PRESENT AND FUTURE POSSIBLE WATER POLLUTION

IN MONGOLIA

By

Tsend Ayush MUNKHJARGAL

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment requirement for the degree of Master of

Science

Main Supervisor
Professor KUBO NARITAKA

Direct Supervisor
Associate Professor YOSHIKO KAWABATA

Water System Engineering Laboratory

Field of International Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation
Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science
Graduate School of Agriculture
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Tokyo, Japan

July, 2007
 Acknowledgements

Previously, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the people of Japan and Japan International
Cooperation Center (JICE) for providing me the Japanese Grant Aid for Human Resource
Development Scholarship (JDS 2005 – 2007). I am thankful to the government of Mongolia for
trusting and giving me this opportunity to study in Japan for my master degree. I would like to extend
my sincere gratitude to the reviewers and many people who made this Master’s thesis possible. I am
very grateful to Professor NARITAKA KUBO for all his thoughtful research orientations, precious
recommendations, discussions and study times for my research thesis. Special thanks go to my direct
supervisor Ms. YOSHIKO KAWABATA who always challenges me, gives me her precious guidance
and direction, valuable feedbacks and provided all laboratory equipments and necessary materials that
this thesis would have not been possible without all these and her sincere supports. I am also very
thankful to the staffs in the International Students Centers in the campuses of Fuchu and Koganei for
their kind supports. My sincere thanks also go to my laboratory students who always have given a
valuable advices and comments on my works and who always keep encouraging me. Last but not
least, special thanks go to my family who always help me to complete my study by supporting various
ways. I am thankful to all of you.

ii
 Abstract

Conservation of water quality is inherently tied to watershed management. Efforts to protect Lake
Baikal have increasingly focused on the Selenge river, a major tributary, with more than half its
watershed area in Mongolia. Placer gold mining in Mongolia is introducing fine sediment and posing a
potential threat to the quality of Lake Baikal and to the endangered Taimen salmon. The Orkhon river
and its tributaries as Yeroo, Shariin, Kharaa and Tuul rivers in north central Mongolia were surveyed
for major ion and heavy metals concentrations where gold and coal mining is under operation near to
the river beds. Of 12 rivers including small streams sampled, Tuul river, in the capital city, showed a
noticeable distributed and higher concentration of ammonium ion and manganese elements especially
near to the downstream area that is due to growth in urbanization and industrial activities in capital
city Ulaanbaatar. However, the survey on Tuul river and other rivers need to be re-examined in a
seasonal change.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

iv

LIST OF FIGURES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vi

LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ viii

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL

1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4. LITERATURE REVIEW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

1.4.1. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

1.4.2. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION

2.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.2. AMU-DARYA RIVER BASIN IN REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN -------------------------------------------- 6

iv
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA

3.1.1. WATER SAMPLE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

3.1.2. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

3.1.3. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

3.2. AMU-DARYA RIVER BASIN IN REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

3.2.1. WATER SAMPLE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

3.2.2. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA

4.1.1. MAJOR IONS CONCENTRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

4.1.2. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION -------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

4.2. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF MONGOLIAN DATA WITH DAT OF UZBEKISTAN

MAJOR IONS CONCENTRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. CONCLUSIONS

5.1.1. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

5.1.2. MAJOR IONS CONCENTRATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

5.1.2. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION -------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

REFERENCES

APPENDIXES

v
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

Figure 1 Orkhon river and its tributaries in the Selenge watershed area ---------------------------- 5

Figure 2 Republic of Uzbekistan -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Figure 3 NH4+ concentration in the Tuul river --------------------------------------------------------- 14

Figure 4 Mg2+ concentration in Boroo, Shariin and Yeroo rivers ----------------------------------- 15

Figure 5 SO42- concentration in Shariin and Yeroo rivers -------------------------------------------- 16

Figure 6 SO42- concentration in Tuul river -------------------------------------------------------------- 17

Figure 7 Total dissolved solid in Orkhon river -------------------------------------------------------- 17

Figure 8 Manganese concentration in Tuul (T) river -------------------------------------------------- 19

Figure 9 Uranium concentration in the rivers ---------------------------------------------------------- 20

vi
LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

Table 1 Sampling site and field data description along Orkhon river and its tributaries --------- 9

Table 2 Sampling site and field data description along Amu-Darya river -------------------------11

Table 3 Major ion concentration in drinking water along the Amu-Darya river ----------------- 12

Table 4 Sampling site description and field data along Orkhon river and its tributaries -------- 13

vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS

Major ions

Na+ Sodium ion

NH4+ Ammonium ion

K+ Potassium ion

Ca2+ Calcium ion

Mg2+ Magnesium ion

HCO3 Bicarbonate ion

Cl- Chlorine ion

SO42- Sulphate ion

Heavy metals

Cr Chromium

Cd Cadmium

Cu Copper

Cs Cesium

Fe Iron

Mn Manganese

Ni Nickel

Th Thorium

viii
U Uranium

Zn Zinc

Some Field Measurements

pHZ Alkalinity (4.5 – 10.0)

pHX Alkalinity (5.1 – 7.2)

pHY Alkalinity (7.5 – 9.5)

T (º C) Temperature

Measurement Units

km kilometer

km2 square kilometer

mm millimeter

µm micrometer

mg/L milligram per liter

ml milliliter

± plus and minus

ix
 CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL
AOB

In this chapter I will present the statement of problems, objectives of research and finally the scope

and limitation of the study followed by literature reviews.

1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Exploration of natural resources has been Mongolia’s most important industry and nation’s single

most reliable source of revenue since 1992 when former Soviet Union ceased its assistance of raw

materials to the animal products industries in Mongolia. In this way, the government started to explore

for the natural reserves in order to sustain country’s economy and several regions are considered to

have potential reserves to be exploited. However, those are mostly closer to rivers or river beds,

imposing an immediate threat to the environment especially to the rivers. Inadequate mining

technologies by growing companies in mining were observed large and illustrated by excessive

extraction of gold-bearing gravels and sands, poor designed pumps and wash plants, improper settling

pond, its operation and location, tailings and topsoil storage, river diversion and environmental

protection plans and reclamation.

Three major sites under extensive mining activities exist in the north central Mongolia comprising

major water resource network of the country and in the internationally known Selenge watershed area

that discharges to Lake Baikal recognized as worlds’ biggest freshwater lake. Russian researchers

claim that this recent and accelerating placer gold mining activity within Selenge river floodplain has

been introducing large quantities of the sediment into the water. This sediment poses a potential threat

to the water quality of Lake Baikal and to the Siberian Taimen (Hucho taimen taimen), to the world’s

largest salmon and the endangered Baikal Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii baicalensis).

1
Most importantly, quality of the Orkhon river, in the Selenge watershed, will have an immediate

impact on human health issues if pollution may occur. Because, family farms with Mongolian

traditional cattle breeding life style usually live near to river and use the river water as their drinking

water purpose directly. And family farms live near to rivers or lakes and especially in summer when

quite high pollution loads can come to the rivers. Although some researches made about Selenge river,

there are limited available study on the condition of Orkhon river.

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

1. Research about natural surface water quality and its condition in the rivers of north central

Mongolia

2. Conduct a water quality assessment on major ion and heavy metals concentrations in the Orkhon

river and its tributaries as Yeroo, Shariin, Kharaa, Boroo and Tuul rivers

3. Compare Mongolian data on major ion concentration with data of Uzbekistan in order to get a

general overview on the condition of Mongolian rivers.

4. Provide an analysis on the current research on the rivers of Mongolia.

1.3. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

In this study, Orkhon river and its tributaries from its eastern part as Yeroo, Shariin, Kharaa, Boroo

and Tuul rivers water are sampled for the major ion and heavy metals concentration analysis. Field trip

was held during March and April of 2007 when it was the beginning of spring snowmelt. Therefore,

rivers discharge was not as normal as during summer or autumn period and flow rate is not considered.

2
Tributaries from western side of Orkhon river as Eg and Hyalganat rivers were not able to be sampled

due to the icy and slide road condition to cross the Orkhon river during this period.

Also, natural conditions and some other parameters as biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen

demand and total suspended solids are not considered.

1.4. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.4.1. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

B. Myagmarjav and G. Davaa (1999) described rivers in Mongolia have a closer tendency to world’s

fresh water criteria with order Ca2+> Mg2+> Na++K+ and HCO3->SO42->Cl- based on the research data

between 1945 – 1994 years.

P. Kelderman and P. Batima (2003) demonstrated the distribution of individual ions cations followed

the order Ca2+> Na++K+ >Mg2+; for anions: HCO3->SO42->Cl- based on his 2001-2003 research. The

rivers in Mongolia can generally be classified as “clean” or “of acceptable quality” except Tuul river

water quality can be classified as “acceptable” to “moderately polluted”. Tuul river showed a clean

deterioration of the water quality over the period 1980 – 1990, due to the growth in urbanization and

industrial activities.

A. Stubblefield (2005) indicated the large-scale assessment during 2001 – 2003 of water quality for

rivers flowing into the Selenge in the noth-central Mongolia has excellent water quality for Kharaa and

Eg rivers. The Yeroo and Tuul rivers, both under extensively mining, showed higher concentrations of

sediment and total phosphorus than other rivers in the region.

3
P. Batima (2002) described the Orhon river is the only river in Mongolia where increasing sulphate,

nitrate and phosphate concentrations have been observed in the last two decades.

1.4.2. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION

Z.I.Khazheeva, S.D.Urbazaeva, N. V. Bodoev, L.D.Radnaeva and Yu.O.Kalinin (2002) demonstrated

the concentration of zinc and chromium in the arms of Selenge river exceeds the concentration.

O. Bolormaa (2006) demonstrated the heavy metals along the Boroo river showed higher

concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and As in the downstream of the river which can be explained that

dilution, precipitation, adsorption to sediments and local anthropogenic input for the metal

concentration in the Boroo river water.

Satoshi Murao, Kazuki Naito, Gunchin Dejidmaa and Soey H. Sie (2006) demonstrated Boroo area

always contains some amount of primary mercury which is considered to be released to the

environment during smelting.

CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION

In this chapter I will present features about Orkhon river basin in Mongolia and Amu-Darya river

basin in Republic of Uzbekistan.

2.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA

4
Orkhon river, the longest river with 1124 kilometer, is headed from the northeastern side of Khangai

Range in the north western part of Mongolia and passes through steppe mountainous and steppe area

through several provinces. It has watershed area of 132 855 km 2 and discharges to Selenge river near

the border with Russian Federation in the north of Mongolia. Tributaries are Tuul, Boroo, Kharaa,

Shariin and Yeroo rivers and they are all headed from the Khentii Range in the north eastern part of

Mongolia with the watershed area of 49,840 km 2, 15,050 km2 and 11,800 km2 respectively. Tuul river

is 704 kilometer long, passing through the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, flows to the southward and

curves to the north and then discharges to the Orkhon river. (Figure 1).

Selenge Yeroo
Shariin

Orkhon
Kharaa
1124 m

Boroo
Ulaanbaatar
Tuul

River Gold mining

Border Coal mining
River flow

Figure 1. Orkhon river and its tributaries in the Selenge watershed area.

5
Upper catchment area of Orkhon river is mainly covered by forest plantation and extensive pasture

land. There is a low population density and has no direct anthropogenic point pollution. Major arable

farming area is located in the lower catchment area with higher population density than upper area.

The majority of the agricultural area for cropping is located in this part of the river basin. Fertilizer

application to arable land in Mongolia is low compared to the some other countries where arable land

is well developed. The total application of fertilizers is on average 30-40 kilogram per hectare. Mainly

chemical fertilizers such as ammonium, nitrate, double super phosphate and potassium chloride are

used.

Orkhon river and its tributaries flow through several provinces as Bulgan, Orkhon, Darkhan Uul,

Selenge, Kharkhorin in Ovorkhangai and Tuv. About sixty percent of population live around this area

accounting for 1,362,292 people out of 2,533,445 as of 2005. Traditional cattle breeding activities of

horses, goats and sheep are carried out extensively in this area and they usually live near to the rivers.

Most importantly, they use river water as their drinking water purpose directly and indirectly.

2.2. AMU-DARYA RIVER BASIN IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Amu-Darya river is one of the two main tributaries to the Aral Sea extending about 2550 kilometer

from its headwaters in the high mountains of Afghanistan and Tadzhikistan. It is one of the most

important water resources for Uzbekistan. (Figure 2). Karakalpakstan, the motherland of Karakalpaks

with capital city Nukus, is located around the Aral Seas on the east, south and west sides in the north

western part of Uzbekistan. The Khorezm region of Uzbekistan, situated downstream on the Amu-

Darya, along its left bank, to the south-east of Karakalpakstan and to the north of Turkmenistan, shares

the Amu-Darya Delta.

6
Figure 2. Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Khorezm region covers an area of 6,300 square kilometer, which had the most productive and

fertile land with the best conditions for growing cotton, rice, melons, tomatoes, fruits and vegetables

with large-scale irrigation during former Soviet time. Due to great increase in irrigation and the use of

pesticides has led to both a lack of water and drinking water contamination.

Irrigation covers about 1.2 million hectares in the lower Amu-Darya area where there are about 2.7

million inhabitants. About 40 percent of the population live in this area and has no access to piped

water systems. In rural area, the most common form of water supply is the hand pump. In north

western Uzbekistan, people have been drinking water from the Amu-Darya river since the Soviet Era.

The Soviet Government banned drinking groundwater in this area due to the pollution but built canals

from the Amu-Darya to villages in order to supply drinking water.

7
Central Asia, as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan, is well known as an area for mineral

production, and served as a source of minerals including uranium for the Soviet Union since 1940s.

They played a key role in the development of weapons of mass destruction. And uranium was

extracted throughout the region and shipped to uranium enrichment facilities in other parts of the

Soviet Union and later incorporated into nuclear weapons. Large-scale uranium mining and milling

facilities are located in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan and also Soviet Union’s largest field

test site for biological weapons was on a peninsula, in the Aral Sea. Chemical weapons were

fabricated and tested in western Uzbekistan, near the city of Nukus.

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this chapter I will present the materials and methodologies used for water sampling, major ion

concentrations and heavy metals concentration analysis.

3.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA

3.1.1. WATER SAMPLES

Water samples were collected from Orkhon river and its four tributaries as Tuul, Kharaa, Shariin and

Yeroo rivers during 19 March and 8 April, 2007. The global position of each sampling spot was

determined by using a GARMIN Portable Global Positioning System. The sampling site and field

descriptions are shown in Table 1.

Sam Date N E T pHX pHY pHZ City/location

ple degree minute second degree minute secon (º C) name
No d
K1 24/Mar/ 48 50 043 106 29 684 0 6.6 7.5 7.0 Zuunkharaa
2007
K2 24/Mar/ 48 52 084 106 15 618 0 6.6 7.5 7.0 Zuunkharaa
2007

8
K3 24/Mar/ 48 53 267 106 05 896 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Baruunkhara
2007 a
K4 26/Mar/ 48 53 574 106 04 898 0 7.2 7.5 7.0 Baruunkhara
2007 a
K5 26/Mar/ 49 29 311 105 53 694 0 7.2 7.5 7.0 Darkhan
2007
B1 26/Mar/ 48 27 932 106 16 158 0 7.2 7.9 7.5 Bornuur
2007
B2 24/Mar/ 48 47 530 106 17 062 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Zuunkharaa
2007
B3 24/Mar/ 48 27 721 106 12 204 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Bornuur
2007
B4 26/Mar/ 48 23 583 106 12 642 1 7.2 7.5 7.5 Bornuur
2007
S1 31/Mar/ 49 33 333 106 15 481 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Darkhan
2007
S3 31/Mar/ 49 33 342 106 15 474 0 6.9 7.5 7.0 Darkhan
2007
S4 24/Mar/ 49 45 450 106 10 025 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Dulaankhaan
2007
Y2 25/Mar/ 49 36 529 106 54 474 1 7.2 7.5 7.0 Yeroo
2007
Y3 25/Mar/ 49 43 455 106 39 408 1 7.2 7.5 7.0 Yeroo
2007
Y4 25/Mar/ 49 52 785 106 14 620 0 7.2 7.5 7.5 Yeroo
2007
O1 04/Apr/ 47 12 043 102 47 864 0 7.2 7.5 7.0 Kharkhorin
2007
O2 31/Mar/ 48 57 998 104 52 613 0 7.2 7.5 7.0 Orkhontuul
2007
O4 26/Mar/ 49 35 210 105 47 751 1 7.2 7.5 7.0 Orkhon
2007
O5 24/Mar/ 49 53 069 106 08 845 0 7.2 7.5 7.0 Nomgon
2007
O7 24/Mar/ 49 52 838 106 14 666 0 6.6 7.5 7.0 Orkhon
2007
T2 02/Apr/ 47 49 349 107 20 129 0.5 7.2 7.5 7.0 Terelj
2007
T3 02/Apr/ 47 53 550 107 03 891 2 7.2 7.5 7.0 Bayanzurkh
2007
T6 01/Apr/ 47 50 804 106 40 560 4.5 7.2 7.5 7.0 Biocombinat
2007
T8 07/Apr/ 48 07 709 106 53 223 1 6.9 7.5 7.0 Oinbulag
2007
T9 07/Apr/ 48 03 997 106 54 173 2 7.2 7.5 7.0 Shargamorit
2007
T10 07/Apr/ 47 58 661 106 55 576 3 7.2 7.5 7.0 Dambadarjaa
2007
T11 07/Apr/ 47 54 503 106 55 922 7 7.2 7.5 7.5 Narantuul
2007
T12 08/Apr/ 47 54 207 106 54 054 3.5 7.2 7.5 7.0 Khan-Uul
2007
T13 08/Apr/ 47 53 029 106 48 808 3 7.2 7.5 7.0 Yarmag
2007
T14 04/Apr/ 47 51 769 105 11 866 0 6.9 7.5 7.0 Lun
2007

9
T15 31/Mar/ 48 49 404 104 48 525 1 7.2 7.5 6.5 Orkhontuul
2007

Table 1. Sampling site and field data description along Orkhon river and its tributaries.

Water for major ion analysis was injected by 50ml syringe (Terumo, Japan) and filtered through a 25

mm syringe filter with 0.45 µm membrane (Ekicrodisk – Acro LC, Japan) and collected in a

polypropylene bottle. pH and temperature was measured at the sampling site using color-fixed

indicator sticks (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) and thermometer.

3.1.2. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATIONS

Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42- concentrations were determined by using a Shimadzu ion

chromatographic analyzer LC – 10A. Standard solution for ion chromatography (P/N 228-3360393)

was prepared from a Shimadzu standard solution for ion chromatography according to the producer

instructions.

10
Accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used here were tested using Shimadzu standard

solution for ion chromatography (P/N 228-3360393) and shown to be satisfactory with 2-5 % error.

3.1.3. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION

Heavy metals concentrations in water were determined by a Hewlett Packard (Agilent Technologies,

Japan) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Standard solution was prepared from

Spex XSTC-469 (SPEX CertiPrep, Inc.). Accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used here

were tested using XSTC-469 (SPEX CertiPrep, Inc.) and shown to be satisfactory with 1-5% error.

3.2. AMU-DARYA RIVER BASIN IN REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Below any data on the water samples of Republic of Uzbekistan is on the courtesy of Associate

Professor Yoshiko Kawabata. Uzbekistan data will be used only for generating a comparative

overview on the condition of rivers in Mongolia.

3.2.1. WATER SAMPLES

Water samples were collected in Toshkent, in the area from Samarquand to Hiva in September 2000,

and in the Zerafshan basin in November 2000. The global position of each sampling spot was

determined by using a SONY Portable Global Positioning System. pH, electronic conductivity,

dissolved oxygen, water temperature and salinity were measured at the sampling site by using a

Horiba Multiple water quality monitoring system U-10. Samples of drinking water were collected

along the main road from Samarquand to Hiva and Toshkent. Water for uranium analysis (500 ml) was

collected in a polypropylene bottle. Water for major ion and alkalinity analysis (50 ml) was filtered

11
 through a 0.45 µm Millipore filter and collected in polypropylene bottle. The sampling site

descriptions of temperature, alkalinity and locations are shown in Table 2.

Sa Date N E pH EC DO Temp Type of water City name

mpl degr minut secon degr minut secon mS/ (mg/ (º C)
e ee es d ee es d cm L)
No
K1 18/Sep./2000 39 38 17.7 66 54 53.7 7.36 0.491 6.07 18.7 underground water Samarkand
K2 18/Sep./2000 39 38 6.3 67 2 46 7.35 1.06 5.45 22.4 underground water Taylak
K3 18/Sep./2000 39 37 57.9 67 3 3.6 7.39 0.97 5.45 18 underground water Taylak
K4 18/Sep./2000 39 41 46.5 67 4 17.8 7.24 0.502 4.57 20.3 underground water Falhat
K5 18/Sep./2000 39 40 22 66 51 36.9 7.61 0.384 7.31 17.2 underground water Super
K6 18/Sep./2000 39 13 13 64 7 30 7.97 1 7 25.4 underground water Vtorsyrmet
K8 19/Sep./2000 41 18 26.4 61 23 42.6 7.68 1.29 0.53 25.6 Amu-Darya canal water Bazyrgon
K9 19/Sep./2000 41 12 55 61 18 45.6 7.21 2.7 2.65 21.9 underground wter Kichikkangly
K10 19/Sep./2000 41 23 33.6 60 21 48.9 7.94 1.51 6.69 24.5 Amu-Darya canal water Hiva
K11 19/Sep./2000 41 33 1.6 60 38 1.6 7.79 1.32 6.55 24.2 Amu-Darya canal water Urgench
K12 20/Sep./2000 41 31 44.1 60 40 38.7 7.62 1.3 7.1 21.9 Amu-Darya canal water Out of Urgench
K13 20/Sep./2000 41 25 47.1 60 49 4.3 8.15 1.34 6.78 18.5 Amu-Darya canal water Amu-Darya
K17 20/Sep./2000 40 2 0.4 64 11 15.9 7.76 1.3 5.31 20.4 underground wter Ramitan
K18 20/Sep./2000 39 46 18.7 64 23 10.8 7.99 1.09 6.55 24.4 underground wter Buhara
K19 20/Sep./2000 40 4 34.5 64 34 55.5 7.07 3.69 3.06 18.9 underground wter Gigyudobarn
K20 20/Sep./2000 40 8 30.3 65 22 11.4 7.41 0.679 3.24 22.3 underground wter Navoi
K21 20/Sep./2000 39 55 20.1 66 13 58.2 7.22 2.13 3.54 21.7 underground wter Kattakrgan
K22 20/Sep./2000 41 19 21.3 69 13 17.1 7.92 0.207 6.6 19.7 running water Tashkent
Table 2. Sampling site and field data description along Amu-Darya river.

3.2.2. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42- concentrations were determined by using a Shimadzu ion

chromatographic analyzer LC – 10A. Standard solution for ion chromatography (P/N 228-3360393)

was prepared from a Shimadzu standard solution for ion chromatography according to the producer

instructions. Accuracy and precision of the analytical methods used here were tested using Shimadzu

standard solution for ion chromatography (P/N 228-3360393) and shown to be satisfactory with 2-5 %

error.

MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION ANALYSIS SURVEY BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY ON NA+, K+, MG2+, CA2+,

CL-, SO42- CONCENTRATIONS ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 3.

Sample No Date Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Cl- SO42-

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
K1 18/Sep./2000 11.95 0.04 21.51 88.98 16.31 117.19
K2 18/Sep./2000 14.71 0.98 42.66 98.00 28.72 171.95

12
 K3 18/Sep./2000 17.47 2.23 37.19 97.39 25.17 158.50
K4 18/Sep./2000 7.59 2.93 16.53 77.35 15.60 130.16
K5 18/Sep./2000 4.37 1.88 8.75 60.92 19.50 106.15
K6 18/Sep./2000 71.96 4.16 15.19 78.96 114.51 259.36
K8 19/Sep./2000 117.71 5.60 32.81 100.00 163.44 357.34
K9 19/Sep./2000 329.21 17.95 58.70 185.77 326.88 646.96
K10 19/Sep./2000 137.25 7.94 44.11 134.27 188.96 366.47
K11 19/Sep./2000 118.86 5.79 40.10 126.85 159.54 334.77
K12 20/Sep./2000 117.71 6.37 39.50 127.45 161.31 346.78
K13 20/Sep./2000 129.43 5.83 43.14 138.28 154.93 337.65
K17 20/Sep./2000 113.34 0.04 44.11 142.08 129.05 350.62
K18 20/Sep./2000 100.01 4.57 32.81 126.45 112.03 264.65
K19 20/Sep./2000 364.16 13.37 212.55 247.29 328.65 1176.25
K20 20/Sep./2000 53.11 2.58 44.48 106.81 23.40 211.81
K21 20/Sep./2000 146.45 8.37 123.47 168.94 82.96 567.71
K22 20/Sep./2000 4.83 0.63 12.03 68.54 1.42 49.47
WHO 200 mg/L NON NON 300 mg/L 250 mg/L 500 mg/L
Table 3. Major ion concentration in drinking water along the Amu-Darya river.

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter I will present results obtained by Ion Chromatography on major ion concentrations

and heavy metals concentration analysis by ICP-MS on the rivers of Mongolia followed by the

comparative overview of Mongolian data with data of Uzbekistan.

4.1. ORKHON RIVER BASIN IN MONGOLIA

4.1.1. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

Major ion concentration analysis is surveyed by ion chromatography on Na +, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-,

SO42- concentrations are shown in Table 4.

Location Date Na+ NH4+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Cl- SO42-

K1 24/Mar./2007 10.62 1.31 14.69 51.02 4.88 17.67
K2 24/Mar./2007 17.40 2.10 19.21 64.16 9.16 29.20
K3 24/Mar./2007 16.46 2.05 14.04 47.63 11.11 32.87
K4 26/Mar./2007 39.74 4.09 22.12 45.03 22.11 73.40
K5 26/Mar./2007 17.97 2.00 12.22 38.61 12.98 42.70
B1 26/Mar./2007 37.73 2.78 30.62 67.38 29.78 81.95
B2 24/Mar./2007 34.58 7.25 34.03 94.90 19.79 47.28
B3 24/Mar./2007 36.73 4.21 29.89 87.19 33.75 72.31
B4 26/Mar./2007 49.06 4.59 47.98 92.80 25.59 94.10
S1 31/Mar./2007 52.91 2.74 41.92 80.83 22.50 92.58

13
 S3 31/Mar./2007 46.52 4.26 38.56 90.71 16.15 78.33
S4 24/Mar./2007 29.60 4.51 21.75 50.50 12.75 56.91
Y2 25/Mar./2007 27.96 4.94 42.74 149.33 30.79 144.28
Y3 25/Mar./2007 6.55 1.81 6.32 25.69 2.84 11.96
Y4 25/Mar./2007 11.56 1.23 9.80 35.03 2.88 17.71
O1 04/Apr./2007 10.53 3.17 7.26 32.09 3.60 11.77
O2 31/Mar./2007 37.33 2.55 25.73 71.88 13.77 76.94
O4 26/Mar./2007 24.62 1.75 14.07 39.92 12.62 45.44
O5 24/Mar./2007 25.21 1.90 15.85 50.31 15.06 42.22
O7 24/Mar./2007 16.70 3.52 1.61 10.14 33.60 11.43 27.66
T2 02/Apr./2007 3.55 3.77 0.62 1.46 12.74 2.03 8.90
T3 02/Apr./2007 7.28 1.44 4.58 29.58 3.13 16.94
T6 01/Apr./2007 66.92 28.96 7.32 8.28 67.61 119.03 118.94
T8 07/Apr./2007 5.53 29.49 14.73 6.64 25.59 6.77 20.85
T9 07/Apr./2007 9.50 0.81 16.66 8.93 35.23 11.71 31.28
T10 07/Apr./2007 8.34 0.69 7.84 5.47 25.43 13.15 34.32
T11 07/Apr./2007 19.34 0.99 6.07 13.07 59.29 29.28 71.36
T12 08/Apr./2007 12.68 3.59 6.26 10.17 47.27 15.32 35.13
T13 08/Apr./2007 31.76 4.36 7.45 17.00 77.97 35.30 81.40
T14 04/Apr./2007 13.60 3.98 1.09 8.03 31.00 11.46 16.38
T15 31/Mar./2007 42.33 3.54 1.73 20.93 67.80 27.99 77.39
MAC in 120 0.5 50 40 180 300 100
Mongolia
mg/L
Table 4. Major ion concentration in the rivers of Orkhon and its tributaries in Mongolia.

The most commonly observed cations were Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and NH4+ and showed lower

concentration, exclusively NH4+ and Mg2+, not reaching maximum acceptable concentration (MAC)

prescribed by Surface Water Quality Standard in Mongolia. (Appendix 1)

Figure 3. NH4+ concentration in the Tuul river.

14
NH4+ was observed in almost all sampling points except T3 point in Tuul river. (Figure 3). T6

sampling point, near to downstream of Central Sewage Facility of Ulaanbaatar city, demonstrated

about 57.9 times higher value of ammonium than the MAC level. It clearly indicates the influence of

industrial and domestic sewage discharge from the city in this area. T8 sampling point near to

headstream of Selbe river, tributary 32 km north from Tuul river, demonstrated also 58.8 times higher

value. I think it may have resulted from human impact and traditional livestock breeding life-style near

to this area. T9, T10 and T11 points, downstream from T8 point, showed about 1.7 to 1.9 times higher

concentration of ammonium that may be described by the dilution of the substances during the river

flow. T12 and T13 points along the midstream of Tuul river, before discharge to Central Sewage

Facility, showed value ranging from about 7.1 to 8.7 times higher than MAC level. T14 point near to

downstream of Tuul river from Ulaanbaatar city and T15 point after gold mining site showed about

7.08 times higher value before discharging to the Orkhon river. These facts indicate that high Tuul

river has influenced by human impacts.

Mg2+ concentration is shown in Figure 4.

Mg

60
47.89
50 41.92 38.56 42.74
40 30.6234.0329.89
30 21.75
20
6.32 9.8
10
0
B1 B2 B3 B4 S1 S3 S4 Y2 Y3 Y4

15
Figure 4. Mg2+ concentration in Boroo, Shariin and Yeroo rivers.

B4 point, small stream discharge to Boroo river, showed 1.2 times higher and Y2 point, small stream

discharge to Yeroo river, showed 1.07 times higher concentration of Mg 2+ which can be formed as a

influence of accumulated substance during the spring snowmelt in this area. Because, there is no direct

point pollution source near to these sampling points. S1 point, downstream from coal mining in

Shariin river, showed 1.05 times higher concentration of magnesium which may have an influence of

the coal mining drainage from the upper stream in Shariin river.

With respect to the anions, Cl- and SO42- were observed. SO42- showed exceeding value in some points

of Tuul and Yeroo rivers, while Cl- remained lower than MAC level and in all rivers sampled.

Y2 point, small stream that discharges to Yeroo river, showed about 1.4 times higher SO 42-

concentration in Figure 5. Generally, there is any point pollution source near to this point. Gold mining

upper stream of Yeroo river does not have a relation with this point. Since SO 42- is commonly found

element in Mongolian rivers and abundant on earth crust and river water, it may have occurred during

this spring snowmelt period.

16
Figure 5. SO42- concentration in Shariin and Yeroo rivers.

T6 point, downstream from Central Sewage Treatment Facility discharge, showed higher value of

SO42- concentration accounting for 118.94 mg/L. It may be described by the industrial disposal from

Ulaanbaatar city. (Figure 6).

Figure 6. SO42- concentration in Tuul river.

Overall total dissolved solid along the Orkhon river showed lower concentration that usually should

not exceed 500 mg/L for drinking and industrial uses. (Gordon K. Pagenkopf, 1978) The highest

concentration in O2 point, 5 kilometer after Tuul river discharge, and higher were observed near O5

and O4 points, near the junction with Shariin - Orkhon and Kharaa –Orkhon rivers, and decreased

value is shown near to O7 point near Yeroo river discharge to Orkhon river. The least was observed in

O1 point of Orkhon river where there is any river discharge.

100
76.94
80
60 45.44
mg/L

42.22
40 27.66
20 11.77

0 17
O1 O2 O4 O5 O7
Figure 7. Total dissolved solid in Orkhon river.

4.1.2. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION

Heavy metals concentration was surveyed by the Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry.

Uranium (U) and manganese (Mn) showed higher value out of detected trace elements as cadmium

(Cd), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), strontium (Sr), thorium (Th) and zinc (Zn) and shown

in Table 5. Th and Ce showed value >0.000.

Location Date Cr Mn Cu Zn Sr Cd Cs Th U
µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L
K1 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 1.76 4.65 20.92 21.37 0.03 0.14 <0.00 0.63
K2 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 1.85 2.21 13.77 26.44 0.02 0.13 <0.00 4.42
K3 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.56 4.73 19.39 28.30 0.01 0.13 <0.00 7.24
K4 26/Mar./2007 <0.00 1.95 8.87 28.65 33.22 0.06 0.15 <0.00 17.41
K5 26/Mar./2007 <0.00 1.92 4.59 14.25 25.90 0.02 0.13 <0.00 5.67
B1 26/Mar./2007 <0.00 11.82 5.73 22.19 45.51 0.02 0.18 <0.00 22.70
B2 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 5.40 6.14 19.61 37.58 0.02 0.14 <0.00 11.23
B3 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.61 6.18 17.90 62.13 0.04 0.14 <0.00 50.60
B4 26/Mar./2007 <0.00 4.00 5.35 14.77 44.72 0.01 0.13 <0.00 15.03
S1 31/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.79 7.95 21.68 45.58 <0.00 0.13 <0.00 0.63
S3 31/Mar./2007 <0.00 3.78 2.70 18.62 34.60 0.07 0.13 <0.00 3.45
S4 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 3.02 1.78 9.35 29.39 <0.00 0.12 <0.00 4.73
Y2 25/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.80 4.48 23.43 52.79 0.05 0.13 <0.00 4.71
Y3 25/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.04 3.80 27.33 7.842 0.05 0.13 <0.00 0.13
Y4 25/Mar./2007 <0.00 55.41 1.10 9.15 14.31 0.26 0.13 <0.00 1.90
O1 04/Apr./2007 <0.00 1.74 1.22 7.07 15.85 0.05 0.13 <0.00 2.71
O2 31/Mar./2007 <0.00 0.85 2.35 7.75 44.98 0.42 0.13 <0.00 5.90
O4 26/Mar./2007 <0.00 2.22 1.31 10.15 39.28 0.26 0.13 <0.00 3.33
O5 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 3.80 0.19 13.00 23.39 0.01 0.13 <0.00 3.35
O7 24/Mar./2007 <0.00 1.58 5.21 19.73 52.20 <0.00 0.13 <0.00 12.25
T2 02/Apr./2007 1.23 0.74 12.71 67.81 0.04 0.12 0.21
T3 02/Apr./2007 11.85 0.85 7.73 120.80 0.05 0.12 0.32
T6 01/Apr./2007 166.30 3.78 30.22 496.20 0.08 0.16 1.85
T8 07/Apr./2007 1.04 0.93 38.94 177.10 0.02 0.13 0.42
T9 07/Apr./2007 18.31 2.99 13.51 213.90 0.07 0.13 0.85

18
 T10 07/Apr./2007 5.37 2.27 12.69 254.20 0.06 0.13 1.28
T11 07/Apr./2007 0.82 5.03 9.59 686.30 0.11 0.13 6.17
T12 08/Apr./2007 45.44 3.83 16.96 328.10 0.11 0.13 1.90
T13 08/Apr./2007 20.55 4.28 21.38 459.60 0.12 0.13 3.62
T14 04/Apr./2007 4.89 0.90 9.13 165.50 0.09 0.13 1.48
T15 31/Mar./2007 5.43 1.33 10.90 339.70 0.11 0.13 5.42
MAC in
Mongolia 10 100 10 10 2000 5 Non Non 15
µg/L
Table 5. Heavy metals concentration in the rivers of Orkhon river and its tributaries in Mongolia.

Manganese and uranium has concentration is compared with WHO guideline level for drinking water

(WHO 2003) and MAC level for Surface Water Quality Standard in Mongolia.

200

180 166.3
160

140

120
MAC 100 T15
100
Mon-
golia 80
Orkhon
60
45.4
WHO
40
Ｌeveｌ 40 18.3 20.6
20 11.9
1.2 1 5.4 0.8 4.9 5.4
0
T2 T3 T6 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15
Selbe
T8 Terelj
T9
Figure 8. Manganese concentration in Tuul (T)
T10
river. Ulaanbaatar
T11 T2
T14 T6 T12
T13
T3

Tuul

T6 point, downstream from Central Sewage Treatment Facility discharge to Tuul river, showed higher

concentration of manganese that can be described by the industrial sewage coming from Ulaanbaatar

city. T12 point, flowing through the midtown, showed about 1.1 times higher value than WHO

19
guideline level but compare with MAC level in Mongolia it remained lower. In general, there is any

point pollution source near to this point. I think it should be checked again in a seasonal change.

60
55 50.6 O7
50 Yeroo
O5 Y4
45 S4 Y3
40 Orkhon O4
S3 Y2
35
K5 S1
30
25 22.7
20 17.4
Kharaa
15
15
15 12.3 11.2 WHO
Ｌeveｌ
10 7.7 7.2
5.9 5.7 4.7 O2 K3
5 2.7 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.7 4.4
K4 K2 K1
0 B2
O1 O2 O4 O7 S1 S3 S4 S5 B1 B2 B3 B4 K2 K3 K4 K5 Y2
Boroo
Figure 9. Uranium concentration in the rivers. B1
B3
B4

Uranium was shown higher value in B1, B3 and K4 points of Boroo and Kharaa rivers. A considerably

higher concentration was observed in B3 point. This point is near to Bornuur village which was the

biggest agricultural village planting wheat flour and all kinds of vegetables for domestic use. B1 points

is near to the center of this village. K4 point is a small stream discharging to the river Kharaa. In fact,

there is any mining activities especially uranium mining are near to these points. Since uranium is

widespread in nature, it may have occurred due to the leaching from natural deposit in this area.

However, these points should be re-examined in a seasonal change in order to confirm the

concentration and determine the source.

20
4.2. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW

MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

Major ion concentration of Uzbekistan and Mongolia compared with the World Health Organization

(WHO) guideline level for drinking water.

Mongolian data showed a noticeable lower trend in all major ions concentrations accounting 3-57

times lower in Na+, 2-120 in Cl-, 3.5 – 56 in SO42- and 0.5-24 times lower concentration in Ca 2+ than

WHO level.

However, Uzbekistan showed a relatively higher trend that the highest value accounting 0.6 times

higher in Na+, 2.3 in Cl- and 0.7-2.3 times higher in SO42- concentration respectively.

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. CONCLUSIONS

5.1.1. COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW

o In general, a moderately lower major ion concentration trend is observed in Mongolian data

compare with Uzbekistan data prescribed by WHO guideline level.

o It may have an influence of the extensive agricultural activities and exploration of minerals that

have already started since 1940s, however Mongolia is exploring its minerals after 1992.

5.1.2. MAJOR ION CONCENTRATION

o Tuul river showed a noticeably distributed and higher NH4+ value.

21
o The river may have impacted by human influences because it showed not only downstream but

also midstream and even upstream have polluted by ammonium ion.

o High migration to capital city, ger (traditional house) areas with lack of sanitary sewage system

and industrial sewage may have influenced for elevated NH4+ concentration in the Tuul river.

o Yeroo, Shariin and Kharaa rivers showed a slightly lower loading of total dissolved solid into

Orkhon river than Tuul river. However, the survey on the rivers should be re-examined in a

seasonal change.

5.1.3. HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION

o Manganese and uranium elements showed exceeding value than WHO guideline level in some

points of Tuul, Boroo and Kharaa rivers.

o Improper industrial sewage is may be main contributor of manganese concentration in the Tuul

river.

o Heavy metals in the rivers should be investigated more in detail and in a seasonal change.

22
REFERENCES

Gordon K. Pagenkopf. (1978) Introduction to Natural Water Chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York,
USA.

World Health Organization (206). Guidelines for Drinking –water Quality. 3 rd edition, World Health
Organization, Switzerland.

Georg Schwedt. (1988). The Essential Guide to Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. London,
UK.

Cunnigham Saigo. (2001). Environmental Science – A Global Concern, 6th edition. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. New York, USA.

Bernard J. nebel, Richard T. Wright. (2000). Environmental Science. 7th edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
NJ, USA.

Franklin W. Schwarts/ Hubao Zhang. Fundamentals of Ground Water. (2003). John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. New York, USA.

Istvan Pais, J.Benton Jones, Jr. (1997). The Handbook of Trace Elements. CRC Press LLC. USA.

B.Myagmarjav, G. Davaa. (1999). Mongolian Surface Water. National Agency for Meteorology,
Hydrology and Environment Monitoring Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia.

23
P. Batima. (2002). Nutrients in water of the Orkhon River in the Arctic Ocean Basin of Mongolia.
Agricultural Effects on Ground and Surface Waters: Research at the Edge of Science and Society.
(Proceedings of a symposium held at Wageningen, October 2000.), IAHS Publ. no 273, pp 373-378.

P.Kelderman and P. Batima. (2006). Water Quality Assessment of Rivers in Mongolia. Water Science
& Technology, Vol 53, No 10, pp 111-119.

Andrew Stubblefield. (2005). Impacts of Gold Mining and Land Use Alterations on the Water Quality
of Central Mongolian Rivers. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, Volume 1,
Number 4, pp 365-373.

Oyuntsetseg Bolormaa, Makiko Watanabe. (2005). PIXE Analysis of Heavy Metals in Water Samples
from a Mining Area in Mongolia. Elsevier. B.V. www.sciencedirect.com.

X.Ma, T.Yasunari, T.Ohata, L. Natsagdorj, G.Davaa, D. Oyunbaatar. (2003). Hydrological Regime

Analysis of the Selenge River Basin, Mongolia. Hydrological Processess. 17, 2929-2945.
www.interscicen.wiley.com.

Z.I.Khazheeva, S.D.Urbazaeva, N.V. Bodoev, L.D.Radnaeva, Yu.O.Kalinin. (2002). Heavy Metals in

the Water and Bottom Sediments of the Selenge River Delta. Water Resources, Vol.31, No.1, pp 64-
67.

L.L.Ubugunov, V.I.Ubugunova, Ts.D.Mangataev. (1997). Phosphate Reserves of the Most Typical

Alluvial Soils of the Selenge River Basin. Eurasian Soil Science, Vol.31, No.1, pp 61-66.

John D. Farrington. (2005). The Impacts of Mining Activities on Mongolia’s Protected Areas: A
Status Report with Policy Recommendations. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,
Vol.1, No. 3, pp 283-289.

24
John D. Farrington (2001). Environmental problems of placer gold mining in the Zaamar Goldfield,

Mongolia. World Placer Journal, December 2001, Volume 2.

Gerrit R. Bazuin (2003). Gold dredging in Mongolia – scope for less impacts and more profits. World

Placer Journal, 2003. Volume 3.

APPENDIX 1.

Mongolian National Standard MNS 4586-98

Surface Water Quality General Requirements

No Indicators Unit of Concentrations

measurements
1 pH 6.5 – 8.5
2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mgO/l Less than 6 & 4
less than 0.02 - 10
3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mgO/l 3
4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Mn mgO/l 10
5 Ammonia (NH3-N) mgN/l 0.5
6 Calcium (Ca) mg/L 180
7 Sodium (Na) mg/L 120
8 Potassium (K) mg/L 50
9 Magnesium (Mg) mg/L 40
10 Nitrite (NO2-N) mgN/l 0.02
11 Nitrate (NO3-N) mgN/l 9.0
12 Phosphate (PO4) mgP/l 0.1
13 Chlorine (Cl) mg/l 300
14 Iron (F) mg/l 1.5
15 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 100
16 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.1
17 Nickel (Nl) mg/l 0.01
18 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.01
19 Anzane (Mo) mg/l 0.25
20 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.005
21 Cobalt (Co) mg/l 0.01
22 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.01
23 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.01
24 Total chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05
25 Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.01

25
26 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 0.01
27 Mercury (Hg) mkg/l 0.1
24 Soap mg/l 0.05
25 Phenol mg/l 0.001
26 GINB mg/l 0.1
27 Benzopyren mkg/l 0.005

26