCour tofTaxAppeal s
puni
shmentpr
ov i
dedbylaw.
3.REGIONALTRI ALCOURTS( RTC)
VENUE-Referst
othepl
ace,l
ocat
ionorsi
tewher
e - pr esidedbyaRegi onal Judge.
thecasei
stobehear
donit
smerit
s. - hasgener aljuri
sdicti
onov ercri
mi nalcases
and has j uri
sdicti
on ov er of fenses
punishabl
e wi thi mprisonmentofsi x( 6)
REQUI
SITESFORAVALIDEXERCI
SEOFCRI
MINAL yearsandone( 1)dayandov er.
JURI
SDICTI
ON: - has appel late jur i
sdict
ion ov er cases
decidedbyt heMTCC, MTC, MeTC
1.Theof fenseisonewhi cht hecourti
sbyl aw andMCTC.
author
izedtotakecognizanceof
2.Theoffensemusthav ebeencommi tt
edwithi
n 4. MUNICI
PAL TRI AL COURTS/MUNICI
PAL
i
tsterr
itori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
on TRIALCOURTSINCITI
ES/
MUNICI
PALCI
RCUIT
3.Theper sonchar
gedwit htheoff
ensemusthave TRIALCOURT/
METROPOLITANTRI
ALCOURT
beenbr oughttoit
spr esencefortr
ial
,for
cibl
y,
  MUNI CIPALTRI ALCOURTS( MTC)-ev ery And decisi
ons r
endered by t
he Shar
i’
a
muni cipali
tyi nthePhi li
ppineshasi tsown Di
str
ictCourt
sar
efinal
.
Muni cipalTr ialCourtandev eryMTCcov ers
onlyonemuni ci
pali
ty. I
II
.QUASIJUDI CIALBODI ES( ADMINI
STRATIVE
 MUNI CIPAL TRI AL COURTS I N CI TIES AGENCIES)
(MTCC)-Thesear et heequi valentoft he 1.NationalLaborRel ationsCommi ssi
on
Muni cipalTr i
alCour tsi n cit
ies out side 2.Commi ssi
ononel ections
Met r
opol it
anMani l
a. 3.BureauofI nternalRev enue
 MUNI CIPAL CI RCUI T TRI AL COURTS 4.BureauofCust oms
(MCTC)-AMuni cipalCircuitTri
alCour tisa 5.BoardofTr ansportati
on
muni cipalt rialcourtwhi chcov erst wo or 6.Commi ssi
ononAudi t
mor e muni cipal
iti
es. 7.EnergyRegul atoryBoar d
 METROPOLI TAN TRI ALCOURTS( MeTC)- 8.Civi
lSer vi
ceCommi ssion
areMuni cipalTr i
alCour tsintheci t
iesint he
Met r
opol it
anMani laAr eaasdi sti
nguished QUASI -
JUDICIAL POWER - The power of t he
fr
om t heot herpol it
icalsubdi vi
sionsi nt he administ
rati
veagencyt o det
erminequest
ionsof
Phil
ippi nes. facttowhi chthelegi
slat
ivepoli
cyistoapply,in
accordancewitht
hestandardslai
ddownbythelaw
ORI
GINALJURI
SDI
CTI
ON: i
tself
.

a.all viol
ati
ons of ci ty and muni ci
pal JUDICIALANDBARCOUNCI L( JBC)-TheJudi cial
ordi
nances andBarCounci l,orJBC,i sabodycr eatedbyt he
b.alloff
ensespunishablewithimpr i
sonment 1987Phili
ppineConst it
utionunderthesuper vision
notexceedingsix( 6)year
sirrespect
iveof oftheSupremeCour t.Ithast hepri
ncipalfunction
theamountoffine ofrecommendi ngappoi nteest otheJudi ci
ary.Al l
(
c)damagetopropert
ythroughcri
minalnegli
gence. j
usti
cesandj udgesar eappoi ntedbythePr esi
dent
fr
om al i
stofatl eastthree(3)nomi neesprepar ed
I
I. SPECI
ALCOURTS bytheJudici
alandBarCounci l.

1. SANDI GANBAYAN Member soft heJudi cialandBarCounci lundert

he
- cr eatedunderPr esident ialDecreeNo1606. Const
it
ut i
on( Art.VII
ISec.8[ 1]):
- I t
sr ankorl evelisequalt othatoft heCour t  Chi efJust i
ce(exof f
icioChai
rman)
ofAppeal sandCour tofTaxAppeal s.  Secr etaryofJust ice
- I tiscomposedofaPr esidingJust i
ceand  ARepr esentat
iveoft heCongr ess
fourteen(14)Associ ateJust i
ces.  Repr esent at
iveoft heI BP
- Thi s speci alcour ti st asked t o handl e  Apr ofessorofLaw
criminal cases i nv olving gr aft and  Ar et i
redmemberoft heSupremeCour t
corrupti
onandot herof f
ensescommi ttedby  Ar epr esentati
veoft hePr i
vateSector
high-ranki
ng publ ic offi
cers and
empl oyees i n connect ion wi th t he CRI
MINALPROCEEDI
NGS
performanceoft heirfunct i
ons.
- I thas or iginalexcl usiv ej uri
sdicti
on ov er Acriminalpr
oceedi
ngconsi
stsoff
ivemai
nst
ages
publ i
c officers accused of commi t
ti
ng orpart
s:
crimesi nr el
ationt ot hei roffi
cialfuncti
ons
andwhosesal arygradei s27andabov e. 1.ARRAI GNMENT -t her eading ofthecr iminal
complaintori nfor
mat iont ot hedefendant,by
2.COURTOFTAXAPPEALS( CTA) thejudgeorcl erkofcour t,andthedeliv
er i
ngto
- created by Republ ic ActNo 1125,as him acopyt hereof
,includingal i
stofwitnesses,
amendedbyRepubl i
cActNo9282. andaski nghim whet herhepl eadsguilt
yornot
- Itsrankorlevelisequalt othatoftheCour t guil
tyaschar ged
ofAppeal sandSandiganbay an. PLEAi sther esponseoft heaccusedwhenasked
- ItiscomposedofaPr esidi
ngJust iceand whetherhei sguiltyornotgui l
tyoftheof f
ense
five(5)Associat
eJust i
ces. charged.I
tisoft wokinds:
- It has bot ht he or i
ginaland appel late 1.gui lt
ypl ea,which mustbe uncondi ti
onal;
juri
sdict
ions ov erci vi
land cr iminalt ax and
cases i nvolv
ing t he Nat i
onal I nt
ernal 2.notgui lty.
Rev enue Code,Tariffand Cust oms Code
and t he LocalGov ernment Assessment 2.PRE-TRIAL
Code. - a conf erence cal
led by the j
udge t
hat
requir
es t he presence of bot h the
3.SHARI’
ACOURTS prosecuti
on and t heaccused bef
orethe
- created pursuantt o Pr
esi
denti
alDecr ee beginningofatrial
1083,ot herwise known as the Code of - mandat oryinal
lcri
minalcases
Musl i
m PersonalLawsoft hePhil
i
ppines.
- Ithasexclusivejurisdi
cti
onovercasesthat The foll
owi
ng ar
et o be t
aken up dur
ing t
he
pertaint
ofami lyri
ghtsandduti
esaswel las confer
ence:
contract
ualr elat
ions ofFil
ipi
no Muslims. a.pleabar
gai
ning;
 b.st i
pulati
onoff act s; sat
isf
iedorserved;
c. markingfori dentificat
ionofevidenceofthe 3.whentheaccusedexpressl
ywaiv
esin
part
ies; wil
ti
nghisri
ghttoappealand
d.wai verof obj ections to admi ssibi
li
ty of 4.whentheaccusedappli
esforpr
obat
ion.
evi
dence;
e. modi f
icat
ion oft he orderoft ri
alifthe 5.APPEAL
accusedadmi tsthechar gebuti nter
posesa
l
awf uldefense; - theelev ati
onbyanaggr ievedpar tyofany
f. suchot hermat tersaswi l
lpromot eaf air decisi
on,or derorawar dofal owerbodyt o
andexpedi ti
oust rialofthecri
mi nalandcivi
l a higherbody ,bymeansofa document
aspectsoft hecase. which includes the assignmentofer rors,
memor andum of ar gument si n suppor t
PLEA BARGAI NING -t he process whereby the ther
eof, andthereli
efspr ayedf or.
accused,theof f
endedpar t
yandt heprosecut
ion - anappealmustbewi thi
nf if
teen( 15)days
workoutamut uall
ysatisfact
orydisposi
ti
onoft he from promul gati
onofj udgment ,theperiod
casesubjectt
ocour tapproval forperfecti
nganappeal .

3.TRIAL-t heexami nati

onbef or
eacompet ent EXTINCTIONOFCRI MINALLI ABI
LITY(
ART.89,
tri
bunal
,accordi
ngt ot helawsoftheland,of RPC)
thefactsputini
ssuei nacase,fort
hepurpose DSA-PPP-M
ofdetermini
ngsuchi ssue.Itistheper
iodfor Tot
alExti
nction:
theint
roduct
ionofevidencebybothpar
ti
es. 1.Deat hoft heconvict
2.Ser vi
ceofsent ence
ORDEROFTRI
AL 3.Amnest y
4.Absol ut epar
don
i. ThePr osecuti
onshal lpr esentevidencet o 5.Pr escripti
onofcri
me
provethecharge 6.Pr escripti
onofpenalty
i
i. The Accused may pr esent ev i
dence t o 7.Mar r
iageoft heof f
endedwoman( i
ngood
provehisdefense fai
th)
i
i
i. Thepr osecuti
onanddef ensemaypr esent
rebutt
aland sur -
rebuttalev i
dence,unl ess PRESCRI PTI
ONOFCRI MEist hefor
fei
tur
eorloss
the Cour t, permits t hem t o pr esent oftherightoftheStat
et oprosecut
etheoff
ender
addit
ionalevi
dence af
terthelapseofacert
ainti
mef i
xedbylaw
i
v. Upon admi ssi
on ofev idence,t hecasei s
deemedsubmi tt
edf ordeci si
onunl esst he PRESCRIPTION OF PENALTY i s t
he loss or
Courtdirectsthem t o ar gue orall
yort o for
fei
tur
eoft heri
ghtoft
hegov
ernmentt
oexecute
submitwr i
tt
enmemor anda thefi
nalsentenceaf
tert
hel
apseofacertai
nti
me
fi
xedbylaw.
4.JUDGMENT
Par
ti
alExti
nct
ion:
- the adjudi
cat
ion by the courtt hat the 1.Condi t
ionalpar
don
accusedisguil
tyornotguil
tyoftheoffense 2.Commut ati
onofsent
ence
chargedandt heimpositi
onoft heproper 3.Goodconductt imeal
lowance
penalt
yandcivil
li
abil
i
ty 4.Par ol
e
- defi
nedast hedecisi
onorsent enceoft he 5.Pr obat
ion
giv
enbyacour tastheresul
tofproceedings
i
nstit
utedther
ein FOURTHPI
LLAR:CORRECTI
ONS

JUDGMENTOFCONVI CTI
ON -ifthejudgef
inds CORRECTI ON i sthe fourth componentoft he
theaccusedgui
l
tyoft
hechargesagai
nsthi
m. cri
mi nal justi
ce system. Iti s t
he br anch of
admi ni
strati
onofcriminaljust
icechargedwi ththe
JUDGMENTOFACQUI TTAL-ift
hejudgefindst
he responsibil
it
yf or the custody,supervision and
accusednotgui
l
tyoft
hechar
gesagainsthi
m. rehabil
it
ationofconv i
ctedof f
ender
s.Ital sodeal s
with punishment,treatmentand incarceration of
PROMULGATI ON OF JUDGMENT -i san off
icial offenders.
procl
amationorannouncementofthedecisi
onof
thecour
t.Thejudgmentispromul
gatedbyreading PENOLOGY-abr anchofcr
imi
nol
ogywhi
chdeal
s
i
nt hepresenceoftheaccusedandanyj udgeof wit
h t he t reatment
, management and
thecour
tinwhichitwasrender
ed. admini
str
ati
onofinmates

PURPOSES/OBJECTVESOFMODERN
WHENAJUDGMENTBECOMESFI
NAL? CORRECTIONS
PS-
WP R-
A-D-I
-R-
R-R

1.whent heperi
odf orper
fecti
ngappealan 1.RETRIBUTI
ON -impri
sonmentissupposedt o
appeal
haslapsed; bethepaymentoft
heof f
endert
othevict
im or
2. whenthesentenceispart
ial
lyort
otal
l
y thevi
cti
m’sfami
lyforthecri
mehecommi tt
ed
 agai nsthi m ort hem commi
tt
edt
heof
fense.
2.ATONEMENT–puni shmenti saf orm ofgr oup
vengeance PUNISHMENT-iti
sther
edressthatthest
atet
akes
3.DETERRENCE-I mpr isonmenti ssupposedt o agai
nstt
heof
fendermemberofsociety
discour age conv i
ct ed of fender s f rom
commi t
ting cr i
mes agai n because of t hei
r MITTIMUS-i sawar r
antissuedbyacour tbeari
ng
exper iencei nt hepr isonorj ail;att hesamet ime, i
tssealandt hesignatur
eoft hejudgedir
ect
ingthe
i
mpr isonmenti ssupposedt odi scour age j
ailorpri
sonaut horiti
est oreceivetheconvict
ed
4.ISOLATI ON / I NCAPACI TATI ON -Conv icted of
fenderforserv
iceofsent ence.
offender sar esepar at edf r
om soci etytopr event
them f rom commi tting anot hercr i
me;Att he COMMI TMENT ORDER -isawri
tt
en or
derofa
samet i
me,i mpr isonmentpr otect sl aw- abiding courtorauthor
it
yconsi
gni
ngapersontojai
lor
citi
zensf rom t hehar m cr imi nalsmayi nfl
icton pri
sonfordet
enti
on.
them
5.REFORMATI ON -t hisi nv olves t he use of TWODI
VISI
ONSOFCORRECTI
ONS
puni ti
ve and di sciplinary measur es such as
solitary conf inement t o modi fy or r eform 1.I
nsti
tut
ionalCorr
ecti
ons
crimi nal behav i
or whose conduct and 2.Non-
Insti
tut
ionalCor
rect
ions
depor t
ment i s not t otall
y r espondi ng t o
rehabi li
tationpr ograms
6.REHABI LITATI ON -basedont hepr emi set hat I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALCORRECTI
ONS
through cor r
ect i
onal i ntervent ion, such as
educat i
onal and v ocational t raining and I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALCORRECTIONALAGENCI
ESI
N
psy chot herapeut icpr ograms,anof fendermay THEPHI
LIPPINES
bechanged
7.REI NTEGRATI ON -t heef fortofcor r
ect i
ont o I
. BUREAUOFCORRECTI ONS( BUCOR)
change cr iminalbehav i
orshoul dr esul tina - anat t
achedagencyoft heDepar t
mentof
situat i
onandabi l
it
yont hepar toft hepeni tent Justice
offendert or eturntosoci etyi nsomepr oduct i
ve - pri
ncipalt ask isf orthe r ehabil
i
tation of
and meani ngful capaci ty i n a f ree pri
soner s
communi t
y . - maint ains its offi
ces att he New Bi l
ibid
Pri
sonCompoundi nMunt inlupaCity
PENALTY - exercisesov eral
lcontrolandsuper visionof
all t he cor r
ecti
ons/prisons f acili
ties
- thesufferi
ngt hatisinfli
ct edbytheStatefor nati
onwi de
thetransgressionoft hel aw - has cust ody of pr i
soners sent enced t o
- ref
erst opuni shmenti mposedbyal awf ul i
mpr isonmentofmor et hant hree(3)y ears
authori
tyupon a per son who commi tsa
deli
berateornegl igentact .Penalt
ycant ake SEVEN(
7)PRI
SONSANDPENALFARMSI
NTHE
theform ofimpr isonment ,pay
mentoff ines PHI
LIPPI
NES
anddamages, amongot hers.
1.SANRAMONPRI SONANDPENALFARM
JUSTI
FICATI
ONFORPENALTI
ES - wasest ablishedi nSouthernZamboangaon
21August1869.
1.PREVENTION - was est ablished dur i
ng t he t enure of
2.SELF-
DEFENSE Gov ernorGener alRamon Bl anco,whose
3.REFORMATION pat rolsai ntthepr i
sonwasnamedaf t
er.
4.EXEMPLARITY - was est ablished or i
ginal
ly f or persons
5.JUSTI
CE conv i
ctedofpol it
icalcri
mes
- consi der edt heol destpenalf aci
lit
yint he
Phi l
ippi nes.
- 1, 546 hect ar es,copr a,r i
ce,cor n ,coffee,
cattleandl ivest ock
2. I
WAHI GPENALCOLONY
JURI
DICALCONDI
TIONSOFPENALTY - est abl ishedon16Nov ember1904i nPuer to
PrincesaCi ty,Palawan.
1.LEGAL-penal t
ymustbei mposedbyt hepr
oper - or iginal l
y ser v
ed as a deposi t
ory f or
author
ity and by v i
rt
ue of a j udgment as prisoner swhocoul dnotbeaccommodat ed
prescr
ibedbylaw. att heOl dBi li
bidPr i
soni nMani l
a
2.DEFINITE-penaltymustbespecifi
candexact. - cl assi fi
edasapenali nstit
utioni n1907by
3.COMMENSURATE - penal ty must be virt
ueofActNo1723.
propor
tionalt
othegr avi
tyorseri
ousnessofthe - f our subcol onies; Sta Luci a, Inagawan,
cri
mecommi t
ted. Mont ibleandCent r
al;-pr i
vilege–f amili
es
4.PERSONAL-penal t
ymustbei mposedonl yto toliv ewi tht hecol onist
s
thepersonwhoact uall
ycommi tt
edt hecri
me
withnosubstit
utes. 3.CORRECTI
ONAL I
NSTI
TUTI
ON FOR WOMEN
5.EQUAL-penal tymustbeappl i
edt oallwho (CI
W)
 - creat edbyv i
rt
ueofActNo3579enact edon 1.Det
entionPrisoner
s
November1931. a.Per sonsheldforsecurit
yr easons
- l
ocat edatWel farev
il
le,Mandaluy
ongCit
y b.Per sonsheldfori
nvest i
gation
- establ i
shed t o accommodat e female c. Personswaiti
ngforfinaljudgment
prisoner s d.Per sonswaiti
ngfortrial
- thef emalepr i
sonersfrom theOldBIli
bid
Prison wer et ransfer
red to CIW on 14 2.SentencedPr
isoner
s–pr isoner
swhoconv
ict
ed
Febr uary1931. byjudgmentbycompetentcourt
.

4.DAVAOPENALCOLONY a.MunicipalJai lPrisoner– sent enced t o

- the first penalsettlement f
ounded and serv
eapr isontermf or1dayt o6mont hs.
organizedunderFili
pinoAdmini
str
ati
on b.Cit
y JailPr i
soner– sent enced to ser ve
- establ
ishedi n21Januar y1932byv i
rt
ueof i
mpr i
sonmentf or1dayt o3y ear
s
ActNo3732 c.Provi
ncialJai
l–sent encedt o6mont hs
- Located int he di
stri
cts ofPanabo and onedayt o3y ear
s
Tagum i nDavaodel Norte. d.Nati
onalori nsularPr i
soners–Sent enced
to3y ears1dayt oRecl usionPer petuaor
5.NEW BI
LIBI
DPRI
SON Li
feImpr i
sonment .

- ori
ginallywasl ocat ed i
n Mani l
abefor
ei t PRI
SON
wast ransfer
redtoMunt inlupaCityi
n1935 - deri
vedf r
om theSpanishwor d,“pr
esidi
o”
- off
iciall
ynamedt heNew Bi li
bidPri
sonon - under t he super vi
sion of t he nat i
onal
22Januar y1941 gover nment t hrough t he Bur eau of
- hasthr eesecuri
tyfacil
it
ies/camps: Corrections under t he Depar t
ment of
a.maxi mum secur i
ty Justice
b.medi um securit
y - has cust ody ov er conv i
cted offenders
c.mi nimum secur ity whosesent encei simprisonmentoft hree
yearsandonedayandabov e
6.SABLAYANPRI
SONANDPENALFARM
JAI
L
- establi
shedon26Sept ember1954byv ir
tue - deri
v edf rom theSpanishwor ds,“jaul
a”and
ofPresidenti
alProclamationNo72 “caula”
- l
ocat edinOccidentalMindoro - under t he super vi
sion of t he l ocal
- thef aci
li
tywher epr i
sonersfrom theNew gover nmentt hrough eithert heOf fi
ceoft he
Bil
i
bidPr isonarebr oughtfordecongest
ion Prov i
ncialGov ernor or Bur eau of Jai l
purposes ManagementandPenol ogy ,bot hundert he
Depar tmentof Interior and Local
7.LEYTEREGI ONALPRI SON Gov ernment
- was est abl
ished i n 16 January 1973 by - has cust ody ov er conv icted of fenders
vi
rtueofPresidentialDecreeNo28 whosesent encei simpr i
sonmentoft hree
- situatedinAbuy og,SouthernLeyt
e yearsorl ess
- admi tsconvictedof f
ender sfr
om Region6 - has cust ody ov eroffender s who ar ei n
and f r
om t he nat ional penit
enti
ary in detent i
on whi l
e undergoing i nvesti
gati
on,
Muntinl
upa under goingt r
ialandawai t
ingj udgment

I
I.Pr
ov i
ncialJail
s– jai
lsf orthesafekeepi
ngof TYPESOFJAI LS
pr
isonersatthecapi
talofeachprovince.I
tshal
l 1.LOCK- UP-asecur i
tyf acili
ty ,commoni npol i
ce
be underthe supervi
sion and contr
oloft he stati
onsorpr eci nct si nur banar eas( cit
ies)for
pr
ov i
nci
algovernor
s. tempor ari
l
ydet aini ngt hoseper sonsbei nghel d
fori nv est
igation orwai ting hear ing oft hei
r
I
II
.Bur eau ofJai lManagementand Penol ogy cri
mi nal cases.
(BJMP)– cr eated byvir
tue ofRepublic Act 2.ORDI NARY JAI L -t het ypeofj ai
lcommonl y
6975,exer
cisessuperv
isi
onandcont r
oloverall found i n ever y muni cipality orci t
y;houses
dist
ri
ct,cit
y and muni ci
palj ai
lnationwide. offender s awai ti
ng cour tt ri
al and t hose
Formall
yestabl
ishedonJanuary2,1991. conv i
ct ed of fender s who ar e ser ving t hei
r
sentenceofi mpr isonmentt hatdoesnotexceed
DI
FFERENCEBETWEENTERMS 3y ear s;placewher ejuv enileof fendersandt he
ment al l
yi nsane peopl e ar e usual ly detained
DETENTION PRISONERS-t hoseheldforsecur
it
y whi l
et heirtransf ert o ot heri nsti
tuti
ons ar e
reasons, i
nvesti
gat
ion, those awai ti
ng or pendi ng.
undergoi
ngt
ri
alandawaiti
ngjudgment 3.WORKHOUSE, JAI LFARM ORCAMP-af acil
it
y
thathousesmi nimum cust odyof fenderswho
SENTENCEDPRISONERS-thoseconvi
ctedbyf
inal areser vi
ngshor tsent ences;i nmat esunder go
j
udgmentandar
eservi
ngt
heirsent
ence const ructi
v e wor k pr ogr ams; pr ovides f ull
empl oy mentofpr isoner s,remedi alservicesand
CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFPRI
SONERS const ructi
v el
ei sur et imeact ivit
ies.
 FORMSOFPUNI
SHMENT EXECUTIVECLEMENCY-Thecol l
ect
ivetermf
or
absol
utepardon,condi
ti
onalpar
don,repr
iev
eand
1.Deathpenal
ty–capit
alpuni
shment commutati
onofsentence.
2.Impri
sonment
3.Desti
err
o 1.PARDON -i saf orm ofexecuti
ve clemency
4.Fineorcompensat
ion grant
edbythePresidentasapri
vi
legeextended
5.Civi
cduti
es toconvi
ctsasadiscreti
onar
yactofgrace
TWO( 2)KINDSOFPARDON
DURATI
ONOFPENALTI
ES
a.ABSOLUTE PARDON - r eferst ot he total
1.Recl
usionPerpetua exti
nction of t he cr i
minal l i
abilit
y of t he
2.Recl
usionTempor al i
ndividualt o whom i tisgr anted wi thoutany
3.Pri
sionMayor conditi
on what soev er and r estores t o the
4.Pri
sionCorr
ectional i
ndividualhi scivi
lrightsandr emi tst hepenal ty
5.Arr
estoMay or i
mposedf orthe
6.Arr
estoMenor b.CONDI TIONAL PARDON -r efers t o an
7.Bondtokeept hepeaceorf
ine exempt ionofani ndivi
dual,withincer tainli
mi t
s
orcondi ti
ons, f
rom thepuni shmentt hatthel aw
THEDEATHPENALTY i
nf l
i
ctsf or the of fense he has commi tted
result
ingi nthepar ti
alexti
nct i
onofhi scr i
mi nal
CAPITALOFFENSEorHEI NOUSCRI MEi s l
iabil
ity
anact ,whichundertheexist
ingl aw att heti
meof
i
ts commi ssion, may be puni shed by deat h 2.REPRIEVE
(al
though a l owerpenaltyt han deat h may be - Thet empor ar
ystayoft heexecuti
onofa
i
mposedaf t
erconvict
ion)
.Deat hpenal t
ywasr e- sentence,usual
lyadeat
hsentence
i
mposed as a f orm ofpunishmentf orheinous - Anot her pr er
ogati
ve exerci
sed by t he
cri
mebyv irt
ueofRA#7959,ot her wisecal l
edthe presi
dent
DeathPenal tyLaw approvedi nJanuar y2,1994. - Gener all
y, appli
ed to deat h sentences
WhenRA #8177( TheLethalI njectionLaw)was al
readyaffir
medbyt heSupremeCourt
enacted,t he executi
on of deat h penal ty was
changedf r
om electr
ocuti
ontol ethalinjecti
on. 3.COMMUTATI ONOFSENTENCE
- anactofcl emencybywhi chaheav ieror
NOTE:
RA9346–ANTIDEATHPENALTYLAW l
ongersent encei sr educedtoal i
ght eror
shorterterm
NON-
INSTI
TUTI
ONALCORRECTI
ONS - ref
erst other educt
ionoft hedur ati
onofa
pri
sonsent ence
1.BOARDOFPARDONSANDPAROLE - anotherprerogat i
veoft hePresident
- Af unctionalunitundert heDepar
tmentof 4.AMNESTY
Justi
ce. - aspeci alfor m ofpar donexer ci
sedbyt he
- grants par ol
e and r ecommend t o the Presi
dent
Presi
dentt hegrantofanyf or
m ofexecut
ive - agener alpardonext endedtoacer tainclass
clemency t o deser ving pri
soners or ofpeopl ewhoar eusuallypoli
ti
caloffenders
indi
viduals - needs t he concur rence or appr oval of
- revi
ewsr eportssubmittedbytheParol
eand Congr ess
Probation Admi nist
ration and make
necessar ydecisions PAROLE -a pr ocedure bywhi ch prisoner sar e
selectedforreleaseon t
hebasi sofi ndiv
idual
response and pr ogress wit
hint he cor rect
ional
2.PAROLEANDPROBATI ONADMI NISTRATI ON i
nst i
tuti
onandaser vi
cebywhi cht heyar epr ovided
- anat tachedagencyt ot heDepar tmentof withnecessar ycontrolandguidanceast heyser ve
Justi
ce the r emainder of t hei
r sentence wi thin t he
- gi v
en t he added f unction ofsuper visi
ng communi ty
pri
soner swho,af t
erser v
ing partoft heir - pr ovi
dedbyActNo4103,t heI ndet erminate
sentencei njail
sorprisons,arer el
easedon Sentence Law,whi ch t
ook ef fecton 5
parolewi thpar ol
econdi t
ions December1933.
- or i
ginally called Probation Admi ni
strati
on
andwascr eatedbyv i
rtueofPD968of1976 PROBATI ON -I s a dispositi
on underwhi ch a
toadmi nistertheprobat i
onsy stem defendant aft
er conv i
cti
on and sent ence, is
- was r enamed Par ole and Pr obati
on rel
eased subj
ectt o conditi
ons imposed by t he
Admi nistrati
onbyEONo292 courtand undert he supervi
sion ofa pr obat
ion
offi
cer.I
tisapr iv
ilegegrantedbyt hecour ttoa
3.DEPARTMENT OF SOCI AL WELFARE AND personconvi
ctedofacr iminaloff
ensetor emainin
DEVELOPMENT( DSWD)–r ender
sserv
icesfor thecommuni t
yinsteadofactuall
ygoingtopr i
son.
Chil
dreninConf l
ictwit
ht heLaw (CICL)(RA
9344,Juveni
leJusti
ceandWel far
eActof2006, - pr
ovidedbyPresi
denti
alDecr
eeNo986,t
he
Apri
l28,2006). Pr
obat i
onLawof1976
FIFTHPILLAR:COMMUNI TY
 - ThePangkatshal lbeconstitut
edwhenev er
COMMUNI TY – r epresent the entir
e peopl e adisputeisbroughtbeforetheLupon.
cohesivel
y or ganized and mobi li
zed i n - The member s of the Pangkatshal lbe
synchronizedenergywit
ht hegover
nmentt ohelpin chosenbyt hepar ti
esoft hedisputefrom
the decision making and parti
cipat
ory criminal among t he Lupon member s. In case of
j
ustice admi ni
str
ati
on invol
vementt o effecti
vely disagr
eement ,t
heBar angayChairmanshall
addresst helaw andorderconcernoft hesoci ety drawlots.
andi t
speople
MATTERSTHATFALLUNDERTHEJURI
SDI
CTI
ON
TheCommuni tyalsoconsi
stsoft
heexist
ing OFTHELUPON:
soci
alinst
it
uti
ons such as the f
ami
ly,school
,
chur
ch,
massmedi a,andNGOs. a.t hosei nvolvi
ngoffensest hatarepunishableby
thei mpr i
sonmentofoney earandbel ow,ora
KATARUNGANGPAMBARANGAY( VILLAGE fi
nei nt heamountoff ivethousandpesosand
JUSTICE)-referstojusti
ceadmi ni
steredint
he below;
Bar
angayl evelorthesystem ofamicablyset
tl
ing b.t hosei nv ol
vi
ngpar ti
est hatactuall
yr esideor
di
sputesamongf amili
esinBarangayl ev
elswit
hout wor kinthesamebar angay ;
j
udici
alrecourse. c. thoseinv olvi
ngmar i
talandf amil
ydisputes;
d.t hose i nvol
v i
ng mi nor di sputes bet ween
PD 1293 – t he l
aw “ Creat
ing a Katar
ungang neighbor s;
PambarangayCommi ssi
ont oStudytheFeasi
bil
it
y e. thosei nv ol
vingrealpr operti
eslocatedi nthe
ofResol
vingDi
sput
esatt heBarangayLev
el” barangay ;

- pr
omul
gat
edon27Januar
y1978 VENUEFORAMI
CABLESETTLEMENT

PD 1508 – the l
aw “Est
abl
ishi
ng a Syst
em of - disputesbet weenper sonsact uallyresidingi n
Ami
cablySet
tl
ingDisput
esatt
heBarangayLevel
” the same bar angay shal l be br ought f or
ami cableset t
lementbef oret heLuponofsai d
RA 7160 – ot her
wise known as t he “Local bar angay;
Gov
ernmentCodeof1991” - those i nvolving act ualr esidents ofdi fferent
- pr ov
ides f or the Revised Katar
ungang bar angayswi thinthesameci tyormuni cipalit
y
Pambar angayLaw shal lbe br oughti nt he bar angaywher et he
- enact edon10Oct ober1991 respondentact uall
yr esides;
- alldi sputes i nvolvi
ng r ealpr oper t
y or any
LUPONGTAGAPAMAYAPA i
nt erestshal lbebr oughti nthebar angaywher e
ther ealproper tyort hel argerpor t
ionissituated;
- Itisabodyofmencr eatedt oset t
ledi sput es - those ar i
sing at t he wor kplace wher et he
wi t
hi nt hebar angayl ev
el.I tisal soref erredt o cont ending par ti
es ar e empl oyed oratt he
ast heLUPON. i
nst it
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esar eenr ol
ledf or
- TheLuponshal lbecomposedoft heBar angay studyshal lbebr oughti nt hebar angaywher e
Chai rmanasChai rmanoft heLuponandt he suchwor kplaceori nstituti
oni slocated.
Bar angaySecr etaryas t he Secr et
aryoft he
Lupon,pl usot hermember swhoshal lbenot PROCEDUREFORAMI CABLESETTLEMENT-Any
lesst hant en( 10)butnotmor et hant went y i
ndividualwho has a cause ofacti
on agai
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tyoftheLuponmaycompl ai
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char act ermaybeappoi ntedasmemberoft he wri
ting,tot
heLupon.
Lupon. Member s of the Lupon shal lbe
appoi nt edbyt heBar angayChai rman. COMPLAINANT – t he per son who f
il
ed t
he
- The Lupon shal lbe const i
tuted ev eryt hree compl
aintagai
nstt
herespondent
year s.
- A Luponmembershal lser vef oraper iodof RESPONDENT – t
he per
son who i
s bei
ng
threey ears. compl
ainedof
- Essent iall
y,theLuponmustpr ovideaf orum f or
mat tersr elevantt otheami cableset t
lementof CAUSEOFACTI ON – anactoromi ssi
onofone
disputesf ort hespeedyr esol uti
onofdi sput es. par
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nviolat
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ghtsofanot
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whi
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par
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cial
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PANGKATTAGAPAGKASUNDO
MEDIATION OR CONCI LI
ATION – t he pr
ocess
- Itshallactast heconci
li
ationpanel
.I tis wherebydisput
ant
sarepersuadedbyt hePunong
alsorefer
redtoasthePANGKAT. Bar
angay or Pangkat t
o ami cabl
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- Itshallbecomposedoft hree(3)member s di
sputes.
chosenf rom themember soft heLupon.
Theyshal lchoosef
rom amongt hethr
eeof PERTI
NENTLAWS
them t hePangkatChairmanandPangkat
Secretary
. RA6981–Wi
tnessPr
otect
ionPr
ogr
am
RA7080–PlunderLaw
RA7610–Chi l
dAbuseLaw
RA7659–Deat hPenal t
yLaw
RA8353–Ant iRapeLaw
RA9160–Ant iMoneyLaunder ing(RA9194)
RA9165–Compr ehensiveDangerousDrugsAct
RA9208–Ant i
-Traff
icki
ngAct
RA 9262 – Ant i
-Viol
ence againstWomen and
Chi
l
dren
RA9283–Intel
lectualPropert
y
RA9284–Il
legalPossessi onofFAs
RA9285-Al
ternativeDisputeResolut
ion
RA9344–Compr ehensiveJuvenil
eJusti
ceSyst
em
RA9346–Abol i
ti
onoft heDeat hPenalt
y